construction and refurbishment of earthen irrigation channel banks

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Organisation Contact Details Aims/ActivitiesNational CarpTask ForceCarp ControlCo-ordinationGroup(CCCG)The ConvenorBox 89 Rundle Mall POADELAIDE SA 5000Ph (08) 8226 5994Fax (08) 8226 5998Editor of CyprinusPO Box 359ALBURY NSW 2640Ph (02) 6021 3655Fax (02) 6021 2025Jim BarrettExecutive OfficerPh (02) 6279 0139Email: jim.barrett@mdbc.gov.auAim: to eradicate carp from allAustralian inland waters through a coordinatedaction plan that promotes coordinatedresearch, provides goodinformation, explores commercialopportunities and seeks complementarylegislation.They distribute a regular newsletter,Cyprinus, which gives generalinformation about Carp Research inAustralia.Charter: to develop and co-ordinate anational strategy for the effectivecontrol of carp.Prepared and published severalbooklets listed in references.Table 23-3Contact Details for current Carp information23.6 Reduction of Deterioration due to YabbiesThe burrowing activities of yabbies can cause significant damage to earthen channelbanks.YabbiesFigure 23-6 Yabby (Cherax destructor)Yabbies (Cherax destructor) are a native freshwater crustacean. They are distributedthroughout Victoria, New South Wales, much of Queensland and South Australia. Theycan survive in water temperatures between 1-35°C. It is most content in watertemperatures between 20-25°C. When water temperatures fall below 16°C, the yabbybecomes comatose, metabolism and feeding virtually ceasing.They generally live in burrows connected by access shafts to the water, and move freelyfrom the burrows to open water when feeding. In the event of water drying up, they arecapable of surviving over summer in the burrows. They are also capable of travellingoverland to colonise new waters.Construction and Refurbishment of Earthen Channel Banks August 2002 - Edition 1.0 23-29
Yabbies are omnivorous but primarily vegetarian, favouring rotting leaves and plantdetritus. The areas where yabbies feed are similar to carp. High levels of nutrients andorganisms are abundant in these areas.Yabbie populations are often noticed under the root zone of the plants and are evident,when water levels are reduced, by the numerous burrows in the batters of channels.In adequately compacted banks, yabbies leave small indentations in the channel banks. Inolder banks that are not well compacted yabbie burrows can extend far into thecompacted bank.Photos\yabby burrows.jpgPhoto 23-4Yabby burrows in bankWhere adjacent borrow pits or roadside drains are close to the channel, yabbies tend tomigrate through the bank as water levels fluctuate. This is more common in olderdeteriorated channels. These yabbie tunnels can form leakage paths and contribute to thedeterioration of a channel bank.Yabbie damage can be controlled by:1. Removal of Yabbies2. Habitat Manipulation23.6.1 Removal of YabbiesIn practice this is very difficult to achieve in channels.23.6.1.1 Draining of ChannelsDraining of channels will not eradicate yabbies. Yabbies will survive in theirburrows adjacent to farm dams, even if the dam is left dry for 2 or 3 years. Solong as yabbies have moist burrow available they will virtually hibernate untilconditions are satisfactory for them to return.23.6.1.2 Control with FishRedfin, brown trout and rainbow trout will all eat yabbies, but the conditions inchannels are generally not suited to trout, which require clean cool water tosurvive. Redfin, a member of the perch family, accept a less critical range ofconditions than trout, and yabbies are the preferred diet for full-grown redfin.However, the food supply in the channel must be adequate for the fish to grow toyabby eating size, and the treatment of weeds in the channel using chemicalherbicides can be fatal to fish. Emptying channels during the non-operationalperiod will also adversely impact on numbers and survival rate of fish.23.6.1.3 Chemical ControlConstruction and Refurbishment of Earthen Channel Banks August 2002 - Edition 1.0 23-30
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Your comments on the format and con
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During the course of this project,
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AcknowledgmentsThese Guidelines rep
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FundingFunding of this project was
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Table of ContentsBook 1SubjectPage
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1. Introduction1.1 GeneralGood asse
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(iv) provide proven practice approa
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3. Research Procedure3.1 Terms of R
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4. How to use these Guidelines4.1 W
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6. Units of MeasurementQuantity Uni
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8. Earthen Irrigation Channels8.1 D
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8.3 ReferencesAustralian National C
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9.1 IntroductionA key input to adva
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Data from Goulburn-Murray Water’s
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General 1 2 3 4 5 6DescriptionRisk
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Channel BankSequential Deterioratio
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9.2 ReferencesGutteridge Haskins &
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10.2.3.1 Dispersive layer of materi
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Causes ofSpecific factorDeteriorati
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10.1.2.5 BendsA bend in the channel
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10.1.4.1 Construction techniqueIrri
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10.1.5.4 Overtopping of banksIn ade
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In the past maintenance techniques
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Maintenance is a continuing require
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10.1.7.4 Yabbies/fresh water crayfi
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Direct removal ofmaterial by entrai
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Figure 10.10 shows longitudinal cra
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10.2.3.3 Irregular compaction - bri
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10.3 ReferencesEmerson W (1996), pe
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11.1 GeneralThe Investigation and P
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iv) Available fill materials and, w
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12.15 Radius of Bends .............
