HARVARD UKRAINIAN STUDIES - See also - Harvard University

MOSCOW-UKRAINE ECONOMIC RELATIONS 471surplus was higher than the budgetary transfers (40 to 50 millionrubles) indicates capital movements, including payments of interestand dividends and loan repayments to outside investors in the Ukrainianeconomy. The Ukraine also earned a separate surplus in its tradewith countries outside the Russian Empire, a component of the overallUkrainian surplus. This surplus was estimated at 263 million rublesannually in 1909 to 1911 and at 114 million rubles in 1913, and itaccounted for approximately two-thirds and almost nine-tenths of thepositive balance of the entire empire's trade with foreign countries inthe respective years (Shrah, 1924, p. 114; Ostapenko, 1924, p. 207;Gregory, 1979, p. 661). Since the Ukraine's surplus in trade withcountries outside the tsarist empire exceeded its needs for the servicingof foreign debt (Ostapenko, 1924, p. 207), the owners of Ukrainiannon-labor resources increased their assets outside the Ukraine. Butother regions of the tsarist empire, especially the financial communityin St. Petersburg and Moscow, also gained from this situation; theiraccess to foreign exchange, earned by the Ukrainian economy, wasfacilitated by membership with the Ukraine in the same monetary andbanking system. The earning of foreign exchange by its own economywas thus the Ukraine's additional contribution to the economy of theentire empire.The estimates of national income transfers between the Ukraine andother regions of the USSR are more numerous than those available forthe prerevolutionary period. Unfortunately, for a few, primary sourcesare still unavailable. The importance and reliability of these studies areenhanced by the fact that basically similar results were obtained byscholars both in the USSR and in the West using a variety of methodologies.Estimates by Dobrogaev (cited by Volobuiev), Richyts'kyi (basedon the work of the Ukrainian Gosplan), Melnyk (for both periods),and V. Kuts (in the volume by the Academy of Sciences, Kiev) wereprepared in the traditional manner for estimates before 1917.(Table 1, pp. 490-91). These estimates represent the relative excess ofreported budget receipts over payments in the Ukraine. The differencesin results stem from the different periods covered, the availabilityof basic data to individual researchers, and adjustments made ornot made for the Ukraine's share in union budget expenditures notdirectly attributable to a specific region, for instance, defense. The