Book 4 - Self Instructional Manual for Cancer Registrars - SEER ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Structure of BoneEach long bone of the body is made up of several parts (Figure 62). The main shaft is calledthe diaphysis. It provides strong support without undue weight, and consists mainly of compactbone, 1 although the innermost portion is composed of cancellous2, or spongy, bone. At the endsof a bone are structures known as epiphyses which are bulbous in shape, allowing ample space formuscle attachments near joints.• Short bones consist of a core of cancellous bone encased in a thin layer of compact bone.• Flat bones are made up of a layer of cancellous bone containing red marrow between twoplates of compact bone.• Irregular bones are similar in structure to short bones in that they are composed of a thinlayer of compact bone forming a casing over cancellous bone.• Round (or sesamoid) bones are made of dense fibrous tissue, cartilage, and bone in varyingproportions. They are found embedded in tendons in close relation to articulating surfaceswhere they modify pressure and reduce friction.The outside of the bone is covered by a fibrous membrane, the periosteum. Blood vessels,lymphatic vessels, and nerves are present in the periosteum and enter the Haversian 3 canals ofthe compact bone to become vessels of the Haversian system permeating the entire bone.The Haversian system is a series of small canals containing blood vessels which bring oxygenand nutrients to the bone and remove waste products such as carbon dioxide.Bone MarrowIn the adult there are two types of bone marrow: yellow and red. In the center of thediaphysis there is a large space called the medullary cavity which is filled with yellow or fatty bonemarrow. Red marrow fills the cancellous spaces in the upper (proximal) epiphyses of thehumerus and femur, the iliac crest, body of the vertebra, bones of the skull (diploe), ribs, sternum,clavicle, and scapula. Red bone marrow is the source of red cells and granular leukocytes as wellas platelets and monocytes. Marrow is changed from red to yellow by the replacement of myeloidcells by fat cells, a process which begins soon after birth.Special lymphocytes, B cells, are formed in the bone marrow. Mature B cells are responsiblefor the manufacture of antibodies which circulate in blood or other body fluids and respond toantigens found on the surface of viruses and bacteria, thus preventing the spread of infection.1compact bone--continuousthe aid of a microscopedense, hard structure in which spaces can only be distinguished with2cancellous bone--spongy or lattice-like structure surrounding intercommunicatingwith bone marrow.spaces filled3Haversian--the canal or system named after Clopton Havers (1650-1702) an English anatomist,who first described the structure of osseous tissue.356
QllName each of the five numbered parts of the gross structure of the long bone in Figure 62:1.2.3.4.5.Q12The outer covering of the bone is known as theQ13Periosteum contains vessels, vessels, and which enter thecompact bone to become vessels of thesystem.Q14Bone marrow is found in theof long bones and in spacesofbones.357
Page 2 and 3:
SEER ProgramSelf Instructional Manu
Page 4 and 5:
CONTENTSBOOK 4: HUMAN ANATOMY AS RE
Page 6 and 7:
ILLUSTRATIONS(Figures 1-82, cont'd)
Page 8 and 9:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSPortions of Book 4
Page 11:
SECTIONAOBJECTIVES AND CONTENT OF B
Page 15:
BSECTIONBTERMS USED TO INDICATE BOD
Page 18 and 19:
Directional Planes of the BodySagit
Page 20 and 21:
Relative Positional and Directional
Page 22 and 23:
Figure 3. ANATOMIC DIVISIONSOF THE
Page 24 and 25:
Answers to Practical ExerciseNote t
Page 27:
SECTIONCTHE INTEGUMENTARYSYSTEM19
Page 30 and 31:
EpidermisThe epidermis (Figure 4A)
Page 33 and 34:
Q1a. What are the two primary layer
Page 35:
Epidermis is epithelial tissue deri
Page 38 and 39:
Answer:Q2The three glands of the sk
