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The Editor remembers where the cursor is when you enter D for Delete.This position is called the anchor. As the cursor moves away from theanchor in any direction, using the normal cursor moves, all text betweenthe cursor and the anchor disappears. When you move the cursor towardthe anchor, the erased characters reappear. You can also use therepeat-factor to delete or undelete several lines at once, by prefacing anycursor move with a repeat-factor while the Delete prompt is displayed.To accept the deletion at any point, press CONTROL-C. To undo the entiredeletion at any time before pressing CONTROL-C, press ESC.Unlike inserting text, deleting text does not cause remargining of theportion of the paragraph following the deletion, even if the Environment'sFilling option is set to True and Auto-indent is set to False.If your deletion included a RETURN character, the line containing thecursor may extend beyond the 79-character limit of the system's display.The invisible portion of the line is indicated by an exclamation mark (!) inthe last visible character-position of the line. To see the rest of the line,insert a RETURN character anywhere in the visible portion of the line, oruse the Margin command to reformat the entire paragraph.All the text between the cursor and the anchor position is stored in the copybuffer, ready for use by the Copy command, not only after you accept thedeletion with CONTROL-C, but also after you reject the deletion by pressingESC. This last fact is useful when you want to duplicate some text inanother location, or when you are moving some text to another location butwish to keep a backup copy of the text until the move is successfullycompleted.The copy buffer may be unable to hold all the deleted text if you attempt todelete too much text at one time. The maximum amount of room in memoryfor the copy buffer varies somewhat, depending on how large your file is atthe moment. If you try to delete more text than will fit in the copy buffer,this message appears:There i5 no room to copy the deletion. Do you wi5h to delete anyway?Cy/n)If you type v for Yes, the text between the cursor and the anchor position isdeleted, but only as much text as will fit goes into the copy buffer and youwill not be able to tell how much that is. If you type H for No, the deletion isnot performed, and the text is not placed in the copy buffer, but theprevious contents of the copy buffer are lost. If you reject a deletion that isII-102Chapter 4: The Editor
too large for the copy buffer, by pressing ESC, no message is given at thattime. However, if you then attempt to Copy from the buffer this message isgiven:ERROR:Invalid copy. Please press to continue.ExampleSuppose you are editing the following text:PROGRAM STRING2;BEGINWRITEC'TOO WISE '>;WRITELNC'TO BE.'>END.1. Move the cursor onto theEmEND.2. Type D for Delete.3. Type < . This changes the set direction to backward.4. Press RETURN twice. After the first RETURN the lineWR ITELN< 'TO BE.'> disappears. After the second RETURN, the lmeWR !TE ('TOO w I SE,>; disappears.5. Now press CONTROL-C. The program after deletion appears as shown:PROGRAM STRING2;BEGINEND.The two deleted lines have been stored in the copy buffer, and the cursorhas returned to the anchor position. Now type CB to place the contents ofthe copy buffer back in the file, then type CB again several times to writemultiple copies of the deleted lines to the file.PROGRAM STRING2;BEGINWRITEC'TOO WISE '>;WR!TELNC'TO BE.')WRITEC'TOO WISE ');WR!TELNC'TO BE.'>WRITEC'TOO WISE ');WR!TELNC'TO BE.')WRITEC'TOO WISE ');WRITELNC'TO BE.')END.The Editor CommandsIl-103
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Apple Apple II Pascal 1.3•,_
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Apple II Pascal 1.3
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your system. To be sure that your s
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How to Read This ManualHardware Not
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Part IGetting Started
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System Notes 18Using a 40-Column Vi
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PrefacePart I describes the steps y
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To provide a focus for discussion i
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Enhanced lieIf you have an enhanced
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If you are not going to use your Pr
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Using a Pascal-Formatted ProFileYou
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Other llc'sIf you have an Apple Ile
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How Pascal Assigns Volume NumbersA
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Using System PromptsAs soon as you
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Make Backups of Your System DisksWe
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A Warning.&.Warning6. Note that bot
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The 128K and 64K Pascal Systems Com
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o The TAB key is absent, which mean
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If you have an Apple II or II Plus
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Once you transfer the system files,
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If you are using an SO-column displ
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II Plus users have made the require
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APPLE3:SYSTEM.APPLEFORMATTER.CODEFO
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ContentsFigures and TablesxviiPREFA
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Moving Files 41Transfer 41Copying a
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The Editor Commands 93Insert 96Text
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CHAPTER5The CompilerIntroduction 13
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Local Labels 178Constants 179Locati
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CHAPTER 7The LinkerIntroduction 208
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APPENDIX2ACommand SummariesAll Leve
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APPENDIX2FDemonstration ProgramsInt
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PrefaceProgram Preparation Tools is
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Chapter 1An OverviewII-1
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Pascal FilesA file is defined as a
