construction and refurbishment of earthen irrigation channel banks

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22.10 ReferencesAlther GR (1987), The Qualification of Bentonite as a Soil Sealant, Engineering Geology,No 23American Society of Agricultural Engineers (1987), Installation of Flexible MembraneLiners, ASAE Engineering Practice: ASAE EP 340.1 in ASAEAustralian National Committee on Irrigation and Drainage (2000), 1998/99 AustralianIrrigation Water Provider, Benchmarking ReportBruel B & Herment R (1998), Bitumen Membranes in Irrigation- Case histories from aRange of Climates, Sixth International Conference on Geosynthetics, AtlantaCETCO Bentomat/Claymax Specification Guidelines (TR-403)Comer AI (2000), Canal Lining Systems in Irrigated Agriculture, GRID Iptrid NetworkMagazine, Issue 15Ritchey F & Starbuck JG, Practices for Design and Construction of Concrete LinedCanals, Bureau of ReclamationFrobel R (1992), Unpublished Final Report to JPS Elastomerics Corp on Multi-axialTesting and Evaluation of Polypropylene MembranesFrobel R (1994), Geomembrane Systems Design and Practice, Unpublished.GeoSyntec Consultants (1994), Unpublished Report to Seaman Corporation on MultiaxialBurst Testing of XR-5 GeomembraneGeosynthetic Consultants Australia Pty Ltd (1998), Channel Lining – Geomembranes –An overview of Geomembrane Systems for Earthen Channels, Report for Goulburn-Murray WaterHouk IE, Irrigation Engineering – Volume II Project, Conduits and Structures, JohnWiley & Sons Inc.International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage (1968), Controlling Seepage Lossesfrom Irrigation Canals – World Wide Survey 1967, New Delhi IndiaInternational Commission on Irrigation and Drainage (1985), Guidelines 107, Use andApplication of Earth Lining for Canals, Prepared by the Committee on Construction andOperation, ICID Bulletin, Vol.34, No.2Kraatz DB (1977), Irrigation Canal Lining, Food and Agriculture Organisation of theUnited Nations, RomePeggs I & Thiel R (1998), Selecting a Geomembrane Material, Sixth InternationalConference on Geosynthetics, AtlantaRoss R (1999), Lethbridge Northern Irrigation District, Alberta, Canada, personalcommunication, 9 December 1999Construction and Refurbishment of Earthen Channel Banks August 2002 - Edition 1.0 22-69
Row D (2000), District Engineer – Bow River Irrigation District, Canada, personalcommunication, February 2000Sadlier M & Cadwallader M (1991), Synthetic Liners for Waste Management, Aworkshop paper presented at the 9th WWM National Conference on Waste Management,Sydney, AustraliaSadlier M (1994), Design Selection and Quality Management of Synthetic Liner Systems,2nd National Hazardous and Solid Waste Convention MelbourneSadlier M & Frobel R (1997), Geomembrane Properties - a Comparative Perspective,GeoEnvironment 97 Conference, MelbourneSally HL (1965), Lining of Earthen Irrigation Channels, Asia Publishing House, LoddonSinclair Knight Merz (2000), Water Savings in Irrigation Distribution Systems, Reportfor Victorian Department of Natural Resources and EnvironmentUnited States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation (1968), Buried AsphaltMembrane Canal Lining, Research Report No. 12.United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation (1988), ConcreteManual, Eighth EditionUnited States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation (1990), Earth Manual,2 nd editionUnited States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation (1976), Linings forIrrigation Canals, United States Government Printing Office, WashingtonUnited States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation (1987), Long termchanges in the properties of soil linings for canal seepage control, Engineering andResearch Centre, REC-ERC-87-1, July 1987United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation (1984), Performance ofPlastic Canal Linings, Engineering and Research Centre REC-ERC-84-1, January 1984.Weimer NF (1987), Use of polyvinyl chloride liners for large irrigation canals inAlberta, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, v. 24(2).Construction and Refurbishment of Earthen Channel Banks August 2002 - Edition 1.0 22-70
Page 3 and 4:
Your comments on the format and con
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During the course of this project,
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AcknowledgmentsThese Guidelines rep
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FundingFunding of this project was
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Table of ContentsBook 1SubjectPage
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1. Introduction1.1 GeneralGood asse
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(iv) provide proven practice approa
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3. Research Procedure3.1 Terms of R
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4. How to use these Guidelines4.1 W
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6. Units of MeasurementQuantity Uni
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8. Earthen Irrigation Channels8.1 D
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8.3 ReferencesAustralian National C
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9.1 IntroductionA key input to adva
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Data from Goulburn-Murray Water’s
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General 1 2 3 4 5 6DescriptionRisk
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Channel BankSequential Deterioratio
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9.2 ReferencesGutteridge Haskins &
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10.2.3.1 Dispersive layer of materi
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Causes ofSpecific factorDeteriorati
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10.1.2.5 BendsA bend in the channel
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10.1.4.1 Construction techniqueIrri
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10.1.5.4 Overtopping of banksIn ade
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In the past maintenance techniques
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Maintenance is a continuing require
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10.1.7.4 Yabbies/fresh water crayfi
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Direct removal ofmaterial by entrai
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Figure 10.10 shows longitudinal cra
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10.2.3.3 Irregular compaction - bri
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10.3 ReferencesEmerson W (1996), pe
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11.1 GeneralThe Investigation and P
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iv) Available fill materials and, w
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12.15 Radius of Bends .............