Page 41 and 42:
Q3Q4Accessory skin organs are found
Page 43 and 44:
Benign TumorsThere is a large group
Page 45 and 46:
Q5 Match the malignant tumors of th
Page 47 and 48:
MalignantMelanomaMalignant melanoma
Page 49:
The description of the level 1 of i
Page 52 and 53:
Q9"Clark's Classification" of malig
Page 54 and 55:
Lymphatic Drainage of the SkinThe l
Page 57 and 58:
Q10Match the regions of the skin on
Page 59:
SECTIONTHE LYMPHATICDSYSTEM51
Page 62 and 63:
T-Cells Versus B-CeilsThe two princ
Page 64 and 65:
Answer:Q1The lymphatic system colle
Page 66 and 67:
Figures 8A-8B. LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE O
Page 68 and 69:
Answer:Q3The lymphatic system colle
Page 70 and 71:
Lymph nodes accomplish two separate
Page 73 and 74:
Q6The lymph nodes have two main fun
Page 75 and 76:
SpleenThe spleen, the largest lymph
Page 77 and 78:
Q9Match each lymphatic organ or tis
Page 79 and 80:
LymphaticDrainageLymph nodes, most
Page 81 and 82:
Answer:QllLymphatics tend to parall
Page 83 and 84:
Q14A general term for lymph nodes l
Page 85:
Lymph Nodes of the ThoraxThe lymph
Page 88 and 89:
Answer:Q18Lymph nodes of the thorax
Page 91 and 92:
Q20Lymph nodes of the abdomen may a
Page 93:
Lymph Nodes of Upper and Lower Extr
Page 96 and 97:
Answer:Q22c 1. Popliteal Heela 2. A
Page 98 and 99:
Hodgkin's disease. The histologic c
Page 100 and 101:
Answer:Q23Benign tumors of lymphoid
Page 102 and 103:
Extralymphatic/ExtranodalSitesLymph
Page 104 and 105:
Answer:Q27Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas m
Page 106 and 107:
TilE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEMIonatod
Page 108 and 109:
CIRCULATORY SYSTEMFigure 14D. BLOOD
Page 110 and 111:
Answer:Q1The cardiovascular system
Page 112 and 113:
The heart lies in a loose-fitting s
Page 114 and 115:
106
Page 116 and 117:
Answer:Q5The heart has four chamber
Page 118 and 119:
Answer:QIODeoxygenated blood from t
Page 120 and 121:
Portal System (portal circulation)V
Page 122 and 123:
Answer:QllThe three kinds of blood
Page 124 and 125:
116
Page 126 and 127:
Answer:QlgThe three main types of b
Page 128 and 129:
120
Page 130 and 131:
Answer:Q18White blood cells which a
Page 132 and 133:
DEVELOPMENTOF WHITE BLOOD CELLSStem
Page 134 and 135:
Answer:Q20Malignant diseases of the
Page 136 and 137:
Answer:Q25b 1. Leukemia An uncontro
Page 138 and 139:
130
Page 140 and 141:
132
Page 142 and 143:
Answer:Q1The parts of the respirato
Page 144 and 145:
136
Page 146 and 147:
Answer:Q41. Serves as a passageway
Page 148 and 149:
140
Page 150 and 151:
Answer:Q7The pharynx can be divided
Page 152 and 153:
The larynx can be divided into thre
Page 154 and 155:
146
Page 156 and 157:
Answer:Q10The three single cartilag
Page 158 and 159:
150
Page 160 and 161:
Answer:Q14The windpipe or trachea s
Page 162 and 163:
The lungs provide a place where lar
Page 164 and 165:
Answer:Q16The main bronchus, pulmon
Page 166 and 167:
Clinical ManifestationsClinical man
Page 168 and 169:
Answer:Q19The interpleural space ma
Page 170 and 171:
Answer:Q24_g_ 1. Exchange of oxygen
Page 172 and 173:
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM: Esophagus-RectumP
Page 174 and 175:
The organs of the digestive system
Page 176 and 177:
Answer:Q1The main organs of the dig
Page 178 and 179:
• Lips. The lips form the upper a
Page 180 and 181:
Answer:Q5The lip consists of an exp
Page 182 and 183:
Malignant TumorsMalignant lesions a
Page 184 and 185:
Answer:Q8The tongue is composed of
Page 186 and 187:
• Gums (gingiva). The gums are fo
Page 188 and 189:
Answer:Qllb__ 1. GumMucosal coverin
Page 190 and 191:
182
Page 192 and 193:
Answer:Q12The palate is the roof of
Page 194 and 195:
186
Page 196 and 197:
Answer:Q18The major salivary glands
Page 198 and 199:
190
Page 200 and 201:
Answer:Q21c 1. Gum Retropharyngeala
Page 202 and 203:
Oropharynx. The air and food passag
Page 204 and 205:
196
Page 206 and 207:
Answer:Q23Another name for the hypo
Page 208 and 209:
Answer:Q25a__ 1. HypopharynxServes
Page 210 and 211:
Answer:Q28a. Tonsillar pillar - Oro
Page 212 and 213:
Figure 31. MEASUREMENTS OF THE ESOP
Page 214 and 215:
206
Page 216 and 217:
Answer:Q30The esophagus extends fro
Page 218 and 219:
The medial border of the stomach is
Page 220 and 221:
Q33The stomach lies just below thei
Page 222 and 223:
Answer:Q33The stomach lies just bel
Page 224 and 225:
216
Page 226 and 227:
Answer:Q38The small intestine is ab
Page 228 and 229:
The large intestine receives the fl
Page 230 and 231:
Malignantand Benign TumorsThe usual
Page 232 and 233:
224
Page 234 and 235:
Answer:Q41The large intestine is ab
Page 236 and 237:
Answer:Q433. The ileocolic lymph no
Page 238 and 239:
Metastatic tumors involving the liv
Page 240 and 241:
Answer:Q45The most common primary t
Page 242 and 243:
234
Page 244 and 245:
Answer: 046The function of the gall
Page 246 and 247:
238
Page 248 and 249:
Answer:Q48.The pancreas plays an im
Page 250 and 251:
Figure 39. PRINCIPAL PARTS OF THE U
Page 252 and 253:
The microscopic structure of the re
Page 254 and 255:
Answer:Q1The urinary system consist
Page 256 and 257:
Figure 41. A NEPHRON_ Otomes_JLus_;
Page 258 and 259:
250
Page 260 and 261:
Answer:Q4The blood is circulated th
Page 262 and 263:
254
Page 264 and 265:
Answer:Q8The regional lymph node dr
Page 266 and 267:
258
Page 268 and 269:
Answer:Q12The tube which carries ur
Page 270 and 271:
URINARY BLADDER, RENAL PELVIS AND U
Page 272 and 273:
Malignant TumorsBladder cancer is t
Page 274 and 275:
Answer:Q14The urinary bladder is a
Page 276 and 277:
Q18Theis a membranous tube which co
Page 278 and 279:
Answer:Q18The urethra is a membrano
Page 280 and 281:
Figure 44.FEMALE PELVIS (frontal vi
Page 282 and 283:
CORPUSUTERII I _ 'PRIMARY] ENDOMETR
Page 284 and 285:
Answer:Q1The female reproductiveorg
Page 286 and 287:
• Choriocarcinoma, a highly malig
Page 288 and 289:
Answer:Q6For corpus uteri you might
Page 290 and 291:
FallopiantubesThe fallopian tubes,
Page 292 and 293:
Answer:Q7b 1. Uterus Pear-shaped mu
Page 294 and 295:
Q8Name the three openings of the ut
Page 296 and 297:
Answer: 08In naming the three openi
Page 298 and 299:
Regional Lymph NodesThe regional ly
Page 300 and 301:
6. Vaginal orifice f. Glands that s
Page 302 and 303:
Answer:Q14The vagina is situated be
Page 304 and 305:
296
Page 306 and 307:
298
Page 308 and 309:
Answer:Q19The breasts overlie the p
Page 310 and 311:
A tumor specified as "subareolar" i
Page 312 and 313:
Answer:Q22One of the first and most
Page 314 and 315: 306
Page 316 and 317: ANSWERS TO REVIEW TESTd 1. Gonads i
Page 318 and 319: 310
Page 320 and 321: Answer:Q25The male gonads consist o
Page 322 and 323: 314
Page 324 and 325: Answer:Q27c 1. Epididymis Tube loca
Page 326 and 327: Figure 51. PROSTATE GLAND (frontal
Page 328 and 329: Answer:Q29b 1. Prostate Gland which
Page 330 and 331: RegionalLymph NodesThe regional lym
Page 332 and 333: 324
Page 334 and 335: Answer:Q30Male hormones are produce
Page 336 and 337: Figure 53. ENDOCRINEGLANDS328
Page 338 and 339: • Prolactin (luteotrophic hormone
Page 340 and 341: Parathyroid GlandThere are four par
Page 342 and 343: Thymus GlandThe thymus gland is loc
Page 344 and 345: Q2Match the hormone on the left wit
Page 346 and 347: Answer:Q1d 1. Hormones Organic secr
Page 348 and 349: 340
Page 350 and 351: Figure 58.AXIAL SKELETONSkuLl.342
Page 352 and 353: 344
Page 354 and 355: Answer:Q1The skeletal system is com
Page 356 and 357: 348
Page 358 and 359: Answer:Q4One characteristic which d
Page 360 and 361: 352
Page 362 and 363: Answer:Q8The purpose of the sesamoi
Page 366 and 367: Answer:QllThe numbered parts of the
Page 368 and 369: Facial bones. The facial bones are
Page 370 and 371: Figure 65. BONES OF THE THORAX Figu
Page 372 and 373: Q17Match the bones on the left with
Page 374 and 375: Figure 67. APPENDICULARSKELETON366
Page 376 and 377: Malignant TumorsBone is derived fro
Page 378 and 379: Q20Sites from which metastases to b