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There are two parts to a workfile:
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o On the 128K Pascal system, the sp
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The Command LevelYou reach the Comm
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Figure 2-1. The Command LevelComman
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CompileTyping c while at the Comman
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InitializeTyping 1 from the Command
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Commands Usable at All LevelsCertai
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Chapter 3The FilerII-21
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Bad-blocksExamineTests a disk to se
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B I~ XBad-blocks ExamineThe Filer s
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To erase your response to a Filer p
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Standard Volume Names and NumbersTa
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emoved from the filename. You shoul
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filename that may not be ignored. T
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You may use only one wildcard in a
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A system with two 5~-inch disk driv
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You can list any portion of a direc
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APPLEr.l:SYSTEM.PASCALSYSTEM.MI SC
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When you press RETURN, the system c
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You can use wildcards with the Tran
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The display clears, and then the fo
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One Disk DriveOm:H:>rive NoteTo cop
Page 123 and 124: Prompt: Remove what file ?Response:
Page 125 and 126: as replacement strings) given in th
Page 127 and 128: You do not need to put a volume on
Page 129 and 130: ZeroThe Zero command "erases" a spe
Page 131 and 132: QuitThe Quit command, which is invo
Page 133 and 134: Observing filename conventions, you
Page 135 and 136: One-Drive MethodOn one-drive system
Page 137 and 138: If there is already a workfile SYST
Page 139 and 140: If you see that one of your disks c
Page 141 and 142: An N response to this prompt return
Page 143: -Filename ConventionsVolume name wi
Page 146 and 147: IntroductionThe Pascal Editor helps
Page 148 and 149: 4. If you are editing a program, yo
Page 150 and 151: Editing With a 31/2-lnch Disk Drive
Page 152 and 153: As you have already learned if you
Page 154 and 155: Starting a New FileIf a workfile is
Page 156 and 157: For example, if the cursor is on th
Page 158 and 159: Apple II or II PlusIt is legal to i
Page 160 and 161: To leave the Editor, press G for Qu
Page 162 and 163: Notice that not all commands affect
Page 164 and 165: Cursor MovesYou can use repeat-fact
Page 166 and 167: Figure 4-3. The EditorCommandEditor
Page 168 and 169: Insert-The Insert command allows yo
Page 170 and 171: and Filling to True. For example, t
Page 172 and 173: .A Warning The automatic remarginin
Page 176 and 177: This leaves you with something like
Page 178 and 179: To c0py the text, typeMYDISK:SUPERM
Page 180 and 181: ExchangeYou use the Exchange comman
Page 182 and 183: After you press the SPACE bar, the
Page 184 and 185: ExampleSuppose you have Token searc
Page 186 and 187: DirectionThe Replace command operat
Page 188 and 189: Same-String OptionIf you type s in
Page 190 and 191: Jump-The Jump command moves the cur
Page 192 and 193: After you have typed CONTROL-C to a
Page 194 and 195: Set EnvironmentThe Editor lets you
Page 196 and 197: 40=Column !DisplaysFilling should g
Page 198 and 199: the right place in the string) and
Page 200 and 201: When you operate a skateboard in ex
Page 202 and 203: Quit-You use the Quit command to ex
Page 204 and 205: WriteThe Write command saves the fi
Page 206 and 207: Special Commands SummaryYou will fi
Page 209 and 210: Chapter 5The CompilerIl-137
Page 211 and 212: Two 51/.oi·lnch Disk DrivesOne 51/
Page 213 and 214: If there is no text workfile, you w
Page 215 and 216: The period at the end prevents the
Page 217 and 218: o Pressing the SPACE bar instructs
Page 219 and 220: Execution Error MessagesThe informa
Page 221 and 222: Default option: {$1-}{$1 filename}
Page 223 and 224: The "Range Check" OptionThis option
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The { $N +} option should be placed
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The "User Program" OptionThis optio
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IntroductionEven if you write most
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If you attempt to assemble without
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After the source and object files f
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This is similar to the choice that
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First, use the Filer's New command
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The Assembly ListingAfter you have
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01HlllllCurrent memory available:0
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ADRSPUSHPAGE -AB l!HHJ 41 ALOOPMC -
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If you have a printer connected to
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The statements making up the body o
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local LabelsA local label has a dol
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An at sign(@) before an expression
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PAGE - 1 TEMP1 FILE:lllllll01Curren
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ConventionsWhen you write assembly-
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parameter names are given. For exam
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Example:TEMP .BYTE 4The associated
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.ABSOLUTEThis directive forces the
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Example:.MACRO HELPSTA %1LDA %2.END
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LDAill formed operandECdit,,[ SPACE
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name in both the program and the ro
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The use of the .DEF and .REF direct
