construction and refurbishment of earthen irrigation channel banks

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Life CyclePhaseInvestigationDesignConstructionCost ElementsProject managementResearchPlanningDevelopmentFeasibility studyEnvironmental impact studyTesting & evaluationDesign briefProject managementSite investigationSurveyConceptual design – service life & standardPreliminary designConsultationDetailed design – construction standardsCost EstimationDocumentationEconomic evaluationHazard and Risk AssessmentOccupational Health & SafetyPlanning ApprovalsEnvironmental ApprovalsQuality managementProject managementLand acquisitionAccommodationSecuritySignsConstruction resourceslabour/trainingmaterialsequipment and facilitiesTransport costsConsultationSite access & physical site conditionsEstablishment - Move in & move outRoad closure and road surface reinstatementRelocation of surrounding infrastructure - temporary & permanentPublic protectionSources of danger to plant operatorsFarm worksSurvey and set outCompensationFencing – temporary & permanentSite clearingDe-wateringMaterials sourcesHaul roadsDustConstruction and Refurbishment of Earthen Channel Banks August 2002 - Edition 1.0 13-16
Life CyclePhaseConstruction(cont)OperationsCost ElementsNoiseContractors and SuppliersAvailability of water supply for construction purposesLocal labour and equipmentEarthworksstrippingexcavation (cut)fillcompactiontrimminghaulagesoil exportsoil importHydraulic control structuresLiningBeachingGeofabricWet weather and climatic risksRisks of construction delaysTestingSeepage controlFinal site clean up & restorationOccupational Health & SafetyRe-grassing & tree plantingInsuranceSupervision and inspection servicesQuality managementAdministrative overheadsCommissioningTaxationOperational resourcesenergy usagelabour/trainingmaterials and consumablesequipment and facilitiesmonitoringManagementCommunicationsOccupational Health & SafetySecuritySignsTravelAdministrative overheadsInsuranceDamage from leaks, seepage & floodingWater lossesConstruction and Refurbishment of Earthen Channel Banks August 2002 - Edition 1.0 13-17
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Your comments on the format and con
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During the course of this project,
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AcknowledgmentsThese Guidelines rep
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FundingFunding of this project was
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Table of ContentsBook 1SubjectPage
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1. Introduction1.1 GeneralGood asse
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(iv) provide proven practice approa
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3. Research Procedure3.1 Terms of R
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4. How to use these Guidelines4.1 W
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6. Units of MeasurementQuantity Uni
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8. Earthen Irrigation Channels8.1 D
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8.3 ReferencesAustralian National C
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9.1 IntroductionA key input to adva
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Data from Goulburn-Murray Water’s
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General 1 2 3 4 5 6DescriptionRisk
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Channel BankSequential Deterioratio
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9.2 ReferencesGutteridge Haskins &
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10.2.3.1 Dispersive layer of materi
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Causes ofSpecific factorDeteriorati
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10.1.2.5 BendsA bend in the channel
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10.1.4.1 Construction techniqueIrri
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10.1.5.4 Overtopping of banksIn ade
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In the past maintenance techniques
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Maintenance is a continuing require
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10.1.7.4 Yabbies/fresh water crayfi
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Direct removal ofmaterial by entrai
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Figure 10.10 shows longitudinal cra
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10.2.3.3 Irregular compaction - bri
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10.3 ReferencesEmerson W (1996), pe
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11.1 GeneralThe Investigation and P
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iv) Available fill materials and, w
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12.15 Radius of Bends .............
