apple-pascal-1.3-manual

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The use of the .DEF and .REF directives is similar to the use of the .PUBLICdirective. The .DEF and .REF directives enable you to associate labelsbetween two assembly-language routines rather than between anassembly-language routine and a Pascal host program. Just as with.PRIVATE and .PUBLIC , these external references must eventually beresolved by the Linker.Note: The .PROC and .FUNC directives implicitly generate a .DEF withthe same name. This means that an assembly-language routine can callexternal procedures and functions if they are declared with a .REFdirective in the calling assembly-language routine .. DEFDeclares that a label defined in the current routine is available for use (bymeans of .REF) from procedures or functions in other assembly-languageroutines.Form:Example:.DEF The following outline routine declare~ the labels DOITand THINK in a .DEF statement. The subroutineslabeled DOIT and THINK may then be used by otherassembly-language routines (see example for .REF) .. PROC FARKLE,3.DEF DOIT, THIHKBNE THINKDOITLDARTSTHINKLDYRTS.ENDII-198Chapter 6: The Assembler
.REFIdentifies a label, used in the current routine, that is defined and declaredas available (by means of a .DEF directive) in another routine. During thelinking process, corresponding labels declared in .DEFs and .REFs arematched.Form:Example:.REFThe following outline assembly-language routinedefines the external label DOIT in a .REF statement.(DOIT was declared available for such reference bythe .DEF in the previous example). It then uses thelabel DOIT just as if it referred to a labeled subroutinewithin the routine itself .. PROC SAMPLE.REF DOITJSR DOIT.ENDListing-Control DirectivesOutput file for assembled listing ( for none):The listing-control directives determine what is sent to the assembly listingfile. This is the file that is specified in response to the Assembler promptIf the assembly listing file is omitted, all listing-control directives areignored.The Assembler Directives 11-199
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Apple Apple II Pascal 1.3•,_
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Apple II Pascal 1.3
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your system. To be sure that your s
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How to Read This ManualHardware Not
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Part IGetting Started
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System Notes 18Using a 40-Column Vi
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PrefacePart I describes the steps y
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To provide a focus for discussion i
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Enhanced lieIf you have an enhanced
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If you are not going to use your Pr
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Using a Pascal-Formatted ProFileYou
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Other llc'sIf you have an Apple Ile
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How Pascal Assigns Volume NumbersA
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Using System PromptsAs soon as you
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Make Backups of Your System DisksWe
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A Warning.&.Warning6. Note that bot
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The 128K and 64K Pascal Systems Com
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o The TAB key is absent, which mean
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If you have an Apple II or II Plus
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Once you transfer the system files,
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If you are using an SO-column displ
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II Plus users have made the require
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APPLE3:SYSTEM.APPLEFORMATTER.CODEFO
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ContentsFigures and TablesxviiPREFA
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Moving Files 41Transfer 41Copying a
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The Editor Commands 93Insert 96Text
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CHAPTER5The CompilerIntroduction 13
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Local Labels 178Constants 179Locati
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CHAPTER 7The LinkerIntroduction 208
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APPENDIX2ACommand SummariesAll Leve
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APPENDIX2FDemonstration ProgramsInt
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PrefaceProgram Preparation Tools is
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Chapter 1An OverviewII-1
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Pascal FilesA file is defined as a
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There are two parts to a workfile:
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o On the 128K Pascal system, the sp
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The Command LevelYou reach the Comm
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Figure 2-1. The Command LevelComman
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CompileTyping c while at the Comman
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InitializeTyping 1 from the Command
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Commands Usable at All LevelsCertai
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Chapter 3The FilerII-21
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Bad-blocksExamineTests a disk to se
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B I~ XBad-blocks ExamineThe Filer s
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To erase your response to a Filer p
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Standard Volume Names and NumbersTa
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emoved from the filename. You shoul
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filename that may not be ignored. T
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You may use only one wildcard in a
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A system with two 5~-inch disk driv
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You can list any portion of a direc
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APPLEr.l:SYSTEM.PASCALSYSTEM.MI SC
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When you press RETURN, the system c
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You can use wildcards with the Tran
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The display clears, and then the fo
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One Disk DriveOm:H:>rive NoteTo cop
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Prompt: Remove what file ?Response:
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as replacement strings) given in th
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You do not need to put a volume on
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ZeroThe Zero command "erases" a spe
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QuitThe Quit command, which is invo
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Observing filename conventions, you
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One-Drive MethodOn one-drive system
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If there is already a workfile SYST
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If you see that one of your disks c
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An N response to this prompt return
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-Filename ConventionsVolume name wi
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IntroductionThe Pascal Editor helps
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4. If you are editing a program, yo
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Editing With a 31/2-lnch Disk Drive
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As you have already learned if you
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Starting a New FileIf a workfile is