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There are several ways a channel ca
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• Land acquisition extent and typ
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The investigation should generally
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• Backfill: 10% compaction factor
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1. Flow Area, A, is the cross-secti
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after ageing and weed growth. If an
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elationships may be the controlling
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These maximum velocities should be
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Thus channels are usually designed
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Some of the design issues that shou
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12.12.1.3 Best PracticeEither of th
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12.13.2 Channel MaintenanceIncrease
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along a channel. The depth of the w
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12.13.4.7 Change of AlignmentThe in
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12.15 Radius of Bends12.15.1 Flow A
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12.16 Channel Cross SectionThe cros
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Some irrigation authorities use one
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12.16.2 BanksChannel cross sections
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Unless the bank is very high, the s
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The stability of channel batters ca
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drop bars become difficult and time
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Both the height above the bed and t
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• enable maintenance of the chann
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- Access agreementsA description of
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13/08/02 19:2012.20 Channel Tenure
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13/08/02 19:20As with the damage to
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13/08/02 19:20Advantages of Protect
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- gates provide a better deterrent
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13/08/02 19:20When considering expo
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13/08/02 19:20A typical design draw
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13/08/02 19:20Sinclair Knight Merz
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13.1 IntroductionIn many irrigation
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For example, the initial constructi
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13.2.6 When to use Life Cycle Analy
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The timing of the life-cycle costin
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• assess cost of collecting missi
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Microsoft Excel has quite a good pr
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The costs used in these methods sho
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Life CyclePhaseInvestigationDesignC
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Life CyclePhaseMaintenanceRehabilit
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ReplacementProject managementInvest
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Residual valueLegal feesInsuranceAd
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13.4.6.2 Recurring CostsChannel con
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$1.00.80Percent ofValue of$1.00.60.
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13.4.11 Evaluate ResultsThe results
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13.6 Tipsthe way open to incur sign
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14. Risk AnalysisTable of ContentsS
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Consequences for irrigation authori
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15. Material Selection and TestingT
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c) Shrinkage - will the bank crack
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depth. For this reason, the soils o
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Natural moisture content should als
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The study identified some confusion
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15.4.2 Determination of the plastic
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1. Preparation of PatTake approxima
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EmersonClass No.Degree ofDispersion
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15.7.1 Coarse grained soilsIn this
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sufficient gravel for erosion resis
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GroupSymbolsSuitability for Earthen
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The uniform application and thoroug
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essential that the chemical is thor
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Where laboratory testing facilities
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Clays are the plastic fines. They c
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etween the soil sample and the wate
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16. Compaction ControlTable of Cont
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16.1 PurposeDuring this research pr
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All compaction equipment utilises s
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The soil density required for a cha
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In the past, a method specification
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Low permeability and high stability
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16.10.1.1 Tamping Foot RollerTampin
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16.10.1.5 Non-Circular Impact Rolle
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16.10.3 Compactor OperationsAfter t
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16.11.4 Moisture Content ControlBef
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16.12 Density Control Tests and Pro
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Correlation with local materials an
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The main advantages of the Nuclear
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Figure 16.4Hilf Density Ratio Repor
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The location and test results for e
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16.14.3 Reporting and RecordsTest r
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16.16 Tests for small projectsThe s
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The advantages of the Drop Test are
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AS1289.6.3.2-1997AS1289.6.3.3-1997A
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17. Protective CoverTable of Conten
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The bank dries and cracks from the
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17.5 Specifications17.5.1 GravelPar
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17.6 Establish Vegetation CoverTops
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Species Growing Conditions Establis
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17.7.2 Rope Wick ApplicationMuch of
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There are a number of fibre mats or
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17.10 Australian StandardsAS1289.3.
