Brittle Power- PARTS 1-3 (+Notes) - Natural Capitalism Solutions

Notes 411physical vulnerability is the ratio of length tobreadth. For the Alaskan section of ANGTSthis ratio would be one million.Notes to Chapter Thirteen1 Alfvén 1972.2 Manley et al. 1970:100–103.3 Bryan 1974; Comptroller General of theU.S. 1974.4 Bryan 1974; Comptroller General of theU.S. 1974.5 Solomon & Salem 1980.6 Clark 1978:18. We are grateful to Dr.Clark for his helpful comments and writingson resilience.7 Holling et al. 1979:2.8 Kahn 1978:3, 19.9 Kahn 1978.10 Ibid.:19.11 Alternatively, if the reliability requirementswere somewhat relaxed, the renewablegrid could take more additional load than thecentral station grid (ibid. 20), or equivalentlywould show a greater saving in back-up orstorage capacity.12 Ibid.:3.13 Kahn 1979:343–344.14 Citations in Kahn 1979.15 Ryle 1977.16 Leicester et al. 1978; Anderson et al.1978.17 Kahn 1979:344.18 Kahn 1978:19.19 Welch 1965:20. The concept of resiliencehas long roots on Taoist philosophy.20 There is a new branch of mathematicsknown as “catastrophe theory” (Thom 1975;Stewart 1975; Woodcock & Davis 1978) dealingwith discontinuous changes in the state ofcomplex systems. It is able to classify thesechanges—which can be, for example, onlyseven basic kinds in a system controlled byfour variables—and can describe them by geometricalanalogies. (Strictly speaking, the styleof mathematics is more akin to that of topology,which deals with the most general propertiesof geometrical forms, such as how manyholes they have through them without beingconcerned with their exact size or shape.)Holling’s results do not rely on the theoremsof catastrophe theory, but initially borrowedsome of its terminology. Readers with goodmathematical intuition are urged to readHolling in the original (1978; Holling et al.1979). Related mathematical developments(May 1976; Feigenbaum 1980) offer a furtheruseful counterpoint to Holling’s work.21 Holling & Goldberg 1971:225; emphasisadded.22 Clark 1978:29.23 Holling & Goldberg 1971:225; emphasisadded.24 Holling 1978:99–104.25 National Academy of Sciences 1972;Walsh 1981.26 Huffacker et al. 1963.27 Citations in Clark 1978:35.28 MacArthur 1972; Levin 1974.29 Vollenweider 1970; Bazykin 1975.30 Clark 1978:32.31 Beeton 1969; LeCren et al. 1972.32 Russell et al. 1974; Platt et al. 1977.33 Southwood 1975.34 Sutherland 1974.35 Lorenz 1976.36 Holling 1978:102ff.37 Clark 1978:50.38 Holling 1978:104.39 Ibid.:105–10640 Ibid.41 Clark 1978:40.42 Holling 1978:106.43 Clark 1978:42.44 Holling 1978:105–106, taken from Simon1973.45 Ibid.46 Holling & Goldberg 1971:229.47 Holling et al. 1979.48 Ibid.:27.49 Holling et al. 1979; emphasis added.50 E.g., Thompson & Beckerley 1964–70.51 E.g., Weinberg 1975.52 Gall 1978.53 von Neumann 1966.54 Gall 1978:132.55 Vicker 1981.56 E.g., Lambert & Minor 1975.57 E.g., Joint Committee on DefenseProduction 1977a:72–73, 116–117.58 Comptroller General of the U.S.