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There are several ways a channel ca
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• Land acquisition extent and typ
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The investigation should generally
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• Backfill: 10% compaction factor
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1. Flow Area, A, is the cross-secti
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after ageing and weed growth. If an
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elationships may be the controlling
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These maximum velocities should be
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Thus channels are usually designed
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Some of the design issues that shou
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12.12.1.3 Best PracticeEither of th
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12.13.2 Channel MaintenanceIncrease
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along a channel. The depth of the w
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12.13.4.7 Change of AlignmentThe in
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12.15 Radius of Bends12.15.1 Flow A
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12.16 Channel Cross SectionThe cros
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Some irrigation authorities use one
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12.16.2 BanksChannel cross sections
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Unless the bank is very high, the s
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The stability of channel batters ca
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drop bars become difficult and time
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Both the height above the bed and t
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• enable maintenance of the chann
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- Access agreementsA description of
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13/08/02 19:2012.20 Channel Tenure
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13/08/02 19:20As with the damage to
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13/08/02 19:20Advantages of Protect
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- gates provide a better deterrent
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13/08/02 19:20When considering expo
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13/08/02 19:20A typical design draw
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13/08/02 19:20Sinclair Knight Merz
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13.1 IntroductionIn many irrigation
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For example, the initial constructi
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13.2.6 When to use Life Cycle Analy
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The timing of the life-cycle costin
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• assess cost of collecting missi
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Microsoft Excel has quite a good pr
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The costs used in these methods sho
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Life CyclePhaseInvestigationDesignC
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Life CyclePhaseMaintenanceRehabilit
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ReplacementProject managementInvest
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Residual valueLegal feesInsuranceAd
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13.4.6.2 Recurring CostsChannel con
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$1.00.80Percent ofValue of$1.00.60.
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13.4.11 Evaluate ResultsThe results
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13.6 Tipsthe way open to incur sign
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14. Risk AnalysisTable of ContentsS
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Consequences for irrigation authori
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15. Material Selection and TestingT
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c) Shrinkage - will the bank crack
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depth. For this reason, the soils o
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Natural moisture content should als
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The study identified some confusion
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15.4.2 Determination of the plastic
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1. Preparation of PatTake approxima
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EmersonClass No.Degree ofDispersion
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15.7.1 Coarse grained soilsIn this
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sufficient gravel for erosion resis
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GroupSymbolsSuitability for Earthen
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The uniform application and thoroug
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essential that the chemical is thor
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Where laboratory testing facilities
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Clays are the plastic fines. They c
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etween the soil sample and the wate
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16. Compaction ControlTable of Cont
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16.1 PurposeDuring this research pr
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All compaction equipment utilises s
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The soil density required for a cha
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In the past, a method specification
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Low permeability and high stability
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16.10.1.1 Tamping Foot RollerTampin
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16.10.1.5 Non-Circular Impact Rolle
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16.10.3 Compactor OperationsAfter t
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16.11.4 Moisture Content ControlBef
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16.12 Density Control Tests and Pro
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Correlation with local materials an
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The main advantages of the Nuclear
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Figure 16.4Hilf Density Ratio Repor
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The location and test results for e
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16.14.3 Reporting and RecordsTest r
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16.16 Tests for small projectsThe s
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The advantages of the Drop Test are
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AS1289.6.3.2-1997AS1289.6.3.3-1997A
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17. Protective CoverTable of Conten
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The bank dries and cracks from the
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17.5 Specifications17.5.1 GravelPar
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17.6 Establish Vegetation CoverTops
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Species Growing Conditions Establis
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17.7.2 Rope Wick ApplicationMuch of
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There are a number of fibre mats or
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17.10 Australian StandardsAS1289.3.
