Inaugural ASASâCAAV Asia Pacif ic Rim Conference Abstracts

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115 High-quality meat of Chinese native pig breeds. W.Zhang*, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China.The meat qualities of different carcass parts from Chinese native breeds arereviewed. Data from the animal nutrition laboratory of Anhui AgriculturalUniversity from 1996 to 2006 indicate a tendency for higher pHu, lower drip losspercentage, higher Napole yield percentage, less lightness, greater redness, lessyellowness, a smaller muscle fiber diameter, and a lower carcass lean percentagefor a higher percentage of the native gene. The implication is that native breedshave better water-holding capacity, better color, and better tenderness at theexpense of a lower lean percentage. Different parts of the carcasses, includingthe head, were dissected and used in a way related to Chinese pig culture.The advantages of different meat cuts are illustrated, with the intramuscularfat content and fiber diameter emphasized. The influences of Chinese culturalbackground, conditions of the feeding environment, and Chinese packingmethods on the native breeds and their meat qualities are discussed. The keypoints above are references for future pork market speculation. Nowadays,commercial pork of some super brands in China needs to be labeled as traceableand could be identified by genomics or even proteomics as marker chips comeinto being. Modern consumers need to know the specifications for meat qualityparameters of super pork before they decide to buy pork at more than 3 timesthe regular price.Key Words: China native pig, meat, quality116 Effects of replacing fishmeal with full-fat soybeanmeal on performance of weaning piglets. Z. Cheng*, American SoybeanAssociation-International Marketing, Beijing, P. R. China.The experiment was conducted on a breeding pig farm. Ninety (90) weanedpiglets (35 d old) were selected and randomly allocated to 3 groups accordingto BW and sex. Each group consisted of 6 replicates with 5 piglets each. Onehalfthe fishmeal was replaced in group 2, and all the fishmeal was replacedin group 3. The experiment lasted for 21 d. Piglets were raised on high bedsin the same house and were fed from the same feeder 4 to 6 times per day.They drank from duck-billed drinkers and had enough water. The house wascleaned at fixed times to ensure it was clean and hygienic. All pigs had thesame experimental environment. Other management practices were conductedroutinely. The experimental temperature was 18 to 24°C. Piglets were weighedat the beginning and end of the experiment before being fed as the initial andfinal BW. Feed consumption was recorded weekly. Results showed that theADG of the pigs were 614, 630, and 665 g for group 1, 2, and 3, respectively.The feed-to-gain ratios were 1.47, 1.37, and 1.42 for group 1, 2, and 3,respectively. There were no significant differences in ADG and feed-to-gainratio among pigs in each group, which means that the use of full-fat soybeanmeal in piglet diets did not affect piglet performance as compared with pigletsfed fishmeal-based diets.Key Words: full-fat soybean meal, fishmeal, piglet117 Comparison of litter size and birth weight in differentfarrowing types and crossbreeds in an outdoor system. S.-H. Oh*, A.Singletary, T. Daniels, T. Barrios, and N. N. Whitely, North Carolina A&T StateUniversity, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA.The objective of this study was to compare the number of pigs born alive, thelitter birth weight, the number of pigs weaned, and the litter weight at weaningin different farrowing types and crossbreeds in an outdoor system. Twenty-foursows were artificially inseminated with 3 different breeds, Yorkshire, Berkshire,and Large Black, in January after feeding Matrix to synchronize them. NineteenYorkshire sows (8 Berkshire, 4 Large Black, and 7 Yorkshire) became pregnant.They began to farrow at the end of May, and litter sizes and litter weights werecollected. Farrowing types and boar breeds were included as fixed effects toanalyze data in the statistical model. The interactions between farrowing typesand boar breeds were not considered in the model because they were notsignificant. As a result, no effect of farrowing system and crossbreeding on thenumber of pigs born alive and litter birth weight (lbs) was found. However, thenumber of pigs weaned was significantly different among farrowing systems (P< 0.05). There was no effect of crossbreeding on the number of weaned pigs,but the number of weaned Large Black pigs (5.56) was significantly differentfrom the number of Yorkshire weaned pigs (9.43). Litter weights at weaningwere significantly different among farrowing systems (P < 0.05), but not amongcrossbreds. From the results, an elevated frame would be a good alternative tomake survival rates higher after farrowing. We expected that pastured sowswould suffer from the hot and humid environment outside; however, the numberof pigs weaned and the litter weaning weights were not significantly