the full extent, or the earnest abandon of his persuasion. Thebelief, however, was connected (as I have previously hinted)with the grey stones of the home of his forefathers. Theconditions of the sentience had been here, he imagined,fulfilled in the method of collocation of these stones -- in theorder of their arrangement, as well as in that of the many fungiwhich overspread them, and of the decayed trees which stoodaround -- above all, in the long undisturbed endurance of thisarrangement, and in its reduplication in the still waters of thetarn. Its evidence -- the evidence of the sentience--was to beseen, he said, (and I here started as he spoke) in the gradual yetcertain condensation of an atmosphere of their own about thewaters and the walls. The result was discoverable, he added, inthat silent, yet importunate and terrible influence which forcenturies had moulded the destinies of his family, and whichmade him what I now saw him -- what he was. Such opinionsneed no comment, and I will make none.Our books -- the books which, for years, had formed nosmall portion of the mental existence of the invalid -- were,as might be supposed, in strict keeping with this character ofphantasm. We pored together over such works as the Ververt etChartreuse of Gresset; the Belphegor of Machiavelli; the Heavenand Hell of Swedenborg; the Subterranean Voyage of NicholasKlimm by Holberg; the Chiromancy of Robert Flud, of JeanD’Indagine, and of De la Chambre; the Journey into the BlueDistance of Tieck; and the City of the Sun by Campanella. Onefavourite <strong>volume</strong> was a small octavo edition of the DirectoriumInquisitorum, by the Dominican Eymeric de Gironne; andthere were passages in Pomponius Mela, about the old AfricanSatyrs and Aegipans, over which Usher would sit dreamingfor hours. His chief delight, however, was found in the perusalof an exceedingly rare and curious book in quarto Gothic --the manual of a forgotten church -- the Vigiliae MortuorumChorum Ecclesiae Maguntinae.I could not help thinking of the wild ritual of this work, andof its probable influence upon the hypochondriac , when, oneevening, having informed me abruptly that the Lady Madelinewas no more, he stated his intention of preserving her corpsefor a fortnight (previously to its final interment), in one of thenumerous vaults within the main walls of the building. Theworldly reason, however, assigned for this singular proceeding,was one which I did not feel at liberty to dispute. The brotherhad been led to his resolution (so he told me) by considerationof the unusual character of the malady of the deceased, ofcertain obtrusive and eager inquiries on the part of her medicalmen, and of the remote and exposed situation of the burialgroundof the family. I will not deny that when I called tomind the sinister countenance of the person whom I met uponthe staircase, on the day of my arrival at the house, I had nodesire to oppose what I regarded as at best but a harmless, andby no means an unnatural, precaution.At the request of Usher, I personally aided him in thearrangements for the temporary entombment. The body havingbeen encoffined, we two alone bore it to its rest. The vault inwhich we placed it (and which had been so long unopenedthat our torches, half smothered in its oppressive atmosphere,gave us little opportunity for investigation) was small, damp,and entirely without means of admission for light; lying, atgreat depth, immediately beneath that portion of the buildingin which was my own sleeping apartment. It had been used,apparently, in remote feudal times, for the worst purpose of adonjon-keep, and, in later days, as a place of deposit for powder,or some other highly combustible substance, as a portion ofits floor, and the whole interior of a long archway throughwhich we reached it, were carefully sheathed with copper. Thedoor, of massive iron, had been, also, similarly protected. Itsimmense weight caused an unusually sharp grating sound, as itmoved upon its hinges.Having deposited our mournful burden upon tressels withinthis region of horror, we partially turned aside the yetunscrewed lid of the coffin, and looked upon the face of thetenant. A striking similitude between the brother and sisternow first arrested my attention; and Usher, divining, perhaps,my thoughts, murmured out some few words from which Ilearned that the deceased and himself had been twins, and thatsympathies of a scarcely intelligible nature had always existedbetween them. Our glances, however, rested not long upon thedead -- for we could not regard her unawed. Thedisease which had thus entombed the lady in the maturity ofyouth, had left, as usual in all maladies of a strictly catalepticalcharacter, the mockery of a faint blush upon the bosom and theface, and that suspiciously lingering smile upon the lip whichis so terrible in death. We replaced and screwed down the lid,and, having secured the door of iron, made our way, with toil,into the scarcely less gloomy apartments of the upper portionof the house.And now, some days of bitter grief having elapsed, anobservable change came over the features of the mentaldisorder of my friend. His ordinary manner had vanished.His ordinary occupations were neglected or forgotten. Heroamed from chamber to chamber with hurried, unequal, andobjectless step. The pallor of his countenance had assumed, ifpossible, a more ghastly hue -- but the luminousness of his eyehad utterly gone out. The once occasional huskiness of his tonewas heard no more; and a tremulous quaver, as if of extremeterror, habitually characterized his utterance. There weretimes, indeed, when I thought his unceasingly agitated mindwas labouring with some oppressive secret, to divulge whichhe struggled for the necessary courage. At times, again, I wasobliged to resolve all into the mere inexplicable vagaries ofmadness, for I beheld him gazing upon vacancy for long hours,in an attitude of the profoundest attention, as if listening to135