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For example, if the cursor is on th
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Apple II or II PlusIt is legal to i
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To leave the Editor, press G for Qu
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Notice that not all commands affect
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Cursor MovesYou can use repeat-fact
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Figure 4-3. The EditorCommandEditor
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Insert-The Insert command allows yo
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and Filling to True. For example, t
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.A Warning The automatic remarginin
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The Editor remembers where the curs
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This leaves you with something like
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To c0py the text, typeMYDISK:SUPERM
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ExchangeYou use the Exchange comman
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After you press the SPACE bar, the
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ExampleSuppose you have Token searc
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DirectionThe Replace command operat
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Same-String OptionIf you type s in
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Jump-The Jump command moves the cur
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After you have typed CONTROL-C to a
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Set EnvironmentThe Editor lets you
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40=Column !DisplaysFilling should g
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the right place in the string) and
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When you operate a skateboard in ex
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Quit-You use the Quit command to ex
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WriteThe Write command saves the fi
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Special Commands SummaryYou will fi
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Chapter 5The CompilerIl-137
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Two 51/.oi·lnch Disk DrivesOne 51/
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If there is no text workfile, you w
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The period at the end prevents the
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o Pressing the SPACE bar instructs
Page 219 and 220: Execution Error MessagesThe informa
Page 221 and 222: Default option: {$1-}{$1 filename}
Page 223 and 224: The "Range Check" OptionThis option
Page 225 and 226: The { $N +} option should be placed
Page 227: The "User Program" OptionThis optio
Page 230 and 231: IntroductionEven if you write most
Page 232 and 233: If you attempt to assemble without
Page 234 and 235: After the source and object files f
Page 236 and 237: This is similar to the choice that
Page 238 and 239: First, use the Filer's New command
Page 240 and 241: The Assembly ListingAfter you have
Page 242 and 243: 01HlllllCurrent memory available:0
Page 244 and 245: ADRSPUSHPAGE -AB l!HHJ 41 ALOOPMC -
Page 246 and 247: If you have a printer connected to
Page 248 and 249: The statements making up the body o
Page 250 and 251: local LabelsA local label has a dol
Page 252 and 253: An at sign(@) before an expression
Page 254 and 255: PAGE - 1 TEMP1 FILE:lllllll01Curren
Page 256 and 257: ConventionsWhen you write assembly-
Page 258 and 259: parameter names are given. For exam
Page 260 and 261: Example:TEMP .BYTE 4The associated
Page 262 and 263: .ABSOLUTEThis directive forces the
Page 264 and 265: Example:.MACRO HELPSTA %1LDA %2.END
Page 266 and 267: LDAill formed operandECdit,,[ SPACE
Page 268 and 269: name in both the program and the ro
Page 272 and 273: .LIST and .NOLISTThese two directiv
Page 274 and 275: File Directive.INCLUDECauses the sp
Page 276 and 277: Data Directives[label].ASCII""Inser
Page 279 and 280: Chapter 7The LinkerIl-207
Page 281 and 282: Linking Using the link CommandYou i
Page 283 and 284: If you press RETURN in response to
Page 285 and 286: linking Using the Run CommandIf the
Page 287 and 288: Chapter 8The LibrarianII-215
Page 289 and 290: Librarian, that are invoked by the
Page 291 and 292: The Input FilesThe Librarian now di
Page 293 and 294: lJ Slot to copy into?2 Slot to copy
Page 295 and 296: Copyright Notice Lost: The Libraria
Page 297 and 298: If the file you specify is not a co
Page 299 and 300: enter library name: #S:samplelist l
Page 301 and 302: Chapter 9Utility Programs11-229
Page 303 and 304: Two 51/4-lnch DrivesOne 51/4-lnch D
Page 305 and 306: Using an Ex:temal TerminalThe Apple
Page 307 and 308: Vertical Move DelayValue: The numbe
Page 309 and 310: Key to Delete LinePressing Line Del
Page 311 and 312: Parameter Field NameERASE TO END OF
Page 313 and 314: Reconfiguring the SystemTo use an e
Page 315 and 316: Changing GOTOXY CommunicationThe GO
Page 317 and 318: The screen will showAPPLE GOTOXY BI
Page 319 and 320: Using the Linefeed UtilityFrom the
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If you respond by typing v for Yes,
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This appendix contains summaries of
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LinkSwapExecuteRunUser restartIniti
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Volume CommandsVolumesList-director
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Editor Command SummarySpecial Comma
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ExchangeReplaceReplaces the charact
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Appendix 2BSystem FilesII-263
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CommandLinkExecuteRunFiles Needed65
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Filename Contents of File Use of Fi
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APPLE3:lPASCAL:SYSTEM.APPLE 32 Cont
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A Complex Sample ProgramThis append
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Figure 2C-l. Creating a Complex Pro
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The Regular UnitUse the Editor to c
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PROCEDURE INTRINUPROC;BEGINWRITELNC
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;As you will see,. CONST LENGTH.PUB
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cPutting the Pieces TogetherThis se
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LLink what host codefile? MAINOpeni
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Appendix 2DMaking a Turnkey DiskII-
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Appendix 2EMaking and Using Exec Fi
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Terminator Characters: The terminat
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.& Warningis actually sent to the p
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Appendix2FDemonstration Programs11-
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What follows is a description of ho
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Assuming that the ROT ATE procedure
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The outer REPEAT first calls MAKETR
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position in the CORNER variable for
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If you wish to modify, compile, and
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1. Starting at the root node, FLIPP
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Program CROSSREF contains examples
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On completion of the design, the pr
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If you type N for No, you will agai
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Appendix 2GPascal 1/0 Device Volume
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Appendix 2HError Messages11-317
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ErrorNumberError Message10 I/O erro