differentfrom a concrete floor with straw. For the sows crossbred with Yorkshires,there was not much difference among boar breeds, but those crossbred withLarge Blacks showed good litter weights at weaning even though the litter sizewas smaller. The number of sows crossbred with Large Blacks was not largeenough compared with others this time, but these results will be clarified as theexperiment is replicated up to three times. The measurements of other traits,such as growth and meat quality, are being prepared and will be investigatedas the pigs grow.Key Words: outdoor system, farrowing type, litter weight118 Effect of replacing imported fish meal with dehulledexpanded soybean meal on the performance of weaning piglets. Z. Cheng*,American Soybean Association-International Marketing, Beijing, P. R. China.A total of 113 healthy Landrace × Large Yorkshire weaned piglets (28 d old)were randomly allocated to 3 treatments with 5% (group A), 2.5% (group B), or0% imported fishmeal (group C) according to BW, litter, parity, and sex of thepiglets. The 3 dietary treatments had the same nutritional level. Each treatmentconsisted of 3 replicates with 10 to 14 piglets each. The effects of partial ortotal replacement of fishmeal with US dehulled expanded soybean meal onproduction performance in weaning piglets were investigated by replacing0, 50, and 100% fishmeal with US dehulled expanded soybean meal. Theexperiment lasted for 21 d. Results showed that the ADG of piglets were 320,380, and 390 g for group A, B, and C, respectively. The feed-to-gain ratios were1.67, 1.52, and 1.49 for group A, B, and C, respectively. Results indicated thatreplacing total imported fishmeal with US dehulled expanded soybean meal hadno adverse effects on the growth performance of weaning piglets.Key Words: dehulled expanded soybean meal, fishmeal, piglet119 The influence of a phytogenic feed additive on thereproductive performance of sows during a heat-stress period. L. Z. Jin*and T. Tan, Meriden Biotech Co. Ltd., Guangzhou, China.The objective of this study was to examine the effects of a feed additive basedon oregano essential oil on the reproductive parameters of sows at a time ofheat stress. The experiment was conducted at Bristles Swine Farm (Huesca,Spain) during summer from June to October of 2008. Five thousand sowswere selected and divided into 2 groups of 2,500 sows each. The control groupwas fed the routine diets, and the treatment group was given diets containingoregano essential oil (Orego-Stim, Meriden Animal Health Limited, Cranfield,Bedfordshire, UK) at an inclusion rate of 250 g/t of feed during the gestationperiod and 500 g/t of feed during the lactation period. Pregnancy diagnosisof the sows was conducted by echography to determine the fertility rate.The number of piglets born alive, weaning-to-estrus interval, weaning-toconceptioninterval, weaning age, and weaning weight were also recorded. Allfarrowing barns had identical management and nutrition. Data were subjectedto 1-way ANOVA using GLM and SAS (version 8.1 for Windows 2000; SASInst. Inc., Cary, NC, USA). Results showed that the fertility in the oreganoessential oil-treated sows was 82% compared with 79% in the control group (P< 0.10). The average number of piglets born alive per sow was 11.39, whichwas 2.6% higher than in the control group. The weaning-to-estrus interval andweaning-to-conception interval in the treatment group were shortened by 3 d(3% improvement) and 4 d (4% improvement), respectively, compared with thecontrol group (P < 0.05). The average weaning weight of the piglets from thetreatment group was 5.7 kg, which was a 2% improvement compared with thatof the control group (P > 0.05), and the weaning age was reduced by 1 d, whichwas an improvement of 1%. It was concluded that oregano essential oil has theability to improve the reproductive performance of sows affected by heat stresswhen added to their diets.Key Words: oregano essential oil, Orego-Stim, reproductive performance56
Environmental Impacts of Cattle, Swine and Poultry Production120 Environmental impacts of large scale commercialdairies and swine operations. J. W. Oltjen* and F. M. Mitloehner, Universityof California, Davis.A recent United Nations report suggested that global livestock production is asignificant threat to environmental quality, contributing to levels of greenhousegas emissions that exceed those from all transportation sources, as well asdegradation of surface and ground water. Indeed, livestock production inindustrialized countries has consolidated, while at the same time productionefficiencies per animal are at their near optimum. Over the last few decades, bothswine and dairy production systems have dramatically improved efficiencies.For example, over the last 50 years, dairies have quadrupled milk output perlactation. This improvement in efficiencies per animal has considerably reducedthe environmental impact per unit of production (milk or meat). However, inseveral regions of the industrialized world, animal production has also spatiallyconcentrated in recent