some imaginary sound?. It was no wonder that his conditionterrified -- that it infected me. I felt creeping upon me, by slowyet certain degrees, the wild influences of his own fantastic yetimpressive superstitions.It was, especially, upon retiring to bed late in the night of theseventh or eighth day after the placing of the Lady Madelinewithin the donjon, that I experienced the full power ofsuch feelings. Sleep came not near my couch -- while thehours waned and waned away. I struggled to reason off thenervousness which had dominion over me. I endeavouredto believe that much, if not all of what I felt, was due to thebewildering influence of the gloomy furniture of the room --of the dark and tattered draperies, which, tortured into motionby the breath of a rising tempest, swayed fitfully to and froupon the walls, and rustled uneasily about the decorations ofthe bed. But my efforts were fruitless. An irrepressible tremorgradually pervaded my frame; and, at length, there sat uponmy very heart an incubus of utterly causeless alarm. Shakingthis off with a gasp and a struggle, I uplifted myself upon thepillows, and, peering earnestly within the intense darknessof the chamber, hearkened -- I know not why, except that aninstinctive spirit prompted me -- to certain low and indefinitesounds which came, through the pauses of the storm, at longintervals, I knew not whence. Overpowered by an intensesentiment of horror, unaccountable yet unendurable, I threwon my clothes with haste (for I felt that I should sleep no moreduring the night), and endeavoured to arouse myself from thepitiable condition into which I had <strong>fall</strong>en, by pacing rapidly toand fro through the apartment.I had taken but few turns in this manner, when a light stepon an adjoining staircase arrested my attention. I presentlyrecognized it as that of Usher. In an instant afterwards herapped, with a gentle touch, at my door, and entered, bearinga lamp. His countenance was, as usual, cadaverously wan --but, moreover, there was a species of mad hilarity in his eyes-- an evidently restrained hysteria in his whole demeanour. Hisair appalled me -- but anything was preferable to the solitudewhich I had so long endured, and I even welcomed his presenceas a relief.‘And you have not seen it?’ he said abruptly, after having staredabout him for some moments in silence -- ‘you have not thenseen it? -- but, stay! you shall.’ Thus speaking, and havingcarefully shaded his lamp, he hurried to one of the casements,and threw it freely open to the storm.The impetuous fury of the entering gust nearly lifted us fromour feet. It was, indeed, a tempestuous yet sternly beautifulnight, and one wildly singular in its terror and its beauty. Awhirlwind had apparently collected its force in our vicinity;for there were frequent and violent alterations in the directionof the wind; and the exceeding density of the clouds (whichhung so low as to press upon the turrets of the house) did notprevent our perceiving the lifelike velocity with which they flewcareering from all points against each other, without passingaway into the distance. I say that even their exceeding densitydid not prevent our perceiving this -- yet we had no glimpseof the moon or stars -- nor was there any flashing forth ofthe lightning. But the under surfaces of the huge masses ofagitated vapour, as well as all terrestrial objects immediatelyaround us, were glowing in the unnatural light of a faintlyluminous and distinctly visible gaseous exhalation which hungabout and enshrouded the mansion.‘You must not -- you shall not behold this!’ said I, shudderingly,to Usher, as I led him, with a gentle violence, from the windowto a seat. ‘These appearances, which bewilder you, are merelyelectrical phenomena not uncommon -- or it may be that theyhave their ghastly origin in the rank miasma of the tarn . Letus close this casement; -- the air is chilling and dangerous toyour frame. Here is one of your favourite romances. I will read,and you shall listen; -- and so we will pass away this terriblenight together. The antique <strong>volume</strong> which I had taken up wasthe Mad Trist of Sir Launcelot Canning; but I had called ita favourite of Usher’s more in sad jest than in earnest; for, intruth, there is little in its uncouth and unimaginative prolixitywhich could have had interest for the lofty and spiritual idealityof my friend. It was, however, the only book immediately athand; and I indulged a vague hope that the excitement whichnow agitated the hypochondriac , might find relief (for thehistory of mental disorder is full of similar anomalies) even inthe extremeness of the folly which I should read. Could I havejudged, indeed, by the wild overstrained air of vivacity withwhich he hearkened, or apparently hearkened, to the wordsof the tale, I might well have congratulated myself upon thesuccess of my design.I had arrived at that well-known portion of the story whereEthelred, the hero of the Trist, having sought in vain forpeaceable admission into the dwelling of the hermit, proceedsto make good an entrance by force. Here, it will be remembered,the words of the narrative run thus:‘And Ethelred, who was by nature of a doughty heart, andwho was now mighty withal, on account of the powerfulnessof the wine which he had drunken, waited no longer to holdparley with the hermit, who, in sooth, was of an obstinate andmaliceful turn, but, feeling the rain upon his shoulders, andfearing the rising of the tempest, uplifted his mace outright,and, with blows, made quickly room in the plankings of thedoor for his gauntleted hand; and now pulling therewithsturdily, he so cracked, and ripped , and tore all asunder, thatthe noise of the dry and hollow-sounding wood alarmed andreverberated throughout the forest.’At the termination of this sentence I started, and for a moment,136 <strong>fieldston</strong> <strong>american</strong> <strong>reader</strong> <strong>volume</strong> i – <strong>fall</strong> <strong>2007</strong>
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the federalist papers #51 (1787)...