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ErrorNumberError Message9 Identifie
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Compiler Error MessagesWhen the Pas
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ErrorNumberError Message123 Missing
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ErrorNumberError Message202 String
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Part IIILanguage Manual
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Block Syntax 13Declarations 14Const
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CHAPTER5Dynamic VariablesUsing Dyna
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CHAPTER7Program ControlsRepetition
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Character File I/O Operations 173IN
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Library Name Files 231Making a Libr
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Program Chaining 275The SETCHAIN Pr
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Procedure Call 305File Type 305REWR
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The RESET Macro 335The SWITCH Macro
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CHAPTER5Dynamic VariablesPointer Ty
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Value Specifier Syntax 17 4READ Pro
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CONCAT Function 300FOR Statement 30
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PrefaceThis part of the Apple II Pa
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Supporting these chapters are sever
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Apple II Pascal 1.3 is a version of
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Pascal Versus BASICIf you are a BAS
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Chapter 2Program StructureIll-7
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The program block contains a single
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o Identifiers are the names of such
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Pascal SyntaxPascal has its own syn
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string or an array or some other ty
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A More Complex ExampleHere is anoth
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esult is called a compound statemen
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Here are the rules for composing yo
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CommentsGood programming practice i
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Chapter 3Simple Data TypesIll-25
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New data types are created by the t
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String and CHAR constants may not c
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The INTEGER TypeIntegers are whole
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A Technical Note: Pascal often sets
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This declaration creates the new da
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Chapter4Structured Data TypesIIl-37
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declare a longer maximum. In both c
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Here are some examples:TYPE ALPHANU
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The ARRAY TypeA Pascal array is an
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We could now make the following arr
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You can manipulate the elements of
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o Each corresponding dimension must
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The syntax for writing the field li
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Information A bout the Example: Thi
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o The limits on the number and type
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These are the rules by which Pascal
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ecord variable of CHECKBOOK as CHEC
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Chapter 5Dynamic Variableslll-61
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Here is an example of this process
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o The base type may be an identifie
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o Don't try to change the variant,
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MARK and RELEASE are used in pairs.
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Chapter 6Operations on DataIII-71
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By combining these elements, you ca
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Each kind of factor has its own syn
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AssignmentsThe assignment statement
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Arithmetic OperationsApple Pascal p
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single-character operators, DIV mus
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ABS CROUND CX/Y))ABS C2-X>The ABS f
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Random Number Fum::tionsApple Pasca
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FUN CT ION RAND2 : INTEGER;VAR MAX,
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o Two records of congruent type may
Page 521 and 522:
Be Careful: CHR does not check to s
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The SCAN FunctionThis function scan
Page 525 and 526:
Your use of MOVELEFT or MOVERIGHT m
Page 527 and 528:
The CONCAT FunctionCONCAT accepts a
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VARS : STRIHGC1l;o With COPY, INSER
Page 531 and 532:
Bit Interpretation of Scalar TypesE
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.' Bit Logic ExamplesHere are some
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This is because Pascal tries to int
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Chapter 7Program ControlsIII-107
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Repetition StatementsPascal provide
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Observe these rules and cautions wh
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Here is an example of a REPEAT stat
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Here are are two examples of IF sta
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The above statement can be clarifie
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It accomplishes the same job as the
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Here is an example of a GOTO statem
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The EXIT procedure is seldom essent
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Procedures and functions are the su
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In both cases, the parameter list i
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Special Note About Long Integers: T
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PROCEDURE ALPHA CHI, LO REAL; FACTO
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Here are the rules governing the re
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o The real variable METAL declared
Page 568 and 569:
After you have written its heading
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Chapter 9Assembly-Language Routines
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EXTERNAL Procedures and FunctionsPR
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The evaluation stack may have alrea
Page 577 and 578:
To summarize, the structure of the
Page 579 and 580:
If your routine has accomplished ai
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An ExampleThe following sample, del
Page 583:
sample procedure for Pascal, declar
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Apple Pascal provides a variety of
Page 588 and 589:
File VariablesUnlike most other var
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External FilesThere are three categ
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Pascal types volume numbers, volume
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although it permits inputs as well.
