HARVARD UKRAINIAN STUDIES - See also - Harvard University

472 I. S. KOROPECKYJestimates of budget surpluses with adjustments are relatively lowerthan those without. Dobrogaev and Kuts do not make adjustments,whereas Volobuiev, Richyts'kyi, and Melnyk do.The other researchers of the post-1917 period represented inTable 1 traced national income transfers between the Ukraine and therest of the USSR by methods other than budgetary analysis. Thepurpose of Iemel'ianov and Kushnirskii's study was to estimate theexcess of national income produced over national income utilized inthe Ukraine between 1959 and 1969. Since only the data on nationalincome produced are complete, they had to estimate (using the leastsquares method) national income utilized for the few years for whichsuch data were unavailable. Bandera's objective for the two years 1960and 1966 was to estimate the balance of trade between the Ukraine, onthe one hand, and the rest of the USSR and other countries, on theother. The resulting surplus represents the financial side of the excessof commodity exports over commodity imports in the Ukraine. Capitalexports from the Ukraine were the primary concern for Wagener.Using various assumptions, he estimated savings and investment in theUkraine and considered the excess of the former over the latter ascapital outflow from the Ukraine to other regions of the USSR.Finally, Gillula's results show the excess of the Ukraine's productionover its absorption on the basis of input-output analysis.A consistent trend emerges: all estimates indicate that the outflow ofnational income from the Ukraine to other regions continued underthe Soviet regime. This trend is evident in terms of the budgetarysurpluses during the 1920s and the early 1930s, as well as in terms ofthe excesses of national income produced over national income utilizedduring the 1960s and 1970s, the periods for which data areavailable.The evidence on the outflow of the Ukraine's national income afterthe Revolution presented in Table 1 is supported by data on geographicaldistribution of investment in the USSR. A strong correlationhas been found between national income produced and consumptionper capita for the Soviet republics during the postwar period with thecoefficient of correlation equal to 0.968. The correlation betweennational income and accumulation, both also per capita, is lower —0.600 (Gillula, 1979, p. 627). A republic's reduced share in totalinvestment relative to population would indicate national incomeoutflow. As the percentages in Table 2 (p. 492) show, the Ukraine'sshare in total USSR investment was consistently below its population