years. A sustainable future in animal agriculture willrequire that the output of the system match the capacity of crops and soils toutilize these nutrients or that alternative uses of manure for fuel and energyproduction will be implemented. The ultimate goal must be to minimizeunwanted nutrient losses to air and water while providing a growing humanpopulation with safe and nutritious food. Several recent papers have used a LifeCycle Assessment (LCA) to compare the impacts of the entire milk- or meatchain on carbon footprint or energy use. To assess and compare productionpractices for their potential of releasing pollutants to air and water, a second,more comprehensive bio-geochemical modeling effort is required, often referredto as process-based modeling (PBM). Comparisons of production systems likeconventional versus organic or the use of production techniques with respect toeffects on carbon footprint or pollutant contributions will be feasible in the nearfuture as numerous research teams are working on such assessment tools. Theselife cycle and emission prediction modeling tools will bring us closer to designor optimize sustainable production systems in animal agriculture.Key Words: green house gases, methane, energetic efficiency121 Large scale dairy and swine production strategies forenvironmental stewardship: Current trends and future perspectives. A. L.Sutton* and T. D. Nennich, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.A current trend in dairy and swine production is increased operation size andincreased animal density placing them into the concentrated animal feedingoperation (CAFO) category. These CAFO (700 milk cows, 1,000 heifers,2,500 swine over 25 kg or 10,000 pigs under 25 kg) are causing environmentalconcerns about their impacts on water and air quality. The objective of thispaper is to summarize the potential environmental impacts, current research,treatment technologies, and management practices that are being implementedto reduce and mitigate environmental impacts of large scale commercialdairies and swine operations. Major water pollutants of concern from swineand dairy operations are nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). The most commonair pollutants that swine operations emit are ammonia and odors, and dairyoperations emit greenhouse gases (GHG) (primarily methane), and ammonia andodor. Through genetic, nutrition and management improvements, efficienciesof milk and pork production have resulted in reduced nutrient excretion andgas emissions per unit of product sold. Diet formulations with synthetic AAhave reduced N excretion by 25 to 50% from the pig and use of phytase hasreduced P excretion from the pig by 25 to 30%. Reduction in dietary P levels indairy diets has resulted in 30% less P excretion. Whole farm nutrient balanceapproaches through diet manipulation, crop selection, conservation practicesand treatment technologies have controlled nutrient flows on commercial dairyand swine operations and have reduced nutrient imbalances in the soil. Manuresolid-liquid separation systems, covers for manure storages, and anaerobicdigesters are being implemented on large dairy operations to recover P, reduceGHG emissions and recover renewable energy. Environmental stewardshipthrough the implementation of current technologies, management practicesand regulations has resulted in the compatibility of large commercial dairy andswine operations with the environment.Key Words: large dairies and swine operations, manure management,environmental stewardship122 Ruminant methane production and its control. W.-Y.Zhu*, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.Methane is the second key greenhouse gas and methane production fromruminants has been identified as the single largest source of anthropogenicCH4. Ruminants can produce 250 to 600 l of methane per day. Cattle typicallylose 2% to 15% of their ingested energy as eructated methane and consequentlythe efficiency of livestock production is closely related to methane emissions.Methane is a fermentation end product in the rumen. It is formed by ruminalmethanogens, largely from H2/CO2, and from formate to some extent. H2 andformate are the intermediate fermentation products and can be further used bymethanogens as well as by other bacteria. Thus, competition for H2 and formatebetween microorganisms could affect methanogenesis and other metabolismsin the rumen, and consequently influence the performance of the ruminant.Thus, mitigating ruminant methane will decrease concentration of greenhousegases in atmosphere, and will improve ruminant performance, and consequentlyincrease income for the farmers. The current approaches that offer abatementin enteric methane production include improved-nutrition strategies and rumenmodification strategies. Many single strategies; for example, increased grainfeeding, forage processing and pelleting, and some feed additives, are notsuitable to low cost production industry because of their adverse effect or highcost. An integrated approach involving animal, plant, microbe