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.LIST and .NOLISTThese two directiv
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File Directive.INCLUDECauses the sp
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Data Directives[label].ASCII""Inser
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Chapter 7The LinkerIl-207
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Linking Using the link CommandYou i
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If you press RETURN in response to
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linking Using the Run CommandIf the
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Chapter 8The LibrarianII-215
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Librarian, that are invoked by the
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The Input FilesThe Librarian now di
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lJ Slot to copy into?2 Slot to copy
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Copyright Notice Lost: The Libraria
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If the file you specify is not a co
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enter library name: #S:samplelist l
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Chapter 9Utility Programs11-229
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Two 51/4-lnch DrivesOne 51/4-lnch D
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Using an Ex:temal TerminalThe Apple
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Vertical Move DelayValue: The numbe
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Key to Delete LinePressing Line Del
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Parameter Field NameERASE TO END OF
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Reconfiguring the SystemTo use an e
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Changing GOTOXY CommunicationThe GO
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The screen will showAPPLE GOTOXY BI
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Using the Linefeed UtilityFrom the
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If you respond by typing v for Yes,
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This appendix contains summaries of
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LinkSwapExecuteRunUser restartIniti
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Volume CommandsVolumesList-director
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Editor Command SummarySpecial Comma
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ExchangeReplaceReplaces the charact
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Appendix 2BSystem FilesII-263
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CommandLinkExecuteRunFiles Needed65
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Filename Contents of File Use of Fi
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APPLE3:lPASCAL:SYSTEM.APPLE 32 Cont
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A Complex Sample ProgramThis append
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Figure 2C-l. Creating a Complex Pro
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The Regular UnitUse the Editor to c
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PROCEDURE INTRINUPROC;BEGINWRITELNC
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;As you will see,. CONST LENGTH.PUB
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cPutting the Pieces TogetherThis se
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LLink what host codefile? MAINOpeni
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Appendix 2DMaking a Turnkey DiskII-
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Appendix 2EMaking and Using Exec Fi
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Terminator Characters: The terminat
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.& Warningis actually sent to the p
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Appendix2FDemonstration Programs11-
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What follows is a description of ho
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Assuming that the ROT ATE procedure
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The outer REPEAT first calls MAKETR
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position in the CORNER variable for
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If you wish to modify, compile, and
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1. Starting at the root node, FLIPP
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Program CROSSREF contains examples
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On completion of the design, the pr
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If you type N for No, you will agai
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Appendix 2GPascal 1/0 Device Volume
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Appendix 2HError Messages11-317
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ErrorNumberError Message10 I/O erro
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ErrorNumberError Message9 Identifie
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Compiler Error MessagesWhen the Pas
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ErrorNumberError Message123 Missing
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ErrorNumberError Message202 String
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Part IIILanguage Manual
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Block Syntax 13Declarations 14Const
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CHAPTER5Dynamic VariablesUsing Dyna
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CHAPTER7Program ControlsRepetition
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Character File I/O Operations 173IN
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Library Name Files 231Making a Libr
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Program Chaining 275The SETCHAIN Pr
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Procedure Call 305File Type 305REWR
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The RESET Macro 335The SWITCH Macro
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CHAPTER5Dynamic VariablesPointer Ty
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Value Specifier Syntax 17 4READ Pro
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CONCAT Function 300FOR Statement 30
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PrefaceThis part of the Apple II Pa
