Washington State Department <strong>of</strong> Ecology: Water Quality Home. 2003. <strong>Non</strong>-<strong>Native</strong> Freshwater <strong>Plants</strong>.Eurasian Watermilfoil. http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/wq/plants/weeds.Washington Department <strong>of</strong> Ecology, Water Quality Program. 2005. <strong>Non</strong>-native freshwater plants – fragrantwater lily. Washington. Available from: http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/wq/wqhome.htmlWatson, S.J., A.L. Mauchline, V.K. Brown and R.J. Froud-Williams. 2003. Post-dispersal losses <strong>of</strong> Stellariamedia and Polygonum aviculare seeds in spring barley (Hordeum vulgare). Aspects <strong>of</strong> Applied Biology 69:203-208.WDNR - Wisconsin Department <strong>of</strong> Natural Resources. <strong>Non</strong>-native plants. Exotic bush honeysuckles:Tartarian hoheysuckle (Lonicera tatarica), Morrow’s honeysuckle (Lonicera morrowii), Bella Honeysuckle(Lonicera x bella). 2003. http://www.dnr.state.wi.us [May 11, 2004].Weaver, J.E. and R.W. Darland. 1948. Changes in vegetation and production <strong>of</strong> <strong>for</strong>age resulting from grazinglowland prairie. Ecology 29 (1): 1-29.Weaver, S.E. and W.R. Riley. 1982. The biology <strong>of</strong> Canadian weeds. 53. Convolvulus arvensis L. CanadianJournal <strong>of</strong> Plant Science 62: 461-472.Weaver, T., J. Lichthart and D. Gustafson. 1990. Exotic invasion <strong>of</strong> timberline vegetation, Northern RockyMountains, USA. In: Schmidt, W.C., K.J. McDonald, editors. Proceedings – symposium on whitebark pineecosystems: ecology and management <strong>of</strong> a high-mountain resource; 1989 March 29-31; Bozeman, MT.Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-270. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department <strong>of</strong> Agriculture, Forest Service, IntermountainResearch Station: 208-213.Weeds Australia. 1998. Noxious Weed List. On Line Database. http://www.weeds.org.au/noxious.htmWeeds <strong>of</strong> <strong>Alaska</strong> Database. 2004. AKEPIC Mapping Project Inventory Field Data. <strong>Alaska</strong> Natural HeritageProgram, University <strong>of</strong> <strong>Alaska</strong> – U.S. Forest Service – National Park Service. Available: http://akweeds.uaa.alaska.edu/Welbank, P.J. 1963. A comparison <strong>of</strong> competitive effects <strong>of</strong> some common weed species. Annals <strong>of</strong> AppliedBiology 51:107-125.Welk, E., K. Schubert and M.H. H<strong>of</strong>fmann. 2002. Present and potential distribution <strong>of</strong> invasive garlic mustard(Alliaria petiolata) in North America. Diversity and Distributions 8: 219-233.Welker, W.V. and D.N. Riemer. 1982. Fragrant waterlily (Nymphaea odorata) control with multiple applications<strong>of</strong> glyphosate. Weed Science 30: 145-146.Welling, C. 2004. Eurasian watermilfoil management program. Minnesota Department <strong>of</strong> Natural Resources.Available: http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/index.html [Feb 18, 2004].Welsh, S. L. 1974. Anderson’s flora <strong>of</strong> <strong>Alaska</strong> and adjacent parts <strong>of</strong> Canada. Brigham University Press. 724 pp.Werger, M.J.A., T. Hirose, H.J. During, G.W. Heil, K. Hikosaka, T. Ito, U.G. Nachinshonhor, D. Nagamatsu, K.Shibasaki, S. Takatsuki, J.W. van Rheenen, and N.P.R. Anten. 2002. Light partitioning among species andspecies replacement in early successional grasslands. Journal <strong>of</strong> Vegetation Science 13: 615-626.Werner, P.A. and J.D. Soule. 