Washington Irving:The Legend of Sleepy HollowIn the bosom of one of those spacious coves which indentthe eastern shore of the Hudson, at that broad expansion ofthe river denominated by the ancient Dutch navigators theTappan Zee, and where they always prudently shortened sail,and implored the protection of St. Nicholas when they crossed,there lies a small market-town or rural port, which by some iscalled Greensburgh, but which is more generally and properlyknown by the name of Tarry Town. This name was given, weare told, in former days, by the good housewives of the adjacentcountry, from the inveterate propensity of their husbands tolinger about the village tavern on market days. Be that as itmay, I do not vouch for the fact, but merely advert to it, for thesake of being precise and authentic. Not far from this village,perhaps about two miles, there is a little valley, or rather lapof land, among high hills, which is one of the quietest placesin the whole world. A small brook glides through it, withjust murmur enough to lull one to repose; and the occasionalwhistle of a quail, or tapping of a woodpecker, is almost theonly sound that ever breaks in upon the uniform tranquillity.I recollect that, when a stripling, my first exploit in squirrelshootingwas in a grove of tall walnut-trees that shades oneside of the valley. I had wandered into it at noon time, whenall nature is peculiarly quiet, and was startled by the roar ofmy own gun, as it broke the Sabbath stillness around, andwas prolonged and reverberated by the angry echoes. If ever Ishould wish for a retreat, whither I might steal from the worldand its distractions, and dream quietly away the remnant of atroubled life, I know of none more promising than this littlevalley.From the listless repose of the place, and the peculiarcharacter of its inhabitants, who are descendants from theoriginal Dutch settlers, this sequestered glen has long beenknown by the name of SLEEPY HOLLOW, and its rusticlads are called the Sleepy Hollow Boys throughout all theneighboring country. A drowsy, dreamy influence seems to hangover the land, and to pervade the very atmosphere. Some saythat the place was bewitched by a high German doctor, duringthe early days of the settlement; others, that an old Indianchief, the prophet or wizard of his tribe, held his powwowsthere before the country was discovered by Master HendrickHudson. Certain it is, the place still continues under the swayof some witching power, that holds a spell over the minds ofthe good people, causing them to walk in a continual reverie.They are given to all kinds of marvellous beliefs; are subject totrances and visions; and frequently see strange sights, and hearmusic and voices in the air. The whole neighborhood aboundswith local tales, haunted spots, and twilight superstitions; starsshoot and meteors glare oftener across the valley than in anyother part of the country, and the nightmare, with her wholenine fold, seems to make it the favorite scene of her gambols.The dominant spirit, however, that haunts this enchantedregion, and seems to be commander-in-chief of all the powersof the air, is the apparition of a figure on horseback without ahead. It is said by some to be the ghost of a Hessian trooper,whose head had been carried away by a cannon-ball, in somenameless battle during the revolutionary war; and who is everand anon seen by the country folk, hurrying along in thegloom of night, as if on the wings of the wind. His haunts arenot confined to the valley, but extend at times to the adjacentroads, and especially to the vicinity of a church at no greatdistance. Indeed, certain of the most authentic historians ofthose parts, who have been careful in collecting and collatingthe floating facts concerning this spectre, allege that the bodyof the trooper, having been buried in the church-yard, theghost rides forth to the scene of battle in nightly quest of hishead; and that the rushing speed with which he sometimespasses along the Hollow, like a midnight blast, is owing to hisbeing belated, and in a hurry to get back to the church-yardbefore daybreak.Such is the general purport of this legendary superstition,which has furnished materials for many a wild story in thatregion of shadows; and the spectre is known, at all the countryfiresides, by the name of the Headless Horseman of SleepyHollow.It is remarkable that the visionary propensity I havementioned is not confined to the native inhabitants of thevalley, but is unconsciously imbibed by every one who residesthere for a time. However wide awake they may have beenbefore they entered that sleepy region, they are sure, in a littletime, to inhale the witching influence of the air, and begin togrow imaginative- to dream dreams, and see apparitions.I mention this peaceful spot with all possible laud; for itis in such little retired Dutch valleys, found here and thereembosomed in the great State of New York, that population,manners, and customs, remain fixed; while the great torrent ofmigration and improvement, which is making such incessantchanges in other parts of this restless country, sweeps by themunobserved. They are like those little nooks of still waterwhich border a rapid stream; where we may see the straw andbubble riding quietly at anchor, or slowly revolving in theirmimic harbor, undisturbed by the rush of the passing current.Though many years have elapsed since I trod the drowsy shadesof Sleepy Hollow, yet I question whether I should not still findthe same trees and the same families vegetating in its shelteredbosom.In this by-place of nature, there abode, in a remote periodof American history, that is to say, some thirty years since, a41