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Supporting these chapters are sever
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Apple II Pascal 1.3 is a version of
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Pascal Versus BASICIf you are a BAS
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Chapter 2Program StructureIll-7
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The program block contains a single
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o Identifiers are the names of such
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Pascal SyntaxPascal has its own syn
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string or an array or some other ty
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A More Complex ExampleHere is anoth
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esult is called a compound statemen
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Here are the rules for composing yo
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CommentsGood programming practice i
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Chapter 3Simple Data TypesIll-25
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New data types are created by the t
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String and CHAR constants may not c
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The INTEGER TypeIntegers are whole
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A Technical Note: Pascal often sets
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This declaration creates the new da
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Chapter4Structured Data TypesIIl-37
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declare a longer maximum. In both c
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Here are some examples:TYPE ALPHANU
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The ARRAY TypeA Pascal array is an
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We could now make the following arr
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You can manipulate the elements of
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o Each corresponding dimension must
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The syntax for writing the field li
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Information A bout the Example: Thi
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o The limits on the number and type
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These are the rules by which Pascal
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ecord variable of CHECKBOOK as CHEC
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Chapter 5Dynamic Variableslll-61
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Here is an example of this process
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o The base type may be an identifie
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o Don't try to change the variant,
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MARK and RELEASE are used in pairs.
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Chapter 6Operations on DataIII-71
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By combining these elements, you ca
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Each kind of factor has its own syn
Page 507 and 508:
AssignmentsThe assignment statement
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Arithmetic OperationsApple Pascal p
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single-character operators, DIV mus
Page 513 and 514:
ABS CROUND CX/Y))ABS C2-X>The ABS f
Page 515 and 516:
Random Number Fum::tionsApple Pasca
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FUN CT ION RAND2 : INTEGER;VAR MAX,
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o Two records of congruent type may
Page 521 and 522:
Be Careful: CHR does not check to s
Page 523 and 524:
The SCAN FunctionThis function scan
Page 525 and 526:
Your use of MOVELEFT or MOVERIGHT m
Page 527 and 528:
The CONCAT FunctionCONCAT accepts a
Page 529 and 530:
VARS : STRIHGC1l;o With COPY, INSER
Page 531 and 532:
Bit Interpretation of Scalar TypesE
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.' Bit Logic ExamplesHere are some
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This is because Pascal tries to int
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Chapter 7Program ControlsIII-107
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Repetition StatementsPascal provide
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Observe these rules and cautions wh
Page 543 and 544:
Here is an example of a REPEAT stat
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Here are are two examples of IF sta
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The above statement can be clarifie
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It accomplishes the same job as the
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Here is an example of a GOTO statem
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The EXIT procedure is seldom essent
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Procedures and functions are the su
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In both cases, the parameter list i
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Special Note About Long Integers: T
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PROCEDURE ALPHA CHI, LO REAL; FACTO
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Here are the rules governing the re
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o The real variable METAL declared
Page 568 and 569:
After you have written its heading
Page 571 and 572:
Chapter 9Assembly-Language Routines
Page 573 and 574:
EXTERNAL Procedures and FunctionsPR
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The evaluation stack may have alrea
Page 577 and 578:
To summarize, the structure of the
Page 579 and 580:
If your routine has accomplished ai
Page 581 and 582:
An ExampleThe following sample, del
Page 583:
sample procedure for Pascal, declar
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Apple Pascal provides a variety of
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File VariablesUnlike most other var
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External FilesThere are three categ
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Pascal types volume numbers, volume
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although it permits inputs as well.