1976. The biology <strong>of</strong> Canadian weeds. 18. Potentilla recta L., P. norvegica L., and P.argentea L. Canadian Journal <strong>of</strong> Plant Science 56:591-603.Westgate, J. M. & Vinall, H. N. (1912) Sweet clover. United States Department <strong>of</strong> Agriculture Farmers Bulletin,485.Whatcom Weeds. 2003. Reed Canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.). Whatcom County Noxious WeedControl Board. Whatcom County Public Works. Bellingham, Washington. [June 8, 2004].Wheeler, C.T., D.A. Perry, O. Helgerson, J.C. Gordon. 1979. Winter fixation <strong>of</strong> nitrogen in Scotch broom(Cytisus scoparius L.). New Phytologist 82: 697-701.B-176
White, D.J., E. Haber, C. Keddy. 1993. Invasive plants <strong>of</strong> natural habitats in Canada: an integrated review <strong>of</strong>wetland and upland species and legislation governing their control. Canadian Wildlife Service. Ottawa,Canada. 121 p.Whitson, T.D., L.C. Burrill, S A. Dewey, D.W. Cudney, B.E. Nelson, R.D. Lee, R. Parker. 2000. Weeds <strong>of</strong> theWest. The Western Society <strong>of</strong> Weed Science in cooperation with the Western United States Land GrantUniversities, Cooperative Extension Services. University <strong>of</strong> Wyoming. Laramie, Wyoming. 630 pp.Wiersema, J.H. 1997. Nymphaeaceae Salisbury – Water-lily Family. Nymphaea In: Flora <strong>of</strong> North America.Vol. 3. Magnoliophyta: Magnoliidae and Hammamelidae. Ox<strong>for</strong>d University Press, Ox<strong>for</strong>d. pp. 66-77.Wierzbicka, M. and D. Panufnik. 1998. The adaptation <strong>of</strong> Silene vulgaris to growth on a calamine waste heap (S.Poland). Environmental Pollution 101: 415-426.Wilken, D.H, and E.L. Painter. 1993. Bromus Brome. In J. C. Hickman (ed.) The Jepson Manual <strong>of</strong> Higher<strong>Plants</strong> <strong>of</strong> Cali<strong>for</strong>nia. University <strong>of</strong> Cali<strong>for</strong>nia Press, Berkley. Pp. 1400.Wilken, D.H. 1993. Lolium. in J.C. Hickman (ed.) The Jepson manual: higher plants <strong>of</strong> Cali<strong>for</strong>nia. University <strong>of</strong>Cali<strong>for</strong>nia Press, Berkley, Cali<strong>for</strong>nia. Pp. 1400.Wilken, D.H. 1993. Prunus. In J. C. Hickman (ed.) The Jepson Manual <strong>of</strong> Higher <strong>Plants</strong> <strong>of</strong> Cali<strong>for</strong>nia.University <strong>of</strong> Cali<strong>for</strong>nia Press, Berkley. Pp. 1400.Williams, E.D. 1983. Effects <strong>of</strong> temperature, light, nitrate and pre-chilling on seed germination <strong>of</strong> grasslandplants. Annals <strong>of</strong> Applied Biology 103: 161-172.Williamson, J and S. Harrison. 2002. Biotic and abiotic limits to the spread <strong>of</strong> exotic revegetation species.Ecological Applications 12(1): 40-51.Wilson, J.B., G.L. Rapson, M.T. Sykes, A.J. Watkins, and P.A. Williams. 1992. Distributions and climaticcorrelations <strong>of</strong> some exotic species along roadsides in South Island, New Zealand. Journal <strong>of</strong> Biogeography.19(2): 183-193.Wilson, J.D., A.J. Morris, B.E. Arroyo, S.C. Clark and R.B. Bradbury. 1999. A review <strong>of</strong> the abundance anddiversity <strong>of</strong> invertebrate and plant foods <strong>of</strong> granivorous birds in northern Europe in relation to agriculturalchange. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 75: 13-30.Wilson, R.E. 1970. Succession in stands <strong>of</strong> Populus deltoides along the Missouri River in Southeastern SouthDakota. American Midland Naturalist 83(2): 330-342.Wisconsin Department <strong>of</strong> Natural Resources. 