construction and refurbishment of earthen irrigation channel banks

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16.10.3 Compactor OperationsAfter the type of compaction equipment has been selected, it is necessary todetermine the operational procedures to be used for compaction.This involves determining the:• optimum moisture content of the soil• action necessary to change the soil’s present moisture content• lift thickness - thickness of each layer to be compacted• compactor speed• contact pressure and total weight• number of passesFor vibratory compactors, the frequency and amplitude of vibration must also beconsidered.16.11 Moisture Content Control Tests and ProceduresMoisture content control is critical in achieving adequate compaction.Moisture Content Control occurs in four steps:1. Determine Optimum Moisture Content2. Determine Field Moisture Content3. Determine Moisture Variation4. Check moisture content conforms with the specification16.11.1 Determine Optimum Moisture ContentThe moisture content of the material being compacted should be controlled at or asnear as possible to the Optimum Moisture Content to achieve the highest density forthe compaction effect. Refer Section 16.12.1.Optimum moisture content for compaction depends not only on the type of soil, butalso on the type and weight of compaction equipment used. For most channel bankprojects, it is practical to assume that the standard laboratory compactive effectreasonably duplicates the field compactive effort and vice versa. Perfectly correctvalues of maximum density and optimum moisture content can be determined onlyby setting up field test sections using the chosen compaction equipment. This issometimes done on large earthworks projects, but is rarely justified on mostchannel bank projects.Construction and Refurbishment of Earthen Channel Banks August 2002 - Edition 1.0 16-17
16.11.2 Determine field moisture contentThe actual moisture content of a sample from a bank can be determined by:1. Drying the soilMoisture content is determined in accordance with the Determination of themoisture content of a soil - Oven-drying method (AS1289.2 1.1-1992), or any ofthe subsidiary methods listed below:• Sand Bath Method (AS1289.2.1.2)• Microwave Oven Method (AS1289.2.1.4)• Infrared Light Method (AS1289.2.1.5)• Hotplate Drying Method(AS1289.2.1.6)The oven-drying method has an accuracy of 0.1%. Its main disadvantage is thatis a relatively slow process. The subsidiary tests are faster but should only beused when a quick result is required or an oven as specified in (AS1289.2.1.1-1992) is not available.2. Nuclear Surface moisture-density gauge (AS1289.5.8.1-1995)The Nuclear Gauge (AS1289.5.8.1-1995) can be calibrated to measure moisturecontent as well as density.3. Time Domain ReflectometryTime Domain Reflectometry equipment has found some application forconstruction moisture content determination. Despite the expense of thisequipment (similar in cost to the Neutron Probe) it is recognised to be moreaccurate than neutron gauges for shallow moisture content determination and canbe used insitu without sampling.16.11.3 Determine Moisture VariationThe moisture variation can be determined by normal methods or by relative teststhat do not determine an actual field moisture content or optimum moisture content.16.11.3.1 Normal MethodThe Normal Method of determining Moisture Variation (AS1289.5.4.1-1993) isby comparing an actual field moisture content with the Optimum MoistureContent for that sample.16.11.3.2 Nuclear Surface moisture-density gaugeGenerally the moisture content determined by the gauge is not consideredaccurate enough to calculate the moisture variation of the material from optimumwithin the accuracy requirements of the Australian Standard. However, ifcalibrated carefully for a homogenous soil type it can be used successfully formoisture content control purposes in the field.16.11.3.3 Hilf MethodThe Hilf Method (AS1289.5.7.1-1993) calculates a moisture variation percentagefrom the Optimum Moisture Content. Refer Section 16.12.3.3.Construction and Refurbishment of Earthen Channel Banks August 2002 - Edition 1.0 16-18
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Your comments on the format and con
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During the course of this project,
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AcknowledgmentsThese Guidelines rep
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FundingFunding of this project was
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Table of ContentsBook 1SubjectPage
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1. Introduction1.1 GeneralGood asse
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(iv) provide proven practice approa
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3. Research Procedure3.1 Terms of R
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4. How to use these Guidelines4.1 W
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6. Units of MeasurementQuantity Uni
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8. Earthen Irrigation Channels8.1 D
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8.3 ReferencesAustralian National C
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9.1 IntroductionA key input to adva
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Data from Goulburn-Murray Water’s
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General 1 2 3 4 5 6DescriptionRisk
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Channel BankSequential Deterioratio
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9.2 ReferencesGutteridge Haskins &
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10.2.3.1 Dispersive layer of materi
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Causes ofSpecific factorDeteriorati
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10.1.2.5 BendsA bend in the channel
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10.1.4.1 Construction techniqueIrri
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10.1.5.4 Overtopping of banksIn ade
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In the past maintenance techniques
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Maintenance is a continuing require
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10.1.7.4 Yabbies/fresh water crayfi
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Direct removal ofmaterial by entrai
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Figure 10.10 shows longitudinal cra
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10.2.3.3 Irregular compaction - bri
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10.3 ReferencesEmerson W (1996), pe
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11.1 GeneralThe Investigation and P
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iv) Available fill materials and, w
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12.15 Radius of Bends .............