Page 380 and 381: Q22Match the description on the lef
Page 382 and 383: Answer:Q21c 1. Angiosarcoma A malig
Page 384 and 385: Figure 68.MUSCLE TYPES376
Page 386 and 387: Figure 69. HISTOLOGICAL COMPARISONS
Page 388 and 389: Answer:Q1The three types of muscle
Page 390 and 391: 382
Page 392 and 393: Answer:Q61. True Malignant tumors o
Page 394 and 395: • Supinators turn the palm upward
Page 396 and 397: Answer:Q8The three general function
Page 398 and 399: Answer:Q11Match the muscle groups o
Page 400 and 401: 392
Page 402 and 403: Figure 70.NERVE CELL (neuron)394
Page 404 and 405: Answer:Q1The central nervous system
Page 406 and 407: Figure 71.CEREBRUMCEREBRUMC_ere_etr
Page 408 and 409: 400
Page 410 and 411: Figure 74 CRANIAL NERVES402
Page 412 and 413: MalignantTumorsGliomas are tumors o
Page 414 and 415:
406
Page 416 and 417:
Answer:Q6Match each term on the lef
Page 418 and 419:
410
Page 420 and 421:
412
Page 422 and 423:
Answer:Q1The five major sensesof th
Page 424 and 425:
416
Page 426 and 427:
Answer:Q3The three layers which com
Page 428 and 429:
420
Page 430 and 431:
Answer:Q5The eyeball/s not a solid
Page 432 and 433:
424
Page 434 and 435:
Answer:Q8Name the lymph nodes which
Page 436 and 437:
Figure 80. TONGUE: Areas of tasteUv
Page 438 and 439:
Answer:QllReceptors for the sense o
Page 440 and 441:
Malignant TumorsTumors of the nasal
Page 442 and 443:
Answer:Q13The nasal fossa is divide
Page 444 and 445:
Regional Lymph NodesThe lymphatics
Page 446 and 447:
Answer:Q16b 1. External ear Made up
Page 448 and 449:
440
Page 450 and 451:
HISTOLOGIC TYPE PRIMARY SITELeukemi
Page 452 and 453:
444
Page 454 and 455:
DETERMINATION OF SUBSEQUENT PRIMARI
Page 456 and 457:
Page 458 and 459:
Page 460 and 461:
Page 462 and 463:
Page 464 and 465:
Page 466 and 467:
Page 468 and 469:
Page 470 and 471:
Page 472 and 473:
Page 474 and 475:
Page 476 and 477:
Page 478 and 479:
470
Page 480 and 481:
OTHER ICD-O-2 CODES TO BE CONSIDERE
Page 482 and 483:
474
Page 484 and 485:
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY (cont'd)Paul,
Page 486 and 487:
478
Page 488 and 489:
Adenocarcinoma (continued)Primary s
Page 490 and 491:
Arteries (see also Vessels) (contin
Page 492 and 493:
Blood (see also Cardiovascular syst
Page 494 and 495:
Bone tissue (osseous, vascular tiss
Page 496 and 497:
Breast (mammary gland) (continued)H
Page 498 and 499:
Cartilage (nonvascular tissue) (con
Page 500 and 501:
Cerebrum (forebrain, telencephalon)
Page 502 and 503:
Cortisol, 329, 333, 336, 338Cortiso
Page 504 and 505:
Ducts (see also Endocrine system an
Page 506 and 507:
Estradiol, 281Estrogen-producing ca
Page 508 and 509:
Follicular adenocarcinoma, 331, 337
Page 510 and 511:
Glycogen, 229Gonadotrophic hormone
Page 512 and 513:
Histologic type of cancer, 439-441H
Page 514 and 515:
Integumentary system (skin) (contin
Page 516 and 517:
Kidney (see also Urinary system) (c
Page 518 and 519:
Leukocyte (WBC),Agranular, 119B-Cel
Page 520 and 521:
Luteal cell, 281Luteinizing hormone
Page 522 and 523:
Lymph nodes (continued)Perivesical,
Page 524 and 525:
Lymphoma (continued)Nasopharynx (ph
Page 526 and 527:
Metastases (continued)Lymph node, 6
Page 528 and 529:
Muscle (see also Muscular system) (
Page 530 and 531:
Nervous system, Cranial (continued)
Page 532 and 533:
Ovary (female gonad), 273, 281,285,
Page 534 and 535:
Peripheral nervous system, 393, 396
Page 536 and 537:
Prostate (continued)Urethra (prosta
Page 538 and 539:
Salivary gland (see also Parotid, S
Page 540 and 541:
Skull (diploe), 351, 354, 356, 359,
Page 542 and 543:
Sulcus,Buccal, 178Nasolabial, 39Sup
Page 544 and 545:
Tibia (shin bone), 351, 369Tumors o
Page 546 and 547:
Tumor (see also specific histologic
Page 548 and 549:
Urethra (female, male) (continued)L
Page 550 and 551:
Vertebral cavity, 10Vertebral colum
show all

Book 4 - Self Instructional Manual for Cancer Registrars - SEER ...

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?