Page 596 and 597:
Be Careful: Using RESET with a file
Page 598 and 599:
o If a file has any records in it,
Page 600 and 601:
In particular, disk drives usually
Page 602 and 603:
Here is a sample use of SEEK:SEEK C
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until a character was typed. With t
Page 606 and 607:
Certain specific rules apply to the
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o READ with a CHAR variable reads o
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o Except when READLN is used with a
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BLOCKREAD transfers data from an ex
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Both procedures are written with th
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Type "B" character checking: CONTRO
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When UNITSTATUS is called, it may a
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o SHIFT is TRUE if the oldest chara
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WHILE NOT keypress DD { reiterate u
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Chapter 11Screen GraphicsIII-195
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o DRA WBLOCK is a complex and power
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o If the graphic image has never be
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PENCOLOR and FILLSCREENTo set the c
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TURTLEX, TURTLEY, TURTLEANG, and SC
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ModeAction0 Fills area of screen wi
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If CHARTYPE is not called, the defa
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Chapter 12Program Units111-209
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You can list any number of units af
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The process of compiling an Intrins
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64K Note: When compiling Program Un
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consists of the word INTERFACE foll
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preceded by the procedure or functi
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IMPLEMENTATION{A private procedure
Page 653 and 654:
Changing Units and Host ProgramsOne
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Chapter 13LibrariesIII-225
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o You can create a Program Library
Page 659 and 660:
SYSTEM.LIBRARYSYSTEM.LIBRARY is the
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library Name FilesA Library Name Fi
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Using One library File With Two Pro
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Using Seve1ral Library Files With S
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program. It directs the Compiler to
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Chapter 14Compiler OptionsIII-239
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Finally, you can insert a space cha
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Chapter 15Large Program ManagementI
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The Compiler might fail to process
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o Use MARK and RELEASE to optimize
Page 679 and 680:
When an Intrinsic Unit is compiled,
Page 681 and 682:
Remember: If your program has any s
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Loading of SEGMENT Procedures and F
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PROGRAM THREE;USES BIGUHIT;SEGMEHT
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swapping is obviously undesirable,
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This chapter rounds out the Apple P
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o You can write assembly-language E
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Here is the source text for the 650
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Program Unit Required! The Program
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VAR UpKey : CHAR;DownKey : CHAR;PRO
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Setting the High Character BitOn Ap
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The CR character is used in files o
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After READ with a CHAR variable and
Page 706 and 707:
Program chaining is accomplished by
Page 708 and 709:
SWAPON, SWAPGPON, and SWAPOFF¥¥¥
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Using SETCV AL and GETCV AL, you ca
Page 712 and 713:
Here is a typical process for creat
Page 714 and 715:
The following sample procedure assu
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VARLoop,WordsinArray,BytesCalcBuffe
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FUNCTION BRANCH CH : INTEGER> PTR;V
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Identifierletterletterdigitundersco
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String TypeSTRING-~-----------.....
Page 724 and 725:
Record Type Variant Parttagidentifi
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Expressionsimpleexpression___ __, .