and nutrientlevel strategies may offer long-term solution of methane production.123 Meat safety in China: Challenges and opportunities.W. Fang*, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China.Foodborne pathogens have caused numerous outbreaks each year on the globalscale. In developed countries, bacterial pathogens account for nearly 90% ofthe foodborne illness. Risk assessment data from FAO/WHO indicate thatSalmonella infections in these countries ranged from 14 to 120 per 100,000population. Different from developed countries, chemical residues in the meatproducts are still the focus of the general public and administrators. China hasinitiated the Harzard-Free Food Action Plan in 2001. Tightened control ofillegal use of chemicals such as clenbuterol hydrochloride has been in placesince then and there were only sporadic cases of chemical intoxication frommeat consumption or occasional violations of maximum residue limits. Datafrom the Chinese Center for Disease Control revealed that microbial pathogensaccounted for 40.4% of the reported 1978 food-related outbreaks in 2006, farover the chemical intoxication (16.5%). There were numerous investigationsfrom 2000-2007 in China with regard to foodborne pathogen monitoring indifferent food systems. About 19% of the raw meat preparations (670/3589)was found to have contaminations by major foodborne pathogens such asSalmonella spp, E. coli, L. monocytogenes, V. parahaemolyticus, C. jejuni,Shigella, etc., while the recovery rate was 5.5% on average from ready-toeatmeat products (138/2510). L. monocytogenes accounted for 31.4% and18.2% of the Listeria spp. found in raw and processed meats respectively.Nearly 24% of the Listeria spp. belonged to L. monocytogenes from processingenvironments. These results indicate that special attention should be given toL. monocytogenes, a pathogen prevalent in the environments and food systems.For Salmonella spp., the recovery rate was high in meat products, while E.coli O157 had low incidence. Several laboratories in China including ourshave developed multilocus sequence typing and pulse field gel electrophoresisschemes for contamination source tracking of a number of foodborne pathogens.With further development of the meat processing industry in China, cold chaindistribution system will be implemented for long distance transportation ofprocessed meat products.57
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Inaugural ASAS-CAAVAsia Pacif ic Ri
Page 3 and 4:
Scientific ProgramTable of Contents
Page 5 and 6: 1 Advanced needle-free injection te
Page 7 and 8: 9 Pig personality, meat quality, an
Page 9 and 10: 17 The contamination and distributi
Page 11 and 12: 25 Genetic evaluations for measures
Page 13 and 14: of control and the lowest of SDAP g
Page 15 and 16: 39 Effects of bacterial protein and
Page 17 and 18: Advances in Digestive Physiology Me
Page 19 and 20: L-arginine increased (P < 0.05) the
Page 21 and 22: average final weight (AFW) and aver
Page 23 and 24: 71 Building a foundation: Cells, st
Page 25 and 26: 78 Effect of the level of vitamin A
Page 27 and 28: 86 Evaluation of phosphorus excreti
Page 29 and 30: 94 Responses of dairy cows to suppl
Page 31 and 32: 102 Construction and analysis of a
Page 33 and 34: M132 Study on the effects of pectin
Page 35 and 36: M140 Effect of Mintrex Zn on perfor
Page 37 and 38: M148 Effect of the hydrolyzed wheat
Page 39 and 40: treatment 1 was significantly lower
Page 41 and 42: M163 The main fatty acid contents i
Page 43 and 44: M170 Zinc requirements of yellow br
Page 45 and 46: M178 Influences of dietary riboflav
Page 47 and 48: M185 Application of an advanced syn
Page 49 and 50: M193 Studies on the effects of oreg
Page 51 and 52: M202 Plasma leucine turnover rate,
Page 53 and 54: 103 Use of natural antimicrobials t
Page 55: 111 The somatotropic axis in growth
Page 59 and 60: 128 Opportunities for international
Page 61 and 62: Animal Health PostersT211 Locoweed
Page 63 and 64: T219 Stabilization of roxarsone and
Page 65 and 66: Beef Species PostersUrinary purine
Page 67 and 68: T233 The effects of sire and breed
Page 69 and 70: T242 Ultrastructure of oocyte and e
Page 71 and 72: T249 Effect of different combinatio
Page 73 and 74: Forages and Pastures PostersIn vitr
Page 75 and 76: T263 Effects of leaf meal of Brouss
Page 77 and 78: T271 The effects of feeding expandi
Page 79 and 80: Lactation Biology PostersT278 Effec
Page 81 and 82: Physiology and Endocrinology Poster
Page 83 and 84: T288 Effect of Aspergillus meal pre
Page 85 and 86: Poultry Physiology, Endocrinology,
Page 87 and 88: T301 Observation of the feeding man
Page 89 and 90: T307 Effect of levels of Yucca schi
Page 91: T313 Study of lysine requirement of
Page 94 and 95: energy, 5, 26energy and nutrient di
Page 96 and 97: protein digestive enzyme, 44protein
Page 98 and 99: HHai, Y., T222, T248Hai-Ying, Z., T
Page 100 and 101: Song, X., T223Song, Z. G, M144, T20
Page 102: 102NOTES
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Inaugural ASASâCAAV Asia Pacif ic Rim Conference Abstracts