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There are several ways a channel ca
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• Land acquisition extent and typ
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The investigation should generally
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• Backfill: 10% compaction factor
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1. Flow Area, A, is the cross-secti
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after ageing and weed growth. If an
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elationships may be the controlling
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These maximum velocities should be
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Thus channels are usually designed
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Some of the design issues that shou
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12.12.1.3 Best PracticeEither of th
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12.13.2 Channel MaintenanceIncrease
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along a channel. The depth of the w
Page 94 and 95: 12.13.4.7 Change of AlignmentThe in
Page 96 and 97: 12.15 Radius of Bends12.15.1 Flow A
Page 98 and 99: 12.16 Channel Cross SectionThe cros
Page 100 and 101: Some irrigation authorities use one
Page 102 and 103: 12.16.2 BanksChannel cross sections
Page 104 and 105: Unless the bank is very high, the s
Page 106 and 107: The stability of channel batters ca
Page 108 and 109: drop bars become difficult and time
Page 110 and 111: Both the height above the bed and t
Page 112 and 113: • enable maintenance of the chann
Page 114 and 115: - Access agreementsA description of
Page 116 and 117: 13/08/02 19:2012.20 Channel Tenure
Page 118 and 119: 13/08/02 19:20As with the damage to
Page 120 and 121: 13/08/02 19:20Advantages of Protect
Page 122 and 123: - gates provide a better deterrent
Page 124 and 125: 13/08/02 19:20When considering expo
Page 126 and 127: 13/08/02 19:20A typical design draw
Page 128 and 129: 13/08/02 19:20Sinclair Knight Merz
Page 130 and 131: 13.1 IntroductionIn many irrigation
Page 132 and 133: For example, the initial constructi
Page 134 and 135: 13.2.6 When to use Life Cycle Analy
Page 136 and 137: The timing of the life-cycle costin
Page 138 and 139: • assess cost of collecting missi
Page 140 and 141: Microsoft Excel has quite a good pr
Page 142 and 143: The costs used in these methods sho
Page 146 and 147: Life CyclePhaseMaintenanceRehabilit
Page 148 and 149: ReplacementProject managementInvest
Page 150 and 151: Residual valueLegal feesInsuranceAd
Page 152 and 153: 13.4.6.2 Recurring CostsChannel con
Page 154 and 155: $1.00.80Percent ofValue of$1.00.60.
Page 156 and 157: 13.4.11 Evaluate ResultsThe results
Page 158 and 159: 13.6 Tipsthe way open to incur sign
Page 160 and 161: 14. Risk AnalysisTable of ContentsS
Page 162 and 163: Consequences for irrigation authori
Page 164 and 165: 15. Material Selection and TestingT
Page 166 and 167: c) Shrinkage - will the bank crack
Page 168 and 169: depth. For this reason, the soils o
Page 170 and 171: Natural moisture content should als
Page 172 and 173: The study identified some confusion
Page 174 and 175: 15.4.2 Determination of the plastic
Page 176 and 177: 1. Preparation of PatTake approxima
Page 178 and 179: EmersonClass No.Degree ofDispersion
Page 180 and 181: 15.7.1 Coarse grained soilsIn this
Page 182 and 183: sufficient gravel for erosion resis
Page 184 and 185: GroupSymbolsSuitability for Earthen
Page 186 and 187: The uniform application and thoroug
Page 188 and 189: essential that the chemical is thor
Page 190 and 191: Where laboratory testing facilities
Page 192 and 193: Clays are the plastic fines. They c
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etween the soil sample and the wate
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16. Compaction ControlTable of Cont
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16.1 PurposeDuring this research pr
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All compaction equipment utilises s
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The soil density required for a cha
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In the past, a method specification
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Low permeability and high stability
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16.10.1.1 Tamping Foot RollerTampin
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16.10.1.5 Non-Circular Impact Rolle
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16.10.3 Compactor OperationsAfter t
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16.11.4 Moisture Content ControlBef
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16.12 Density Control Tests and Pro
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Correlation with local materials an
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The main advantages of the Nuclear
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Figure 16.4Hilf Density Ratio Repor
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The location and test results for e
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16.14.3 Reporting and RecordsTest r
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16.16 Tests for small projectsThe s
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The advantages of the Drop Test are
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AS1289.6.3.2-1997AS1289.6.3.3-1997A
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17. Protective CoverTable of Conten
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The bank dries and cracks from the
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17.5 Specifications17.5.1 GravelPar
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17.6 Establish Vegetation CoverTops
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Species Growing Conditions Establis
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17.7.2 Rope Wick ApplicationMuch of
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There are a number of fibre mats or
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17.10 Australian StandardsAS1289.3.
