HARVARD UKRAINIAN STUDIES - See also - Harvard University

MOSCOW-UKRAINE ECONOMIC RELATIONS 469several nationalities other than ethnic Russians. The terms "republic"and "region" or "interrepublic" and "interregional" are used interchangeablyfor the post-1917 period.Evidence of National Income TransfersA summary of the budgetary relationships between the Ukraine andRussia/USSR, prepared by various researchers, is presented inTable 1 (pp. 490-91). Brief comments are given for each of theseestimates, except for the few taken from secondary sources. A detailedevaluation of the estimates cannot be given here, since they were takenfrom such substantial studies as a two-volume life work in one case,from a monograph in two other cases, and from extensive articles inthe remaining cases. A critical analysis of the underlying data base andthe methodology used for each estimate would require a separatestudy. Therefore, no one set of estimates is considered to be "correct" ;rather, confidence is placed on the consistency of the trends amongthem.For the prerevolutionary period, the percentages of excess of statebudget receipts over state budget payments in relation to receipts inthe Ukraine are used as indicators of the budgetary relationships.Among the estimates of this period, those by Iasnopol'skii are verydetailed and thorough. They not only show tax receipts from eachprovince (guberniia), but also incorporate the incidence of indirecttaxation. On the other hand, in his estimate of budget expenditures,Iasnopol'skii restricted himself to showing direct disbursements: i.e.,he did not distribute certain budget payments among provinces accordingto benefits (e.g., defense or other central government activities). Itis not possible to comment on the estimates by Porsh and Mal'tsivbecause of the unavailability of their works; the data in the table weretaken from a secondary source. But according to this source, bothauthors generally followed Iasnopol'skii's methodology (Richyts'kyi,1928, p. 80). Finally, the data by Petrovs'kyi, uncertain as to theperiod covered, are included primarily because their author was noneother than Lenin. 33Hryhorii Petrovs'kyi, an early Communist leader in the Ukraine, cited the datain 1913, during a debate in the State Duma in St. Petersburg. Later, he stated thatthese data and the entire speech were prepared for him by Lenin. The text of thespeech appears in Lenin (1936).