construction and refurbishment of earthen irrigation channel banks

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17.10 Australian StandardsAS1289.3.1.1-1995Soil classification tests –Determination of the liquid limit of asoil – Four point Casagrande method17.11 ReferencesCoppin NJ & Richards IG, Use of Vegetation in Civil EngineeringCunningham GM, Mulham WE, Milthorpe PL & Leigh JH (1981), Plants of WesternNew South Wales, NSW Government Printing OfficeDepartment of Natural Resources and Environment (1997), Comments on Issuesidentified by G-MW in “Earthen Channel Bank Failures” and “Top Cover”, Reportcommissioned by G-MWMcWhorter CG & Gebhardt MR (1987), Methods of Applying Herbicides, Weed ScienceSociety of AmericaMembrey M (1996), Murray Irrigation - Wakool, Personal Communication.QDNR specification for soilRobinson EP & Bill SM (1960), Control of Erosion on Earthworks, Technical BulletinNo. 11, State Rivers and Water Supply Commission of VictoriaSainty GR & Jacobs SWL (1981), Waterplants of New South Wales, Water ResourcesCommission NSWSinclair Knight Merz (1999), D118 Nutrient Removal from Rural Drainage Systemsusing Wetlands – Interim Report on Batter Stabilisation trials, report for Goulburn-Murray WaterConstruction and Refurbishment of Earthen Channel Banks August 2002 – Edition 1.0 17-15
18. Inside Batter TreatmentTable of ContentsSubjectPage No.18.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 18-218.2 Scope..................................................................................................................... 18-218.3 Batter Stabilisation................................................................................................. 18-218.3.1 Inside Batter Re-shaping.................................................................................................................. 18-318.3.2 Natural Armouring........................................................................................................................... 18-618.3.3 Stabilisation of Batters using Eroded Channel Bank Material......................................................... 18-718.4 Rock Armour......................................................................................................... 18-718.4.1 General Design Considerations........................................................................................................ 18-818.4.1.1 Extension of Bank Life........................................................................................................... 18-818.4.1.2 Batter Slope ............................................................................................................................ 18-818.4.1.3 Nominal Thickness of Rock Armour...................................................................................... 18-918.4.1.4 Limitations.............................................................................................................................. 18-918.4.1.5 Construction Considerations................................................................................................... 18-918.4.1.6 Use of Geotextile.................................................................................................................. 18-1118.4.1.7 Coefficient of Roughness ..................................................................................................... 18-1118.4.1.8 Extent of Protection.............................................................................................................. 18-1118.4.1.9 Type and Grade of Rock Armour ......................................................................................... 18-1218.4.1.10 Cellular Confinement System............................................................................................... 18-1318.4.1.11 Design Issues........................................................................................................................ 18-1418.4.1.12 Maintenance ......................................................................................................................... 18-1418.5 Vegetation ........................................................................................................... 18-1518.5.1 Aquatic Plants ................................................................................................................................ 18-1518.5.1.1 Aquatic Plants suitable for Northern Victoria and the Riverina ........................................... 18-1618.5.2 Decision Making Criteria............................................................................................................... 18-1718.6 References ........................................................................................................... 18-18Construction and Refurbishment of Earthen Channel Banks August 2002 - Edition 1.0 18-1
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Your comments on the format and con
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During the course of this project,
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AcknowledgmentsThese Guidelines rep
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FundingFunding of this project was
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Table of ContentsBook 1SubjectPage
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1. Introduction1.1 GeneralGood asse
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(iv) provide proven practice approa
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3. Research Procedure3.1 Terms of R
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4. How to use these Guidelines4.1 W
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6. Units of MeasurementQuantity Uni
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8. Earthen Irrigation Channels8.1 D
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8.3 ReferencesAustralian National C
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9.1 IntroductionA key input to adva
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Data from Goulburn-Murray Water’s
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General 1 2 3 4 5 6DescriptionRisk
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Channel BankSequential Deterioratio
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9.2 ReferencesGutteridge Haskins &
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10.2.3.1 Dispersive layer of materi
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Causes ofSpecific factorDeteriorati
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10.1.2.5 BendsA bend in the channel
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10.1.4.1 Construction techniqueIrri
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10.1.5.4 Overtopping of banksIn ade
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In the past maintenance techniques
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Maintenance is a continuing require
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10.1.7.4 Yabbies/fresh water crayfi
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Direct removal ofmaterial by entrai
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Figure 10.10 shows longitudinal cra
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10.2.3.3 Irregular compaction - bri
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10.3 ReferencesEmerson W (1996), pe
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11.1 GeneralThe Investigation and P
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iv) Available fill materials and, w
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12.15 Radius of Bends .............