worthy wight of the name of Ichabod Crane; who sojourned, or,as he expressed it, “tarried,” in Sleepy Hollow, for the purposeof instructing the children of the vicinity. He was a native ofConnecticut; a State which supplies the Union with pioneersfor the mind as well as for the forest, and sends forth yearlyits legions of frontier woodsmen and country schoolmasters.The cognomen of Crane was not inapplicable to his person. Hewas tall, but exceedingly lank, with narrow shoulders, longarms and legs, hands that dangled a mile out of his sleeves,feet that might have served for shovels, and his whole framemost loosely hung together. His head was small, and flat at top,with huge ears, large green glassy eyes, and a long snipe nose,so that it looked like a weather-cock, perched upon his spindleneck, to tell which way the wind blew. To see him stridingalong the profile of a hill on a windy day, with his clothesbagging and fluttering about him, one might have mistakenhim for the genius of famine descending upon the earth, orsome scarecrow eloped from a cornfield.His school-house was a low building of one large room,rudely constructed of logs; the windows partly glazed, andpartly patched with leaves of old copy-books. It was mostingeniously secured at vacant hours, by a withe twisted in thehandle of the door, and stakes set against the window shutters;so that, though a thief might get in with perfect ease, he wouldfind some embarrassment in getting out; an idea most probablyborrowed by the architect, Yost Van Houten, from the mysteryof an eel-pot. The school-house stood in a rather lonely butpleasant situation, just at the foot of a woody hill, with abrook running close by, and a formidable birch tree growingat one end of it. From hence the low murmur of his pupils’voices, conning over their lessons, might be heard of a drowsysummer’s day, like the hum of a beehive; interrupted now andthen by the authoritative voice of the master, in the tone ofmenace or command; or, peradventure, by the appalling soundof the birch, as he urged some tardy loiterer along the flowerypath of knowledge. Truth to say, he was a conscientious man,and ever bore in mind the golden maxim, “Spare the rod andspoil the child.”- Ichabod Crane’s scholars certainly were notspoiled.I would not have it imagined, however, that he was oneof those cruel potentates of the school, who joy in the smartof their subjects; on the contrary, he administered justice withdiscrimination rather than severity; taking the burden off thebacks of the weak, and laying it on those of the strong. Yourmere puny stripling, that winced at the least flourish of the rod,was passed by with indulgence; but the claims of justice weresatisfied by inflicting a double portion on some little, tough,wrong-headed, broad-skirted Dutch urchin, who sulked andswelled and grew dogged and sullen beneath the birch. Allthis he called “doing his duty by their parents;” and he neverinflicted a chastisement without following it by the assurance,so consolatory to the smarting urchin, that “he would rememberit, and thank him for it the longest day he had to live.”When school hours were over, he was even the companionand playmate of the larger boys; and on holiday afternoonswould convoy some of the smaller ones home, who happenedto have pretty sisters, or good housewives for mothers, notedfor the comforts of the cupboard. Indeed it behooved him tokeep on good terms with his pupils. The revenue arising fromhis school was small, and would have been scarcely sufficientto furnish him with daily bread, for he was a huge feeder, andthough lank, had the dilating powers of an anaconda; but tohelp out his maintenance, he was, according to country customin those parts, boarded and lodged at the houses of the farmers,whose children he instructed. With these he lived successivelya week at a time; thus going the rounds of the neighborhood,with all his worldly effects tied up in a cotton handkerchief.That all this might not be too onerous on the purses of hisrustic patrons, who are apt to consider the costs of schoolinga grievous burden, and schoolmasters as mere drones, he hadvarious ways of rendering himself both useful and agreeable.He assisted the farmers occasionally in the lighter labors oftheir farms; helped to make hay; mended the fences; took thehorses to water; drove the cows from pasture; and cut wood forthe winter fire. He laid aside, too, all the dominant dignity andabsolute sway with which he lorded it in his little empire, theschool, and became wonderfully gentle and ingratiating. Hefound favor in the eyes of the mothers, by petting the children,particularly the youngest; and like the lion bold, which whilomso magnanimously the lamb did hold, he would sit with a childon one knee, and rock a cradle with his foot for whole hourstogether.In addition to his other vocations, he was the singingmasterof the neighborhood, and picked up many brightshillings by instructing the young folks in psalmody. It was amatter of no little vanity to him, on Sundays, to take his stationin front of the church gallery, with a band of chosen singers;where, in his own mind, he completely carried away the palmfrom the parson. Certain it is, his voice resounded far above allthe rest of the congregation; and there are peculiar quavers stillto be heard in that church, and which may even be heard halfa mile off, quite to the opposite side of the mill-pond, on a stillSunday morning, which are said to be legitimately descendedfrom the nose of Ichabod Crane. Thus, by diverslittle make-shifts in that ingenious way which is commonlydenominated “by hook and by crook,” the worthy pedagogue goton tolerably enough, and was thought, by all who understoodnothing of the labor of headwork, to have a wonderfully easylife of it.The schoolmaster is generally a man of some importancein the female circle of a rural neighborhood; being considered42 <strong>fieldston</strong> <strong>american</strong> <strong>reader</strong> <strong>volume</strong> i – <strong>fall</strong> <strong>2007</strong>
- Page 4 and 5: the federalist papers #51 (1787)...
