Evaluating ICT for Education in Africa - Royal Holloway, University of ...

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Trucano, M., 2008. Quick guide to low-cost computing devices andinitiatives for the developing world. Washington DC: infoDev, World Bank.Umbach, P., 2004. Web surveys: best practices. New Directions inInstitutional Research, 121, 23-38.United Nations, 2000. The UN Millennium Development Goalshttp://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/ [accessed 24/08/06].United Nations 2005. Core ICT indicators: partnership on measuring ICTfor development. ICT Task Force, United Nations Publication.UNCTAD, 2005. Information economy report. United Nations publication.http://www.unctad.org/en/docs/sdteedc20051_en.pdf [accessed 20/07/07].UNCTAD, 2006. Economic development in Africa. Doubling aid: making the„big push‟ work. United Nations Publication.UNECA, 2007. Economic report on Africa 2007: accelerating Africa‟sdevelopment through diversification. Ethiopia: UNECA.UNESCO, 2003. Developing and using indicators of ICT use in education.Bangkok: UNESCO.UNESCO, 2003a. ICT competency standards for teachers: policyframework.http://www.unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0015/001562/156210e.pdf[accessed 15/10/08].UNESCO, 2006. Education and ICTshttp://portal.unesco.org/education/en/ev.php-URL_ID=18613andURL_DO=DO_TOPICandURL_SECTION=201.html[accessed 05/01/07].428
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the research findings to emphasise
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3.4.5 Drawings ....................
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5.4.1 Plurality of methods ........
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8.3 Implications of aspiration ....
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List of figuresFigure 2.1: MDGs (UN
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List of appendicesAppendix A: Resul
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NOLNet Namibian Open Learning Netwo
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I began this PhD two weeks after mo
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number of ICT for education program
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innovative alternatives, and the ce
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2.2 Substance, rationale and approa
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progress towards the EFA goals has
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The critique posed to the market th
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etween these two extremes as a resu
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promoted to become „the character
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appropriate application in recognit
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can instigate both harm and good, i
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Such an undertaking is central to t
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- Availability of computer networks
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assisting towards this end. The imp
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eing rooted in specific socio-cultu
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evaluation: „An evaluation carrie
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Central within this is recognising
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2.6.2 Maturing of the disciplineEar
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that conceptualises ICT for develop
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2006). This also requires the adopt
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attempt to impose overarching solut
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currently the lowest available „p
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Garcia-Montes et al. 2006). This is
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However, despite such claims and th
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into knowledge and applied in life
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dependent upon an increased emphasi
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that ICT is having on education in
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3. Methodology3.1 IntroductionThe p
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2004) and instead focused on utilis
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evaluation of ICT and development p
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ICT for development programmes (Hee
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organisations, explanation of the p
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3.3.1 EuroTalk LtdEuroTalk (http://
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further two weeks in Ethiopia in De
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I was invited by InWEnt to particip
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planning and implementation they co
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the one on the adjacent line. This
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drawings was as a precursor to anci
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Photo 3.3: Students completing the
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prior to implementation of the prog
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provided regular opportunity for se
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for education in Africa from a list
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conversations with respondents, as
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partially based on the flawed notio
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in the research then all those unab
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motivational and aspirational techn
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In the light of the complex challen
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It cannot be guaranteed that resear
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Embrace the heterogeneity of commun
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The majority of the research encoun
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which each received 20 devices for
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Figure 4.1: ICT for development pol
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Photo 4.1: Students exploring the I
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and engaged with children, teachers
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the programme with all of them havi
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widespread lack of textbooks and in
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esources but also that it serves to
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in order to reflect the involvement
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Photo 4.4: Students in Ethiopia exp
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on the donation of solar panels fro
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Photo 4.6: Teacher training in Rema
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4.3.10 Programme futureThe XO 5000
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4.4.3 The importance of ICT for edu
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theme focussed on the lack of budge
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esponses, three dominant themes eme
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The experience of interacting with
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„In the institutions we have work
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Access to a wide variety of resourc
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assessment that emphasised the tran
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have been mitigated had the project
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and the need for sustained probing.