2004. <strong>Non</strong>-native plants. Available: http://dnr.wi.gov/ Accessed2005 March 7.Wisconsin Department <strong>of</strong> Natural Resources. Invasive species. http://www.dnr.state.wi.usWisconsin Department <strong>of</strong> Natural Resources: abstract. <strong>Non</strong>-native plants. Spotted Knapweed (Centaureamaculosa). 2004. http://www.dnr.state.wi.us [2004 September 8].Wisconsin Department <strong>of</strong> Natural Resources. 2003. Dame’s rocket (Hesperis matronalis). Available: http://www.dnr.state.wi.us [December 15, 2004].Wisconsin Department <strong>of</strong> Natural Resources: abstract. <strong>Non</strong>-native plants. Purple Loosestrife (Lythrumsalicaria). 2003. http://www.dnr.state.wi.us [May 7, 2004].Wisconsin Department <strong>of</strong> Natural Resources. 2003. Yellow sweet clover (Melilotus <strong>of</strong>ficinalis) White sweetclover (Melilotus alba).Wisconsin Department <strong>of</strong> Natural Resources. 2003. <strong>Non</strong>-native plants. Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis),Canada bluegrass (Poa compressa). http://www.dnr.state.wi.us [July 9, 2004].Wolf, J. J., S. W. Beatty, and G. Carey. 2003. Invasion by sweet clover (Melilotus) in montane grasslands, RockyMountain National Park. Annals <strong>of</strong> the Association <strong>of</strong> American Geographers, 93(3), 2003, pp. 531–543.B-177
- Page 1:
United StatesDepartment ofAgricultu
- Page 5 and 6:
IntroductionThe control of invasive
- Page 7 and 8:
Overview and aimsThe authors, repre
- Page 9 and 10:
The scoring from each system is ver
- Page 11 and 12:
While the relative ranks of species
- Page 13 and 14:
Figure 4. Ranks for Polygonum cuspi
- Page 15 and 16:
Biological Characteristics and Disp
- Page 17 and 18:
2.3. Potential to be spread by huma
- Page 19 and 20:
3.4. Current global distribution.A
- Page 21 and 22:
obs.), suggesting that establishmen
- Page 23 and 24:
DiscussionThe existing weed risk as
- Page 25 and 26:
AcknowledgementsThe U.S. Forest Ser
- Page 27 and 28:
Prather, T., S. Robins, L. Lake, an
- Page 29:
Appendices
- Page 32 and 33:
EcologicalimpactBiologicalcharacter
- Page 34 and 35:
Appendix A.2.Summary Scores Of Inva
- Page 36 and 37:
EcologicalImpactBiologicalCharacter
- Page 38 and 39:
Alliaria petiolata (Bieb.) Cavara &
- Page 40 and 41:
Biological Characteristics and Disp
- Page 42 and 43:
Ecological Amplitude and Distributi
- Page 44 and 45:
Feasibility of ControlScoreSeed ban
- Page 46 and 47:
Germination requirements (0-3) 2See
- Page 48 and 49:
Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik.
- Page 50 and 51:
Spread by humans (0-3) 3The Siberia
- Page 52 and 53:
Known level of impact in natural ar
- Page 54 and 55:
Extent of the species U.S. range an
- Page 56 and 57:
Centaurea solstitialis L.Ranking Su
- Page 58 and 59:
Feasibility of ControlScoreSeed ban
- Page 60 and 61:
Cirsium vulgare (Savi) TenRanking S
- Page 62 and 63:
Competitive Ability (0-3) 3Due to i
- Page 64 and 65:
Feasibility of ControlScoreSeed ban
- Page 66 and 67:
Cytisus scoparius (L.) LinkRanking
- Page 68 and 69:
Germination requirements (0-3) 3Orc
- Page 70 and 71:
Digitalis purpurea L.Ranking Summar
- Page 72 and 73:
Extent of the species U.S. range an
- Page 74 and 75:
Feasibility of ControlScoreSeed ban
- Page 76 and 77:
Galeopsis bifida Boenn. and G. tetr
- Page 78 and 79:
Extent of the species U.S. range an
- Page 80 and 81:
Heracleum mantegazzianumSommier & L
- Page 82 and 83:
Hesperis matronalis L.Ranking Summa
- Page 84 and 85:
Role of anthropogenic and natural d
- Page 86 and 87:
Feasibility of ControlScoreSeed ban
- Page 88 and 89:
Biological Characteristics and Disp
- Page 90 and 91:
Competitive Ability (0-3) 3Hydrilla
- Page 92 and 93:
Known level of impact in natural ar
- Page 94 and 95:
Known level of impact in natural ar
- Page 96 and 97:
Role of anthropogenic and natural d
- Page 98 and 99:
Feasibility of ControlScoreSeed ban
- Page 100 and 101:
Leucanthemum vulgare Lam.Ranking Su
- Page 102 and 103:
Competitive Ability (0-3) 2Dalmatia
- Page 104 and 105:
Ecological Amplitude and Distributi
- Page 106 and 107:
Lonicera tatarica L. common names:
- Page 108 and 109:
Other invasive species in the genus
- Page 110 and 111:
Known level of impact in natural ar
- Page 112 and 113:
Biological Characteristics and Disp
- Page 114 and 115:
Ecological Amplitude and Distributi
- Page 116 and 117:
Melilotus alba MedikusRanking Summa
- Page 118 and 119:
Melilotus officinalis (L.) Lam.Rank
- Page 120 and 121:
Allelopathic (0-2)UThere is no data
- Page 122 and 123:
Ecological Amplitude and Distributi
- Page 124 and 125:
Biological Characteristics and Disp
- Page 126 and 127:
Other invasive species in the genus
- Page 128 and 129:
Role of anthropogenic and natural d
- Page 130 and 131:
Plantago major L.Ranking SummaryEco
- Page 132 and 133:
Competitive Ability (0-3) 1Annual b
- Page 134 and 135:
Poa pratensis ssp. pratensis L.comm
- Page 136 and 137:
Polygonum aviculare L. common names
- Page 138 and 139:
Competitive Ability (0-3) 2Black bi
- Page 140 and 141:
Other invasive species in the genus
- Page 142 and 143:
Known level of impact in natural ar
- Page 144 and 145:
Feasibility of ControlScoreSeed ban
- Page 146 and 147:
Rumex acetosella L.Ranking SummaryE
- Page 148 and 149:
Long-distance dispersal (0-3) 3The
- Page 150 and 151:
Current global distribution (0-5) 3
- Page 152 and 153:
Long-distance dispersal (0-3) 3Ragw
- Page 154 and 155:
Feasibility of ControlScoreSeed ban
- Page 156 and 157:
Sonchus arvensis L. common names: f
- Page 158 and 159:
Spread by humans (0-3) 3European mo
- Page 160 and 161:
Ecological Amplitude and Distributi
- Page 162 and 163: Stellaria media (L.) Vill.Ranking S
- Page 164 and 165: Taraxacum officinale ssp. officinal
- Page 166 and 167: Aquatic, wetland or riparian specie
- Page 168 and 169: Trifolium hybridum L.Ranking Summar
- Page 170 and 171: Current global distribution (0-5) 3
- Page 172 and 173: Long-distance dispersal (0-3) 2The
- Page 174 and 175: Role of anthropogenic and natural d
- Page 176 and 177: Vicia villosa RothRanking SummaryEc
- Page 178 and 179: Current global distribution (0-5) 0
- Page 180 and 181: Anderson, D. Phalaris. In J. C. Hic
- Page 182 and 183: Best, K.F., G.G. Bowes, A.G. Thomas
- Page 184 and 185: Cameron, E. 1935. A study of the na
- Page 186 and 187: Corbin, J.D., M. Thomsen, J. Alexan
- Page 188 and 189: Douglas, G.W. and A. MacKinnon. 199
- Page 190 and 191: Frankton, C. and G.A. Mulligan. 197
- Page 192 and 193: Haggar, R.J. 1979. Competition betw
- Page 194 and 195: Howard, J.L. 2002. Descurainia soph
- Page 196 and 197: Klinkhamer, P.G. and T.J. De Jong.
- Page 198 and 199: MAFF - Ministry of Agriculture, Foo
- Page 200 and 201: Miki, S. 1933. On the sea-grasses i
- Page 202 and 203: Paddock, Raymond, E. III. Environme
- Page 204 and 205: Proctor, V.W. 1968. Long-distance d
- Page 206 and 207: Saner, M.A., D.R. Clements, M.R. Ha
- Page 208 and 209: Stebbins, L.G. 1993. Tragopogon: Go
- Page 210 and 211: Townshend, J.L. and T.R. Davidson.
- Page 214 and 215: Wolfe-Bellin, K.S. and K.A. Moloney
- Page 216 and 217: B. Invasiveness Ranking1. Ecologica
- Page 218 and 219: 2.5. Competitive abilityA. Poor com
- Page 220: 4. Feasibility of Control4.1. Seed