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18.1 IntroductionFor many earthen c
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When re-shaping the batters of exis
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LifeCrestOld bank lineBattered bank
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Photos\inside batter\CG7channel2arm
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4. To help place the rock material
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False ToeFigure 18.8Protective laye
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The confinement system would be adv
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• Able to survive during non-oper
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18.6 ReferencesHutchison D & Locke
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19.20 Guidelines on Field Quality C
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Construction and Refurbishment of E
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• Figure 19.2)3. Temporary Bench
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The capabilities and limitations of
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19.3.1 Construction EquipmentThe ba
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construction. The aim of scarifying
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Whether or not a front-end loader o
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The thickness of each layer will va
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distribution. The use of alternativ
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19.8 Construction RecordsAdequate r
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19.12 Protective Cover on Crest and
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19.21 Australian StandardsAS 1726-1
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20.1 ScopeAustralia’s earthen irr
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Bank re-construction normally requi
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•meter outlet locations and type
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In the case of channel bank refurbi
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20.4.1.1 StrippingWith outside bank
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All public roads to be used by truc
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5. Material is delivered by trucks
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Need to drain and de-waterEBM befor
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significantly and a more conservati
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Aim for crest width ofabout 2 metre
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Refer to Section 18, Inside Batter
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21.8.10 Re-alignment ..............
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Seepage is a complex hydrologic phe
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2. Seepage losses increase as the d
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Refer also to the following section
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21.4 Channel Seepage ConsequencesSe
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Channel seepage is one of the sever
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Seepage is proportional to soil per
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Methods based on vertical flow meas
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ainfallPumpingevapotranspirationIrr
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Flow NetsA flow net is a system of
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Data from indirect measurement proc
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(ii) EM SurveyElectro-magnetic (EM)
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The volume of waterloss from the dr
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21.7.3.2 Inflow-Outflow Method (Dyn
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Imperfect seal will cause the meter
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The groundwater level can then be d
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Stable IsotopesThe basis of testing
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To be most successful, there needs
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21.8.6 Surface interception drainag
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KeyWatertable before tree plantingW
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• The preparation of a best pract
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21.11 ReferencesAustralian National
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22. Channel LiningTable of Contents
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22.1 IntroductionThe conservation o
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The different types of channel lini
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Table 22-1Unlined Earthen Channels
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Lining of channels will not elimina
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To supply a given discharge, the cr
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22.4.5 Structural SafetyThe stabili
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soil pressures and under-drainage i
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Concrete linings are suitable for b
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22.5.12 Availability of Constructio
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esistance to erosion. To improve th
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Construction and Refurbishment of E
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22.7.1.2 General Design Considerati
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22.7.1.4 Lining ThicknessThe thickn
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particular problems, but in smaller
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Where the earth lining finishes abo
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control where the channel material
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sand requires about 5% cement by we
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22.7.6 Soil SealantsSoil sealants a
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22.7.7 Cost of Earth LiningsThe cap
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Although they can assist with shear
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22.8.2 Membrane Liner TypesGeomembr
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Polyethylene has also appeared in m
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FPP resistance to common chemical e
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The base coat and seal coat rates m
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A common and misleading argument is
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These thermal expansion and contrac
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Another factor is the ability to ha
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Some lining methods expand and cont
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22.8.9.1 Geomembrane ThicknessThe t
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Cover typeThickness ofEarth fill(m)
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22.8.9.5 Cover MaterialGeomembranes
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As well, velocities which are permi
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22.8.11 FencingWhen livestock, part
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22.10 ReferencesAlther GR (1987), T
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23. Measures to Reduce the Rate ofD
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Channel DesignBank MaterialDeterior
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Stock and VerminAdjacentlandholders
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To ensure that a channel bank has a
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Advantages of Draining• Allows fo
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To efficiently maintain a channel,
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Compared with other countries where
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23.4.7 LeaksTransverse cracks are t
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23.5 Reduction of Deterioration due
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Photo 23-1Channel bed showing mumbl
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Thus, control of carp by draining c
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The disadvantages of a biological c
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Carp have been blamed for erosion o
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Management Groups gives guidelines
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Organisation Contact Details Aims/A
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Chemical treatment is often recomme
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23.7 Reduction of Deterioration due
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Grey Parrot Pea - Dillaynia cineres
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Lodge G (1998), Review on Fish Barr
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cation exchange capacity (CEC) a me
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fetch the distance over which the w
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plant term used for construction eq
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supply level the supply level is a
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