Page 596 and 597:
Be Careful: Using RESET with a file
Page 598 and 599:
o If a file has any records in it,
Page 600 and 601:
In particular, disk drives usually
Page 602 and 603:
Here is a sample use of SEEK:SEEK C
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until a character was typed. With t
Page 606 and 607:
Certain specific rules apply to the
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o READ with a CHAR variable reads o
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o Except when READLN is used with a
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BLOCKREAD transfers data from an ex
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Both procedures are written with th
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Type "B" character checking: CONTRO
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When UNITSTATUS is called, it may a
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o SHIFT is TRUE if the oldest chara
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WHILE NOT keypress DD { reiterate u
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Chapter 11Screen GraphicsIII-195
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o DRA WBLOCK is a complex and power
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o If the graphic image has never be
Page 631 and 632:
PENCOLOR and FILLSCREENTo set the c
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TURTLEX, TURTLEY, TURTLEANG, and SC
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ModeAction0 Fills area of screen wi
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If CHARTYPE is not called, the defa
Page 639 and 640:
Chapter 12Program Units111-209
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You can list any number of units af
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The process of compiling an Intrins
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64K Note: When compiling Program Un
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consists of the word INTERFACE foll
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preceded by the procedure or functi
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IMPLEMENTATION{A private procedure
Page 653 and 654:
Changing Units and Host ProgramsOne
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Chapter 13LibrariesIII-225
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o You can create a Program Library
Page 659 and 660:
SYSTEM.LIBRARYSYSTEM.LIBRARY is the
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library Name FilesA Library Name Fi
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Using One library File With Two Pro
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Using Seve1ral Library Files With S
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program. It directs the Compiler to
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Chapter 14Compiler OptionsIII-239
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Finally, you can insert a space cha
Page 673 and 674:
Chapter 15Large Program ManagementI
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The Compiler might fail to process
Page 677 and 678:
o Use MARK and RELEASE to optimize
Page 679 and 680:
When an Intrinsic Unit is compiled,
Page 681 and 682:
Remember: If your program has any s
Page 683 and 684:
Loading of SEGMENT Procedures and F
Page 685 and 686:
PROGRAM THREE;USES BIGUHIT;SEGMEHT
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swapping is obviously undesirable,
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This chapter rounds out the Apple P
Page 692 and 693:
o You can write assembly-language E
Page 694 and 695:
Here is the source text for the 650
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Program Unit Required! The Program
Page 698 and 699:
VAR UpKey : CHAR;DownKey : CHAR;PRO
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Setting the High Character BitOn Ap
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The CR character is used in files o
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After READ with a CHAR variable and
Page 706 and 707:
Program chaining is accomplished by
Page 708 and 709:
SWAPON, SWAPGPON, and SWAPOFF¥¥¥
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Using SETCV AL and GETCV AL, you ca
Page 712 and 713:
Here is a typical process for creat
Page 714 and 715:
The following sample procedure assu
Page 716 and 717:
VARLoop,WordsinArray,BytesCalcBuffe
Page 718 and 719:
FUNCTION BRANCH CH : INTEGER> PTR;V
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Identifierletterletterdigitundersco
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String TypeSTRING-~-----------.....
Page 724 and 725:
Record Type Variant Parttagidentifi
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Expressionsimpleexpression___ __, .
