HARVARD UKRAINIAN STUDIES - See also - Harvard University

504 MARTHA BOHACHEVSKY-CHOMIAKenthusiasm, in contrast to the Galician Ukrainian intelligentsia, selfcriticalof its own apathy, dilettantism, and ineffectiveness.The most dramatic episode in the struggle occurred in 1910. TheLviv City Council proposed that Polish be used exclusively at LvivUniversity, and Poles attacked bilingualism in a series of public rallies.In July, the Ukrainian students, failing yet again to obtain permissionfor a legal assembly, gathered at the university nevertheless. ThePolish students blockaded the Ukrainians and alerted the police. In theensuing scuffle, an armed Polish student fired into the crowd ofUkrainians and killed Adam Kotsko, a Ukrainian student. One hundredtwenty-eight of the some three hundred Ukrainian participantswere arrested. A hostile mob tried to lynch them, and broke windowsin Ukrainian community buildings.The ensuing investigation by Polish authorities focused on theactivities of the Ukrainians and glossed over the murder of Kotsko.Emotions over Kotsko's death, however, ran high among his fellowUkrainians, as exemplified in this passage, written after more than tenyears (and a World War) had passed:This rally and the events connected with it shall eternally fill each Ukrainianwith dread. . . . Ukrainian students redeemed with blood and the death oftheir own colleague the quest and goal of acquiring their own holy temple oflearning and culture. One Ukrainian student fell dead from the bullet of afellow Polish student within the walls of the temple of learning. He died not bythe inquisition of the Middle Ages, not on the field of battle, but wherefriendship and peace ought to unite and elevate the spirit of all without regardto nationality, for the common ideal of perfecting oneself by learning. 18The census of 1910 and the war scares of 1911 and 1912 accentuatedthe animosities of the two nationalities. Again the Ukrainian parliamentarygroup raised the issue of a university at the Reichstag inVienna. On 26 March 1912, when no results were forthcoming, theybegan a fillibuster. Eventually, the tactic won: the Vienna governmentpromised to create a Ukrainian university in Lviv.But the provincial administration was not Vienna. Poles in Lvivmobilized public opinion against the establishment of a Ukrainianuniversity. Less than a month after the Vienna government's promise,піка rukhu," pp. 427-30. See also "Protses 101," in Literaturno-naukovyi vistnyk14 (May 1911) : 362-77; the anonymous author argues that moderate activitybrought no results, and that Polish actions had provoked the Ukrainian students.18Mudryi, Borot'ba, p. 61; see also Bobrzyński, Z moich pamiętników,p. 307.