HARVARD UKRAINIAN STUDIES - See also - Harvard University

THE UKRAINIAN UNIVERSITY IN GALICIA 499The reforms of the 1860s, coupled with the Polish uprising of 1863,precipitated the establishment of student groups and national culturalorganizations in Galicia. Both Polish and Ukrainian students engagedin open demonstrations of their nationality. 5A dramatic change was occurring in the second half of the nineteenthcentury among Galician Ukrainians. This was the growth of asecular intelligentsia. Although the married Uniate Catholic clergy,the mainstay of the Ukrainian national reawakening, remained verymuch in the forefront, political leadership began to be assumed bymembers of the liberal professions. Also, an increasing number ofpeasants were drawn into political activity. Radicalism, populism, andsocialism were reenforced by contacts with Ukrainians from the EasternUkraine. The influence of Drahomanov, for instance, was crucialin the formation of a new Radical party. Rivalry among the parties ledeach one to curry favor with the electorate, which in turn spreadpolitical consciousness among the peasants. Attempts to broadensuffrage, which resulted in electoral reform in 1907, further strengthenedthe Ukrainians' national orientation.These developments helped make education — frequently the solemeans of upward mobility, largely because the province was industrializingvery slowly — an important political issue in Galicia. Effectiveschooling in the native language became a major plank for the democraticparties. The decentralization of education, the establishment ofprovincial school boards, and the opposition of Galician Polish conservativesto expansion of schools combined to give the issue even greaterpolitical overtones. Local Polish administrations blocked the establishmentof new schools with Ukrainian as the language of instruction,while local school boards made certification of Ukrainian teachersdifficult. 6 The university issue developed against this background, and5In 1893 some students founded the Academic Corps of Leopol, which had asits aim "the unification of university youth under the banner of academic honor,without regard to any national, religious, or political tendencies." It never reallyfunctioned, and was formally disbanded in 1894. Other student societies reflectedboth student issues and national concerns: see Finkel and Starzyñski, Historia,2: 409.The Ukrainian student movement in Galicia has not yet been fully studied. Foran introduction to Ukrainian student organizations in Lviv, see Osyp Nazarukand Olena Okhrymovych, "Khronika rukhu ukrains'koi akademichnoi molodizhyu L'vovi," in Sich: Al'manakh ν pam"iat' 40-vykh rokovyn osnovania tovarystvaSich и Vidni, ed. Zenon Kuzelia and Mykola Chaikivs'kyi (Lviv, 1908),pp. 387-435. For a list of Ukrainian student organizations at the university, seeFinkel and Starzyński, Historia, 2: 410.6A detailed discussion of one aspect of the issue, women's education, is Bogu-