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There are several ways a channel ca
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• Land acquisition extent and typ
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The investigation should generally
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• Backfill: 10% compaction factor
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1. Flow Area, A, is the cross-secti
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after ageing and weed growth. If an
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elationships may be the controlling
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These maximum velocities should be
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Thus channels are usually designed
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Some of the design issues that shou
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12.12.1.3 Best PracticeEither of th
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12.13.2 Channel MaintenanceIncrease
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along a channel. The depth of the w
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12.13.4.7 Change of AlignmentThe in
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12.15 Radius of Bends12.15.1 Flow A
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12.16 Channel Cross SectionThe cros
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Some irrigation authorities use one
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12.16.2 BanksChannel cross sections
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Unless the bank is very high, the s
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The stability of channel batters ca
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drop bars become difficult and time
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Both the height above the bed and t
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• enable maintenance of the chann
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- Access agreementsA description of
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13/08/02 19:2012.20 Channel Tenure
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13/08/02 19:20As with the damage to
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13/08/02 19:20Advantages of Protect
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- gates provide a better deterrent
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13/08/02 19:20When considering expo
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13/08/02 19:20A typical design draw
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13/08/02 19:20Sinclair Knight Merz
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13.1 IntroductionIn many irrigation
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For example, the initial constructi
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13.2.6 When to use Life Cycle Analy
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The timing of the life-cycle costin
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• assess cost of collecting missi
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Microsoft Excel has quite a good pr
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The costs used in these methods sho
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Life CyclePhaseInvestigationDesignC
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Life CyclePhaseMaintenanceRehabilit
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ReplacementProject managementInvest
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Residual valueLegal feesInsuranceAd
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13.4.6.2 Recurring CostsChannel con
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$1.00.80Percent ofValue of$1.00.60.
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13.4.11 Evaluate ResultsThe results
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13.6 Tipsthe way open to incur sign
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14. Risk AnalysisTable of ContentsS
Page 162 and 163: Consequences for irrigation authori
Page 164 and 165: 15. Material Selection and TestingT
Page 166 and 167: c) Shrinkage - will the bank crack
Page 168 and 169: depth. For this reason, the soils o
Page 170 and 171: Natural moisture content should als
Page 172 and 173: The study identified some confusion
Page 174 and 175: 15.4.2 Determination of the plastic
Page 176 and 177: 1. Preparation of PatTake approxima
Page 178 and 179: EmersonClass No.Degree ofDispersion
Page 180 and 181: 15.7.1 Coarse grained soilsIn this
Page 182 and 183: sufficient gravel for erosion resis
Page 184 and 185: GroupSymbolsSuitability for Earthen
Page 186 and 187: The uniform application and thoroug
Page 188 and 189: essential that the chemical is thor
Page 190 and 191: Where laboratory testing facilities
Page 192 and 193: Clays are the plastic fines. They c
Page 194 and 195: etween the soil sample and the wate
Page 196 and 197: 16. Compaction ControlTable of Cont
Page 198 and 199: 16.1 PurposeDuring this research pr
Page 200 and 201: All compaction equipment utilises s
Page 202 and 203: The soil density required for a cha
Page 204 and 205: In the past, a method specification
Page 206 and 207: Low permeability and high stability
Page 208 and 209: 16.10.1.1 Tamping Foot RollerTampin
Page 210 and 211: 16.10.1.5 Non-Circular Impact Rolle
Page 214 and 215: 16.11.4 Moisture Content ControlBef
Page 216 and 217: 16.12 Density Control Tests and Pro
Page 218 and 219: Correlation with local materials an
Page 220 and 221: The main advantages of the Nuclear
Page 222 and 223: Figure 16.4Hilf Density Ratio Repor
Page 224 and 225: The location and test results for e
Page 226 and 227: 16.14.3 Reporting and RecordsTest r
Page 228 and 229: 16.16 Tests for small projectsThe s
Page 230 and 231: The advantages of the Drop Test are
Page 232 and 233: AS1289.6.3.2-1997AS1289.6.3.3-1997A
Page 234 and 235: 17. Protective CoverTable of Conten
Page 236 and 237: The bank dries and cracks from the
Page 238 and 239: 17.5 Specifications17.5.1 GravelPar
Page 240 and 241: 17.6 Establish Vegetation CoverTops
Page 242 and 243: Species Growing Conditions Establis
Page 244 and 245: 17.7.2 Rope Wick ApplicationMuch of
Page 246 and 247: There are a number of fibre mats or
Page 248 and 249: 17.10 Australian StandardsAS1289.3.