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Descriptionof methodFocus groupsLoc
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Classroomobservations24 in Malawi a
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5.3.1 Baseline testingDiscussion at
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indicated that although apparently
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The lack of evidence from the basel
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Choose the correct answer and write
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eflection upon the format suitabili
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you can follow that. It gives you g
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Following the final iteration of gr
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the method within its appropriate c
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more innovative approach to catalys
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to identify significant themes that
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„Everything that the teachers wro
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(Shurmer-Smith 2002, Herbert 2000).
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5.4 Lessons for effective operation
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and be provided with research assis
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problematic problem but it is the o
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elieving that methods that are base
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teachers maintaining many external
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weekend then they will be there and
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coffee and dancing together in a ro
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emphases can serve to reinforce eac
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eferring back to previous experienc
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Tilahun reflected on the reasons be
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The limited emphasis on quantifying
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5.5 Implications for capacity devel
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improve and build capacity. Similar
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These issues allude to the bigger p
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esponses to questions regarding par
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Month Activity Challenges Strengths
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communicate alternative withappropr
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EuroTalk are keen for thefindings t
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6.2 Why partnership?The contributor
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(Unwin 2005b). The notion of tri-se
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assess the efficacy of the partners
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6.3.1 Contrasting bottom linesPartn
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to engage with the development pote
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that could be distributed specifica
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sector was the most significant cha
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My suggestion that I might speak wi
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approach is found in assessing the
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the fieldwork. The effect of the ob
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(13/04/08). Although prevented from
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„We should have worked more close
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since the language being used faile
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demonstrated in an interview with E
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discussions and various unsuccessfu
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of partnership (Marriot and Goyder
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„‟When we think of monitoring s
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the impact on ECBP from spending ti
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„It has to do with the history of
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6.7.2 Potential to redefine practic
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monitoring and evaluation can provi
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Photo 7.2: Desks and benches in cla
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quantifying educational outputs. It
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of technology within education in A
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pedagogies, and new approaches to t
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eLearning in Africa. Training was h
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Second, alongside the enthusiasm ma
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in Ethiopia meant that the monitori
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„Akili has big potential - becaus
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„The main problem we are facing i
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colonial approach‟ (09/12/08) to
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The aim of providing free and unive
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Photo 7.4: Lessons in Malawi conduc
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Photo 7.5: Girls in Rema herding go
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teachers working in primary schools
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Teachers in Rema (22/04/08) gave a
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disaster. The contrasting potential
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2006). This is demonstrated by the
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Indeed, between these two extremes
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„I use the laptop a lot at home f
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Critical thinking constitutes a sig
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misconception regarding the nature
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Bloom’s Original Taxonomy(1956)An
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associated negative consequences to
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adherence to a flawed promotion of
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„We are not interested with the t
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failing to complete primary educati
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has received some attention (Naraya
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The traditional dominant narrative
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Children reported that they felt mo
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from Golgota eagerly affirmed this,
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and 2 compared to Standard 3 and 4.