Page 728 and 729:
Factorunsignedconstantvariablerefer
Page 730 and 731:
Variable Referencevariableidentifie
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IF Statementexpresssion statement s
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Function Definitionnewidentifier1--
Page 736 and 737:
RESET Procedurefileidentifierstring
Page 738 and 739:
READ ProcedurefileidentifierREADLN
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Program Unit CompilationProgram Uni
Page 742 and 743:
Implementation SectionIMPLEMENTATIO
Page 744 and 745:
This appendix contains further deta
Page 746 and 747:
Underflow,.The underflow exception
Page 748 and 749:
This section describes how real val
Page 751 and 752:
Appendix 3CMemory Allocations for D
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ecord tag fields given an identifie
Page 755 and 756:
Note that the array declarationsPAC
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Pascal stores ordinary (not packed)
Page 759 and 760:
Appendix 3DUseful Assembly-Language
Page 761 and 762:
The RMVBIAS MacroThis macro removes
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.ELSE. IFSTX.ELSE. IFSTY.EHDC. ENDC
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yte = The address of the byte whose
Page 767 and 768:
count = The number of bytes to move
Page 769 and 770:
The NOTBITBR MacroThis macro is the
Page 771 and 772:
Appendix 3ESummary of 6502 OpcodesI
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6502 Microprocessor InstructionsADC
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Instruction CodesAmmblyNa ma Operal
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Auembly HEXNa ma Operation Addr..,l
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Ammbly HEXNam11 Opmllon Addressing
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Hex Operation Codes00- BAK01 - ORA
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Appendix3FTablesIII-353
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Reserved Words and Predeclared Iden
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Table F-2C. Identifiers Declared in
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Summary of Size limitsTable F-4. Su
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ContentsFigures and TablesviiPREFAC
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CHAPTER4The P-Machine Instruction S
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APPENDIX4AMemory Maps64K System Mem
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Figure 3-5The Order of Local Variab
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Chapter 1The Pascal EnvironmentIV-I
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Figure 1-1. The Pascal 64K SystemlE
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Figure 1-3. The Pascal 128K System:
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Main Memory PointersNP points to th
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Table 1-1. Version Flags Set at Loc
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.INTERP+4Address of the location th
Page 815 and 816:
Chapter 2Disk FilesIV-13
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{First, some general declarations r
Page 819 and 820:
GET, READ, and READLN convert DLE-b
Page 821 and 822:
Figure 2-2. A Typical Codefilehigh
Page 823 and 824:
Segments are not nested in codefile
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RECORDDISKINFO: ARRAY[0 .. 15l OFRE
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By the Way: Figure 2-4 shows lower
Page 829 and 830:
o Bit 12 of the SEG INFO word is un
Page 831 and 832:
Figure 2-5. Construction of Interfa
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Figure 2-6. The Code Part of a Code
Page 835 and 836:
Figure 2-7. A Typical Procedurehigh
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o PARAMETER SIZE: This field specif
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Relocation TablesA relocation table
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LITYPES = CEOFMARK, UNITREF, GLOBRE
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ICOFFSET field specifies the locati
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Procedure and Function Linker Infor
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The previous chapter discussed the
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o BASE: BASE procedure pointer. Thi
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were part of the Pascal system glob
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activation records; data segments d
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A procedure call causes the operati
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Chapter4The P-Machine Instruction S
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Formats of Variables on the StackVa
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the structure when padded. Before s
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localSLDL_l 216 Short load local wo
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Byte A.rray HandlingLDB 190STB 191L
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LPA 208LDP 186STP 187UB,Load a pack
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Noninteger ComparisonsThe next six
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LNOT 147 Logical NOT. Push the one'
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XJPI72WI,W2, ,W3Case jump. WI is w
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EXIT 158 4 Exit from procedure. tos
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DecimalOpcode Mnemonic Full Name Lo
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DecimalOpcode Mnemonic Full Name Lo
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64K System MemorylExternal Language
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128K System Auxiliary MemoryAuxilia
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Blocks in a Code Segmenthigh disk a
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Segment Dictionarylow disk addresse
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Code Part of a Code Segment~.r--'-"
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6502 Procedure Attribute Tablebaser
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Program Stackhigh memory addressesS
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Activation Recordhigh memory addres
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ContentsBibliographyReference Books
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General Pascal TextbooksClancy, Mic
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Glossaryactivation: The execution o
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cold start: A startup procedurethat
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file: See disk file, external file,
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length attribute: The part of along
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POINTERLIST: A list of pointersin L
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segment table: A section of thehigh
Page 919:
USES declaration: The part of aPasc
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o 48K Runtime System (Version 1.2 o
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IndexCast of Characters*(asterisk)
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ooleansassignment statements and II
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DDATA III-215data directives II-187
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Execute command, from Commandlevel
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GPWROFTEN III-83RANDOM III-85ROUND
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Link command, from Command levelII-
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0ODD function III-90OF III-117-118o
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parameters for III-130PENCOLOR III-
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Replace command ll-113-117delimiter
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storageof arrays III-328of booleans
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UNLINKED-INTRINS IV-26unsignedconst
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Apple Computer, Inc.20525 Mariani A
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