Page 250 and 251: 18.1 IntroductionFor many earthen c
Page 252 and 253: When re-shaping the batters of exis
Page 254 and 255: LifeCrestOld bank lineBattered bank
Page 256 and 257: Photos\inside batter\CG7channel2arm
Page 258 and 259: 4. To help place the rock material
Page 260 and 261: False ToeFigure 18.8Protective laye
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The confinement system would be adv
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• Able to survive during non-oper
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18.6 ReferencesHutchison D & Locke
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19.20 Guidelines on Field Quality C
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Construction and Refurbishment of E
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• Figure 19.2)3. Temporary Bench
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The capabilities and limitations of
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19.3.1 Construction EquipmentThe ba
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construction. The aim of scarifying
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Whether or not a front-end loader o
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The thickness of each layer will va
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distribution. The use of alternativ
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19.8 Construction RecordsAdequate r
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19.12 Protective Cover on Crest and
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19.21 Australian StandardsAS 1726-1
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20.1 ScopeAustralia’s earthen irr
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Bank re-construction normally requi
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•meter outlet locations and type
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In the case of channel bank refurbi
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20.4.1.1 StrippingWith outside bank
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All public roads to be used by truc
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5. Material is delivered by trucks
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Need to drain and de-waterEBM befor
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significantly and a more conservati
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Aim for crest width ofabout 2 metre
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Refer to Section 18, Inside Batter
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21.8.10 Re-alignment ..............
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Seepage is a complex hydrologic phe
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2. Seepage losses increase as the d
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Refer also to the following section
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21.4 Channel Seepage ConsequencesSe
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Channel seepage is one of the sever
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Seepage is proportional to soil per
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Methods based on vertical flow meas
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ainfallPumpingevapotranspirationIrr
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Flow NetsA flow net is a system of
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Data from indirect measurement proc
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(ii) EM SurveyElectro-magnetic (EM)
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The volume of waterloss from the dr
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21.7.3.2 Inflow-Outflow Method (Dyn
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Imperfect seal will cause the meter
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The groundwater level can then be d
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Stable IsotopesThe basis of testing
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To be most successful, there needs
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21.8.6 Surface interception drainag
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KeyWatertable before tree plantingW
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• The preparation of a best pract
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21.11 ReferencesAustralian National
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22. Channel LiningTable of Contents
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22.1 IntroductionThe conservation o
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The different types of channel lini
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Table 22-1Unlined Earthen Channels
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Lining of channels will not elimina
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To supply a given discharge, the cr
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22.4.5 Structural SafetyThe stabili
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soil pressures and under-drainage i
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Concrete linings are suitable for b
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22.5.12 Availability of Constructio
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esistance to erosion. To improve th
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Construction and Refurbishment of E
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22.7.1.2 General Design Considerati
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22.7.1.4 Lining ThicknessThe thickn
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particular problems, but in smaller
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Where the earth lining finishes abo
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control where the channel material
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sand requires about 5% cement by we
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22.7.6 Soil SealantsSoil sealants a
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22.7.7 Cost of Earth LiningsThe cap
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Although they can assist with shear
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22.8.2 Membrane Liner TypesGeomembr
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Polyethylene has also appeared in m
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FPP resistance to common chemical e
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The base coat and seal coat rates m
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A common and misleading argument is
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These thermal expansion and contrac
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Another factor is the ability to ha
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Some lining methods expand and cont
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22.8.9.1 Geomembrane ThicknessThe t
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Cover typeThickness ofEarth fill(m)
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22.8.9.5 Cover MaterialGeomembranes
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As well, velocities which are permi
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22.8.11 FencingWhen livestock, part
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22.10 ReferencesAlther GR (1987), T
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23. Measures to Reduce the Rate ofD
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Channel DesignBank MaterialDeterior
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Stock and VerminAdjacentlandholders
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To ensure that a channel bank has a
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Advantages of Draining• Allows fo
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To efficiently maintain a channel,
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Compared with other countries where
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23.4.7 LeaksTransverse cracks are t
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23.5 Reduction of Deterioration due
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Photo 23-1Channel bed showing mumbl
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Thus, control of carp by draining c
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The disadvantages of a biological c
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Carp have been blamed for erosion o
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Management Groups gives guidelines
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Organisation Contact Details Aims/A
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Chemical treatment is often recomme
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23.7 Reduction of Deterioration due
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Grey Parrot Pea - Dillaynia cineres
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Lodge G (1998), Review on Fish Barr
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cation exchange capacity (CEC) a me
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fetch the distance over which the w
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plant term used for construction eq
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supply level the supply level is a
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