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There are several ways a channel ca
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• Land acquisition extent and typ
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The investigation should generally
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• Backfill: 10% compaction factor
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1. Flow Area, A, is the cross-secti
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after ageing and weed growth. If an
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elationships may be the controlling
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These maximum velocities should be
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Thus channels are usually designed
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Some of the design issues that shou
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12.12.1.3 Best PracticeEither of th
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12.13.2 Channel MaintenanceIncrease
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along a channel. The depth of the w
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12.13.4.7 Change of AlignmentThe in
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12.15 Radius of Bends12.15.1 Flow A
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12.16 Channel Cross SectionThe cros
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Some irrigation authorities use one
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12.16.2 BanksChannel cross sections
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Unless the bank is very high, the s
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The stability of channel batters ca
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drop bars become difficult and time
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Both the height above the bed and t
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• enable maintenance of the chann
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- Access agreementsA description of
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13/08/02 19:2012.20 Channel Tenure
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13/08/02 19:20As with the damage to
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13/08/02 19:20Advantages of Protect
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- gates provide a better deterrent
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13/08/02 19:20When considering expo
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13/08/02 19:20A typical design draw
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13/08/02 19:20Sinclair Knight Merz
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13.1 IntroductionIn many irrigation
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For example, the initial constructi
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13.2.6 When to use Life Cycle Analy
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The timing of the life-cycle costin
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• assess cost of collecting missi
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Microsoft Excel has quite a good pr
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The costs used in these methods sho
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Life CyclePhaseInvestigationDesignC
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Life CyclePhaseMaintenanceRehabilit
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ReplacementProject managementInvest
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Residual valueLegal feesInsuranceAd
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13.4.6.2 Recurring CostsChannel con
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$1.00.80Percent ofValue of$1.00.60.
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13.4.11 Evaluate ResultsThe results
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13.6 Tipsthe way open to incur sign
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14. Risk AnalysisTable of ContentsS
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Consequences for irrigation authori
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15. Material Selection and TestingT
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c) Shrinkage - will the bank crack
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depth. For this reason, the soils o
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Natural moisture content should als
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The study identified some confusion
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15.4.2 Determination of the plastic
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1. Preparation of PatTake approxima
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EmersonClass No.Degree ofDispersion
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15.7.1 Coarse grained soilsIn this
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sufficient gravel for erosion resis
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GroupSymbolsSuitability for Earthen
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The uniform application and thoroug
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essential that the chemical is thor
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Where laboratory testing facilities
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Clays are the plastic fines. They c
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etween the soil sample and the wate
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16. Compaction ControlTable of Cont
Page 198 and 199: 16.1 PurposeDuring this research pr
Page 200 and 201: All compaction equipment utilises s
Page 202 and 203: The soil density required for a cha
Page 204 and 205: In the past, a method specification
Page 206 and 207: Low permeability and high stability
Page 208 and 209: 16.10.1.1 Tamping Foot RollerTampin
Page 210 and 211: 16.10.1.5 Non-Circular Impact Rolle
Page 212 and 213: 16.10.3 Compactor OperationsAfter t
Page 214 and 215: 16.11.4 Moisture Content ControlBef
Page 216 and 217: 16.12 Density Control Tests and Pro
Page 218 and 219: Correlation with local materials an
Page 220 and 221: The main advantages of the Nuclear
Page 222 and 223: Figure 16.4Hilf Density Ratio Repor
Page 224 and 225: The location and test results for e
Page 226 and 227: 16.14.3 Reporting and RecordsTest r
Page 228 and 229: 16.16 Tests for small projectsThe s
Page 230 and 231: The advantages of the Drop Test are
Page 232 and 233: AS1289.6.3.2-1997AS1289.6.3.3-1997A
Page 234 and 235: 17. Protective CoverTable of Conten
Page 236 and 237: The bank dries and cracks from the
Page 238 and 239: 17.5 Specifications17.5.1 GravelPar
Page 240 and 241: 17.6 Establish Vegetation CoverTops
Page 242 and 243: Species Growing Conditions Establis
Page 244 and 245: 17.7.2 Rope Wick ApplicationMuch of
Page 246 and 247: There are a number of fibre mats or
Page 250 and 251: 18.1 IntroductionFor many earthen c
Page 252 and 253: When re-shaping the batters of exis
Page 254 and 255: LifeCrestOld bank lineBattered bank
Page 256 and 257: Photos\inside batter\CG7channel2arm
Page 258 and 259: 4. To help place the rock material
Page 260 and 261: False ToeFigure 18.8Protective laye
Page 262 and 263: The confinement system would be adv
Page 264 and 265: • Able to survive during non-oper
Page 266 and 267: 18.6 ReferencesHutchison D & Locke
Page 268 and 269: 19.20 Guidelines on Field Quality C
Page 270 and 271: Construction and Refurbishment of E
Page 272 and 273: • Figure 19.2)3. Temporary Bench
Page 274 and 275: The capabilities and limitations of
Page 276 and 277: 19.3.1 Construction EquipmentThe ba
Page 278 and 279: construction. The aim of scarifying
Page 280 and 281: Whether or not a front-end loader o
Page 282 and 283: The thickness of each layer will va
Page 284 and 285: distribution. The use of alternativ
Page 286 and 287: 19.8 Construction RecordsAdequate r