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she found herself back in prison. M
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311.the struggle forindependence176
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John Locke: of Civil Government (16
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Daniel Dulany: “Considerations”
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First Continental Congress, Declara
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colonies enabled her to triumph ove
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and America is a strong and natural
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considerable pecuniary resources, b
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He has combined with others to subj
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Mary Beth Norton:Women in the Revol
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testified, so “I was obliged to S
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peace terms. And, tragically, Samue
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not that this glorious threesome ne
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less powerful than the rest, as it
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paramount culture, but to many for
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James Kirby Martin: Protest and Def
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3111.developing a frameworkfor gove
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The Articles of Confederation (1777
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7. Whenever the Confederate Lords s
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Darkness there, and nothing more.De
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Edgar Allen Poe:The Fall of the Hou
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of unnatural sensations. Some of th
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the full extent, or the earnest aba
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paused; for it appeared to me (alth
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Walt Whitman:Poetry Crossing Brookl
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101 Flow on, river! flow with the f
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41 Nor any more youth or age than t
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136 I am not an earth nor an adjunc
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322 Patriarchs sit at supper with s
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415 And if each and all be aware I
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511 Voices of cycles of preparation
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702 Head high in the forehead, wide
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806 I go hunting polar furs and the
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908 Ten o’clock at night, the ful
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1001 I do not ask who you are, that
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1099 Believing I shall come again u
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1200 The great Camerado, the lover
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people are impliedly and incidental
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Charles Beard: The ConstitutionA Mi
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France is an example. Jefferson had
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to the interior & landed interest,
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there against mobs, demagogues, and
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3iv.the early republic: forging ana
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Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jeffe
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employment to industrious individua
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Hamiltonian Federalists and Jeffers
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“As the present crisis of human a
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The Kentucky Resolutions of 1799The
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Washington’s Farewell Address,Sep
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equal law must protect, and to viol
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I sec.8, Congress has also been gra
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That the following amendments of th
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3v.the disgusting spirit ofequality
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Transcendentalism DefinedThough clo
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All are needed by each one;Nothing
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a long period continue, to rule is
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clergyman whose preaching my father
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difference between resisting this a
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similar concern for the conditions
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few years I have been gravely disap
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In the midst of blatant injustices
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about the baby, whom she had hardly
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who, with conjugal affections and m
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a hut, tranquil, if in a crowd. The
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South Carolina Ordinance of Nullifi
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operation....The right to secede is
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Worcester v. Georgia and refused to
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effect in point of possession when
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hold the writer maintained with the
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986A narrow Fellow in the GrassOcca
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house.“You done talk too much wid
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Kate Chopin: The StormIThe leaves w
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IVAlcée Laballière wrote to his w
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When the letter reached Desiree she
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Her lip was beginning to tremble, a
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IIITheir eyes met, and she blushed
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een reversed.“Why, how do you do?
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of a juggler tossing knives; but th
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Having deprived her of this first r
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Sojorner Truth: Ain’t I A Woman?S
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Viewpoints of the Mexican WarThe fo
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evolt and sin...”Caleb Atwater, E
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encouraged this ideal of the perfec
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its own territory, with boundaries
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3vi.slavery, sectionalismand secess
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Charles W. Chestnut:The Passing of
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promptness and decision. “He’s
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left the hotel when a long‐haired
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Necessary Evil to Positive GoodSour
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of the slave-holding system is to d
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Lincoln Denies Racial EqualityInter
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through an unseen multitude.“Ther
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speak of. What! I have authority, I
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nothing to be shunned in the handso
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summer sun, it was his father’s c
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a human form appeared at intervals,