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Inventing An AmericaCrèvecoeur Dis
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I say to you today, my friends, tha
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melodies of the Negro slave; the Am
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31.the encounterand north americasu
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Native American PoetryWHEN SUN CAME
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Pagans and Pilgrims in the Promised
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Reverend Doctor Sepulveda has spoke
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Juan Gines de Sepulveda:“The Grea
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Nathaniel Bacon: Bacon’s Declarat
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The sale of human beings in the mar
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seeking great things for ourselves
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Therefore, let every one that is ou
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frontier village she revised her ea
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Edward Taylor: Poems (1642—I729)L
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The Mayflower CompactNovember 11, 1
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fly kites and shoot marbles, and to
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Dominie Van Shaick, the village par
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another man. In the midst of his be
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Washington Irving:The Legend of Sle
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a kind of idle gentlemanlike person
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Tassel. In this enterprise, however
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on the top of his nose, for so his
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however, turned upon the favorite s
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the green knoll on which stands the
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so any nation, that discovers an un
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indefatigable measures, the cause o
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their heads on their shoulders inst
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Metacomet Cries Out for RevengeIn t
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Gustavus Vassa: The Interesting Nar
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duct, and guard them from evil. The
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particularly at full moons; general
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that might come upon us; for they s
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size of the finger nail. I was sold
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intolerably loathsome, that it was
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as he instinctively guessed its app
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Document DSource: Articles of Agree
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Next to manners are the exterior gr
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Howard Zinn: Columbus, the Indians,
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same token covet the possessions of
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and culture, to ensnare ordinary pe
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France is an example. Jefferson had
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to the interior & landed interest,
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The first was to solve the problem
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there against mobs, demagogues, and
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3iv.the early republic: forging ana
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Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jeffe
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employment to industrious individua
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Hamiltonian Federalists and Jeffers
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“As the present crisis of human a
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The Kentucky Resolutions of 1799The
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Washington’s Farewell Address,Sep
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equal law must protect, and to viol
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I sec.8, Congress has also been gra
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That the following amendments of th
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3v.the disgusting spirit ofequality
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Transcendentalism DefinedThough clo
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All are needed by each one;Nothing
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a long period continue, to rule is
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The broadest and most prevalent err
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clergyman whose preaching my father
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difference between resisting this a
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similar concern for the conditions
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few years I have been gravely disap
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In the midst of blatant injustices
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about the baby, whom she had hardly
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who, with conjugal affections and m
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a hut, tranquil, if in a crowd. The
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South Carolina Ordinance of Nullifi
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operation....The right to secede is
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Worcester v. Georgia and refused to
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effect in point of possession when
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hold the writer maintained with the
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986A narrow Fellow in the GrassOcca
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house.“You done talk too much wid
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Kate Chopin: The StormIThe leaves w
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IVAlcée Laballière wrote to his w
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When the letter reached Desiree she
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Her lip was beginning to tremble, a
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IIITheir eyes met, and she blushed
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een reversed.“Why, how do you do?
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of a juggler tossing knives; but th
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Having deprived her of this first r
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Sojorner Truth: Ain’t I A Woman?S
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Viewpoints of the Mexican WarThe fo
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evolt and sin...”Caleb Atwater, E
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encouraged this ideal of the perfec
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its own territory, with boundaries
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3vi.slavery, sectionalismand secess
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Charles W. Chestnut:The Passing of
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promptness and decision. “He’s
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left the hotel when a long‐haired
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and sent to the penitentiary. I tho
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Necessary Evil to Positive GoodSour
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Dred Scott vs Sanford (1857)The fol
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The Lincoln-Douglas Debates (1858)I
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DBQ: Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Me
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of the slave-holding system is to d
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“Why, not a cruel man, exactly, b
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Lincoln Denies Racial EqualityInter
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through an unseen multitude.“Ther
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that they intercepted, even for a m
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earded elders of the church have wh
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speak of. What! I have authority, I
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nothing to be shunned in the handso
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summer sun, it was his father’s c
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a human form appeared at intervals,