Page 288 and 289: 19.12 Protective Cover on Crest and
Page 290 and 291: 19.21 Australian StandardsAS 1726-1
Page 292 and 293: 20.1 ScopeAustralia’s earthen irr
Page 294 and 295: Bank re-construction normally requi
Page 296 and 297: •meter outlet locations and type
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In the case of channel bank refurbi
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20.4.1.1 StrippingWith outside bank
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All public roads to be used by truc
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5. Material is delivered by trucks
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Need to drain and de-waterEBM befor
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significantly and a more conservati
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Aim for crest width ofabout 2 metre
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Refer to Section 18, Inside Batter
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21.8.10 Re-alignment ..............
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Seepage is a complex hydrologic phe
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2. Seepage losses increase as the d
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Refer also to the following section
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21.4 Channel Seepage ConsequencesSe
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Channel seepage is one of the sever
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Seepage is proportional to soil per
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Methods based on vertical flow meas
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ainfallPumpingevapotranspirationIrr
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Flow NetsA flow net is a system of
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Data from indirect measurement proc
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(ii) EM SurveyElectro-magnetic (EM)
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The volume of waterloss from the dr
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21.7.3.2 Inflow-Outflow Method (Dyn
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Imperfect seal will cause the meter
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The groundwater level can then be d
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Stable IsotopesThe basis of testing
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To be most successful, there needs
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21.8.6 Surface interception drainag
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KeyWatertable before tree plantingW
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• The preparation of a best pract
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21.11 ReferencesAustralian National
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22. Channel LiningTable of Contents
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22.1 IntroductionThe conservation o
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The different types of channel lini
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Table 22-1Unlined Earthen Channels
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Lining of channels will not elimina
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To supply a given discharge, the cr
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22.4.5 Structural SafetyThe stabili
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soil pressures and under-drainage i
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Concrete linings are suitable for b
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22.5.12 Availability of Constructio
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esistance to erosion. To improve th
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Construction and Refurbishment of E
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22.7.1.2 General Design Considerati
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22.7.1.4 Lining ThicknessThe thickn
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particular problems, but in smaller
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Where the earth lining finishes abo
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control where the channel material
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sand requires about 5% cement by we
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22.7.6 Soil SealantsSoil sealants a
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22.7.7 Cost of Earth LiningsThe cap
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Although they can assist with shear
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22.8.2 Membrane Liner TypesGeomembr
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Polyethylene has also appeared in m
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FPP resistance to common chemical e
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The base coat and seal coat rates m
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A common and misleading argument is
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These thermal expansion and contrac
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Another factor is the ability to ha
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Some lining methods expand and cont
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22.8.9.1 Geomembrane ThicknessThe t
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Cover typeThickness ofEarth fill(m)
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22.8.9.5 Cover MaterialGeomembranes
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As well, velocities which are permi
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22.8.11 FencingWhen livestock, part
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22.10 ReferencesAlther GR (1987), T
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23. Measures to Reduce the Rate ofD
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Channel DesignBank MaterialDeterior
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Stock and VerminAdjacentlandholders
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To ensure that a channel bank has a
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Advantages of Draining• Allows fo
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To efficiently maintain a channel,
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Compared with other countries where
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23.4.7 LeaksTransverse cracks are t
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23.5 Reduction of Deterioration due
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Photo 23-1Channel bed showing mumbl
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Thus, control of carp by draining c
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The disadvantages of a biological c
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Carp have been blamed for erosion o
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Management Groups gives guidelines
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Organisation Contact Details Aims/A
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Chemical treatment is often recomme
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23.7 Reduction of Deterioration due
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Grey Parrot Pea - Dillaynia cineres
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Lodge G (1998), Review on Fish Barr
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cation exchange capacity (CEC) a me
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fetch the distance over which the w
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plant term used for construction eq
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supply level the supply level is a
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