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18.1 IntroductionFor many earthen c
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When re-shaping the batters of exis
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LifeCrestOld bank lineBattered bank
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Photos\inside batter\CG7channel2arm
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4. To help place the rock material
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False ToeFigure 18.8Protective laye
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The confinement system would be adv
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• Able to survive during non-oper
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18.6 ReferencesHutchison D & Locke
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19.20 Guidelines on Field Quality C
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Construction and Refurbishment of E
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• Figure 19.2)3. Temporary Bench
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The capabilities and limitations of
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19.3.1 Construction EquipmentThe ba
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construction. The aim of scarifying
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Whether or not a front-end loader o
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The thickness of each layer will va
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distribution. The use of alternativ
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19.8 Construction RecordsAdequate r
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19.12 Protective Cover on Crest and
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19.21 Australian StandardsAS 1726-1
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20.1 ScopeAustralia’s earthen irr
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Bank re-construction normally requi
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•meter outlet locations and type
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In the case of channel bank refurbi
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20.4.1.1 StrippingWith outside bank
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All public roads to be used by truc
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5. Material is delivered by trucks
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Need to drain and de-waterEBM befor
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significantly and a more conservati
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Aim for crest width ofabout 2 metre
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Refer to Section 18, Inside Batter
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21.8.10 Re-alignment ..............
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Seepage is a complex hydrologic phe
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2. Seepage losses increase as the d
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Refer also to the following section
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21.4 Channel Seepage ConsequencesSe
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Channel seepage is one of the sever
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Seepage is proportional to soil per
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Methods based on vertical flow meas
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ainfallPumpingevapotranspirationIrr
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Flow NetsA flow net is a system of
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Data from indirect measurement proc
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(ii) EM SurveyElectro-magnetic (EM)
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The volume of waterloss from the dr
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21.7.3.2 Inflow-Outflow Method (Dyn
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Imperfect seal will cause the meter
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The groundwater level can then be d
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Stable IsotopesThe basis of testing
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To be most successful, there needs
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21.8.6 Surface interception drainag
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KeyWatertable before tree plantingW
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• The preparation of a best pract
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21.11 ReferencesAustralian National
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22. Channel LiningTable of Contents
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22.1 IntroductionThe conservation o
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The different types of channel lini
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Table 22-1Unlined Earthen Channels
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Lining of channels will not elimina
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To supply a given discharge, the cr
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22.4.5 Structural SafetyThe stabili
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soil pressures and under-drainage i
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Concrete linings are suitable for b
Page 376 and 377: 22.5.12 Availability of Constructio
Page 378 and 379: esistance to erosion. To improve th
Page 380 and 381: Construction and Refurbishment of E
Page 382 and 383: 22.7.1.2 General Design Considerati
Page 384 and 385: 22.7.1.4 Lining ThicknessThe thickn
Page 386 and 387: particular problems, but in smaller
Page 388 and 389: Where the earth lining finishes abo
Page 390 and 391: control where the channel material
Page 392 and 393: sand requires about 5% cement by we
Page 394 and 395: 22.7.6 Soil SealantsSoil sealants a
Page 396 and 397: 22.7.7 Cost of Earth LiningsThe cap
Page 398 and 399: Although they can assist with shear
Page 400 and 401: 22.8.2 Membrane Liner TypesGeomembr
Page 402 and 403: Polyethylene has also appeared in m
Page 404 and 405: FPP resistance to common chemical e
Page 406 and 407: The base coat and seal coat rates m
Page 408 and 409: A common and misleading argument is
Page 410 and 411: These thermal expansion and contrac
Page 412 and 413: Another factor is the ability to ha
Page 414 and 415: Some lining methods expand and cont
Page 416 and 417: 22.8.9.1 Geomembrane ThicknessThe t
Page 418 and 419: Cover typeThickness ofEarth fill(m)
Page 420 and 421: 22.8.9.5 Cover MaterialGeomembranes
Page 422 and 423: As well, velocities which are permi
Page 424 and 425: 22.8.11 FencingWhen livestock, part
Page 428 and 429: 23. Measures to Reduce the Rate ofD
Page 430 and 431: Channel DesignBank MaterialDeterior
Page 432 and 433: Stock and VerminAdjacentlandholders
Page 434 and 435: To ensure that a channel bank has a
Page 436 and 437: Advantages of Draining• Allows fo
Page 438 and 439: To efficiently maintain a channel,
Page 440 and 441: Compared with other countries where
Page 442 and 443: 23.4.7 LeaksTransverse cracks are t
Page 444 and 445: 23.5 Reduction of Deterioration due
Page 446 and 447: Photo 23-1Channel bed showing mumbl
Page 448 and 449: Thus, control of carp by draining c
Page 450 and 451: The disadvantages of a biological c
Page 452 and 453: Carp have been blamed for erosion o
Page 454 and 455: Management Groups gives guidelines
Page 456 and 457: Organisation Contact Details Aims/A
Page 458 and 459: Chemical treatment is often recomme
Page 460 and 461: 23.7 Reduction of Deterioration due
Page 462 and 463: Grey Parrot Pea - Dillaynia cineres
Page 464 and 465: Lodge G (1998), Review on Fish Barr
Page 466 and 467: cation exchange capacity (CEC) a me
Page 468 and 469: fetch the distance over which the w
Page 470 and 471: plant term used for construction eq
Page 472: supply level the supply level is a
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