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two case studies from Ethiopia. It
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as a good way to communicate with p
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increasingly apparent that Rema was
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evaluation and sustained an overly
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symbol of something good that Malaw
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aspiration could be viewed as poten
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journalist whose article was publis
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and powerful if we have OLPC here i
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If every child in Ethiopia who is e
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population live on less than $2 per
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However, as is now explored, the ve
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the right to profit from sale of al
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8.5.2 Private sector needs creation
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merely another context within which
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Commodity fetishism through aspirat
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The absurdity of the situation was
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„As we are a part of globalizatio
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of aspiration. Engaging effectively
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(Ellul 1964) does delegitimize uncr
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motivations for partnership. The im
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educational challenges and opportun
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choice of theoretical foundation, w
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It is therefore my hope that the me
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9.2.5 Ongoing potential for transfo
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undoubtedly become more so in the f
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Page 379 and 380: 9.5 Education: a final wordThe thes
Page 381 and 382: BibliographyAAG, 2009. Statement of
Page 383 and 384: Batchelor, S., Evangelista, S., Hea
Page 385 and 386: Development Department Education Gr
Page 387 and 388: learning: a sourcebook for evaluato
Page 389 and 390: evaluation in education. Studies in
Page 391 and 392: DFID, 2008. Private sector developm
Page 393 and 394: EFA, 2001. Dakar framework for acti
Page 395 and 396: Fadel, C. and Lemke, L. 2006. Techn
Page 397 and 398: G8, 2007. Growth and responsibility
Page 399 and 400: Greene, J., 2005. Mixed methods. In
Page 401 and 402: Harrow, J., 2001. Capacity building
Page 403 and 404: Hine, C., 2005. Virtual methods and
Page 405 and 406: Illich, I., 1969. Celebration of aw
Page 407 and 408: Oliver, G., (ed) 2005. Maitland+20:
Page 409 and 410: Lasonen, J., Kemppainen, R., and Ra
Page 411 and 412: Mansell, R., 2005. The fragility of
Page 413 and 414: Mercer, C., 2006. Telecentres and t
Page 415 and 416: Mutume. G., 2006. Harnessing the in
Page 417 and 418: Olukoshi, A., 2006. African scholar
Page 419 and 420: Paul, R. and Elder, L. 2005. The mi
Page 421 and 422: Roy, S., 2005. Globalisation, ICT a
Page 423 and 424: Shadish, W, Cook, T. and Campbell D
Page 425 and 426: Sperling, G., 2008. A global educat
Page 427: Thomas, J, 1996. Introduction: a de
Page 431 and 432: Unwin, T., 2009a. Conclusions. In U
Page 433 and 434: Walker, J, 2005. Self-determination
Page 435 and 436: Winch, C., 2005. Autonomy as an edu
Page 437 and 438: Appendices437
Page 439 and 440: 439
Page 441 and 442: 441
Page 443 and 444: Interviewee Company Details of Resp
Page 445 and 446: UK LtdJohn Connell Cisco Brief resp
Page 447 and 448: Appendix C: Sample of Malawi indivi
Page 449 and 450: Tell me, when you see a school like
Page 451 and 452: Appendix D: Sample of Ethiopia stud
Page 453 and 454: classes‟.For final question promp
Page 455 and 456: Children InformationInformation fro
Page 457 and 458: Appendix F: Sample of Malawi focus
Page 459 and 460: Appendix G: Sample of Ethiopia teac
Page 461 and 462: esponsibility of being apilot schoo
Page 463 and 464: laptop make to the livesof the chil
Page 465 and 466: How have you found thisdiscussion?O
Page 467 and 468: demonstrate, the eight questions an
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Page 471 and 472: made that rule. At the weekend I pl
Page 473 and 474: When you are writing the diary plea
Page 475 and 476: Do you think the laptops and Akili
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...................................
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Appendix M: Baseline test in Malawi
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HIV?a. Yesb. No5. Are there medicin
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It is important that the test is co
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Teachers can teach students how to
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Maths1. What is the LCM of 5, 10 an
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HealthPlease explain how you can co
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- Please explain why you think thes
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495
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In wanting to do the best evaluatio
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Baselines (inc. retrospective const
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Appendix Q: Report from eLA worksho
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Incorporating more qualitative meth
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Breakout workshop 3 - DonorsProblem
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It is difficult to ensure the objec
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appease donors and secure future fu
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to demonstrate thatsomething works
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Insights regarding effective evalua
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Appendix S: Data table from Malawi
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A 10% increase in correct answers r
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with headgain overall perspective o
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