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18.1 IntroductionFor many earthen c
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When re-shaping the batters of exis
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LifeCrestOld bank lineBattered bank
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Photos\inside batter\CG7channel2arm
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4. To help place the rock material
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False ToeFigure 18.8Protective laye
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The confinement system would be adv
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• Able to survive during non-oper
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18.6 ReferencesHutchison D & Locke
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19.20 Guidelines on Field Quality C
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Construction and Refurbishment of E
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• Figure 19.2)3. Temporary Bench
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The capabilities and limitations of
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19.3.1 Construction EquipmentThe ba
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construction. The aim of scarifying
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Whether or not a front-end loader o
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The thickness of each layer will va
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distribution. The use of alternativ
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19.8 Construction RecordsAdequate r
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19.12 Protective Cover on Crest and
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19.21 Australian StandardsAS 1726-1
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20.1 ScopeAustralia’s earthen irr
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Bank re-construction normally requi
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•meter outlet locations and type
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In the case of channel bank refurbi
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20.4.1.1 StrippingWith outside bank
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All public roads to be used by truc
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5. Material is delivered by trucks
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Need to drain and de-waterEBM befor
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significantly and a more conservati
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Aim for crest width ofabout 2 metre
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Refer to Section 18, Inside Batter
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21.8.10 Re-alignment ..............
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Seepage is a complex hydrologic phe
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2. Seepage losses increase as the d
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Refer also to the following section
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21.4 Channel Seepage ConsequencesSe
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Channel seepage is one of the sever
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Seepage is proportional to soil per
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Methods based on vertical flow meas
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ainfallPumpingevapotranspirationIrr
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Flow NetsA flow net is a system of
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Data from indirect measurement proc
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(ii) EM SurveyElectro-magnetic (EM)
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The volume of waterloss from the dr
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21.7.3.2 Inflow-Outflow Method (Dyn
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Imperfect seal will cause the meter
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The groundwater level can then be d
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Stable IsotopesThe basis of testing
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To be most successful, there needs
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21.8.6 Surface interception drainag
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KeyWatertable before tree plantingW
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• The preparation of a best pract
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21.11 ReferencesAustralian National
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22. Channel LiningTable of Contents
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22.1 IntroductionThe conservation o
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The different types of channel lini
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Table 22-1Unlined Earthen Channels
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Lining of channels will not elimina
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To supply a given discharge, the cr
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22.4.5 Structural SafetyThe stabili
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soil pressures and under-drainage i
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Concrete linings are suitable for b
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22.5.12 Availability of Constructio
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esistance to erosion. To improve th
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Construction and Refurbishment of E
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22.7.1.2 General Design Considerati
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22.7.1.4 Lining ThicknessThe thickn
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particular problems, but in smaller
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Where the earth lining finishes abo
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control where the channel material
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sand requires about 5% cement by we
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22.7.6 Soil SealantsSoil sealants a
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22.7.7 Cost of Earth LiningsThe cap
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Although they can assist with shear
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22.8.2 Membrane Liner TypesGeomembr
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Polyethylene has also appeared in m
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FPP resistance to common chemical e
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Page 416 and 417: 22.8.9.1 Geomembrane ThicknessThe t
Page 418 and 419: Cover typeThickness ofEarth fill(m)
Page 420 and 421: 22.8.9.5 Cover MaterialGeomembranes
Page 422 and 423: As well, velocities which are permi
Page 424 and 425: 22.8.11 FencingWhen livestock, part
Page 426 and 427: 22.10 ReferencesAlther GR (1987), T
Page 428 and 429: 23. Measures to Reduce the Rate ofD
Page 430 and 431: Channel DesignBank MaterialDeterior
Page 432 and 433: Stock and VerminAdjacentlandholders
Page 434 and 435: To ensure that a channel bank has a
Page 436 and 437: Advantages of Draining• Allows fo
Page 438 and 439: To efficiently maintain a channel,
Page 440 and 441: Compared with other countries where
Page 442 and 443: 23.4.7 LeaksTransverse cracks are t
Page 444 and 445: 23.5 Reduction of Deterioration due
Page 446 and 447: Photo 23-1Channel bed showing mumbl
Page 448 and 449: Thus, control of carp by draining c
Page 450 and 451: The disadvantages of a biological c
Page 452 and 453: Carp have been blamed for erosion o
Page 454 and 455: Management Groups gives guidelines
Page 458 and 459: Chemical treatment is often recomme
Page 460 and 461: 23.7 Reduction of Deterioration due
Page 462 and 463: Grey Parrot Pea - Dillaynia cineres
Page 464 and 465: Lodge G (1998), Review on Fish Barr
Page 466 and 467: cation exchange capacity (CEC) a me
Page 468 and 469: fetch the distance over which the w
Page 470 and 471: plant term used for construction eq
Page 472: supply level the supply level is a
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