Page 728 and 729:
Factorunsignedconstantvariablerefer
Page 730 and 731:
Variable Referencevariableidentifie
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IF Statementexpresssion statement s
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Function Definitionnewidentifier1--
Page 736 and 737:
RESET Procedurefileidentifierstring
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READ ProcedurefileidentifierREADLN
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Program Unit CompilationProgram Uni
Page 742 and 743:
Implementation SectionIMPLEMENTATIO
Page 744 and 745:
This appendix contains further deta
Page 746 and 747:
Underflow,.The underflow exception
Page 748 and 749:
This section describes how real val
Page 751 and 752:
Appendix 3CMemory Allocations for D
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ecord tag fields given an identifie
Page 755 and 756:
Note that the array declarationsPAC
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Pascal stores ordinary (not packed)
Page 759 and 760:
Appendix 3DUseful Assembly-Language
Page 761 and 762:
The RMVBIAS MacroThis macro removes
Page 763 and 764:
.ELSE. IFSTX.ELSE. IFSTY.EHDC. ENDC
Page 765 and 766:
yte = The address of the byte whose
Page 767 and 768:
count = The number of bytes to move
Page 769 and 770:
The NOTBITBR MacroThis macro is the
Page 771 and 772:
Appendix 3ESummary of 6502 OpcodesI
Page 773 and 774:
6502 Microprocessor InstructionsADC
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Instruction CodesAmmblyNa ma Operal
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Auembly HEXNa ma Operation Addr..,l
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Ammbly HEXNam11 Opmllon Addressing
Page 781 and 782:
Hex Operation Codes00- BAK01 - ORA
Page 783 and 784:
Appendix3FTablesIII-353
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Reserved Words and Predeclared Iden
Page 787 and 788:
Table F-2C. Identifiers Declared in
Page 789:
Summary of Size limitsTable F-4. Su
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ContentsFigures and TablesviiPREFAC
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CHAPTER4The P-Machine Instruction S
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APPENDIX4AMemory Maps64K System Mem
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Figure 3-5The Order of Local Variab
Page 803 and 804:
Chapter 1The Pascal EnvironmentIV-I
Page 805 and 806:
Figure 1-1. The Pascal 64K SystemlE
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Figure 1-3. The Pascal 128K System:
Page 809 and 810:
Main Memory PointersNP points to th
Page 811 and 812:
Table 1-1. Version Flags Set at Loc
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.INTERP+4Address of the location th
Page 815 and 816:
Chapter 2Disk FilesIV-13
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{First, some general declarations r
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GET, READ, and READLN convert DLE-b
Page 821 and 822:
Figure 2-2. A Typical Codefilehigh
Page 823 and 824:
Segments are not nested in codefile
Page 825 and 826:
RECORDDISKINFO: ARRAY[0 .. 15l OFRE
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By the Way: Figure 2-4 shows lower
Page 829 and 830:
o Bit 12 of the SEG INFO word is un
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Figure 2-5. Construction of Interfa
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Figure 2-6. The Code Part of a Code
Page 835 and 836:
Figure 2-7. A Typical Procedurehigh
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o PARAMETER SIZE: This field specif
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Relocation TablesA relocation table
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LITYPES = CEOFMARK, UNITREF, GLOBRE
Page 843 and 844:
ICOFFSET field specifies the locati
Page 845:
Procedure and Function Linker Infor
Page 848 and 849:
The previous chapter discussed the
Page 850 and 851:
o BASE: BASE procedure pointer. Thi
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were part of the Pascal system glob
Page 854 and 855:
activation records; data segments d
Page 856 and 857:
A procedure call causes the operati
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Chapter4The P-Machine Instruction S
Page 861 and 862:
Formats of Variables on the StackVa
Page 863 and 864:
the structure when padded. Before s
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localSLDL_l 216 Short load local wo
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Byte A.rray HandlingLDB 190STB 191L
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LPA 208LDP 186STP 187UB,Load a pack
Page 871 and 872:
Noninteger ComparisonsThe next six
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LNOT 147 Logical NOT. Push the one'
Page 875 and 876:
XJPI72WI,W2, ,W3Case jump. WI is w
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EXIT 158 4 Exit from procedure. tos
Page 879 and 880:
DecimalOpcode Mnemonic Full Name Lo
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DecimalOpcode Mnemonic Full Name Lo
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64K System MemorylExternal Language
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128K System Auxiliary MemoryAuxilia
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Blocks in a Code Segmenthigh disk a
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Segment Dictionarylow disk addresse
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Code Part of a Code Segment~.r--'-"
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6502 Procedure Attribute Tablebaser
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Program Stackhigh memory addressesS
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Activation Recordhigh memory addres
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ContentsBibliographyReference Books
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General Pascal TextbooksClancy, Mic
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Glossaryactivation: The execution o
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cold start: A startup procedurethat
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file: See disk file, external file,
Page 913 and 914:
length attribute: The part of along
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POINTERLIST: A list of pointersin L
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segment table: A section of thehigh
Page 919:
USES declaration: The part of aPasc
Page 922 and 923:
o 48K Runtime System (Version 1.2 o
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IndexCast of Characters*(asterisk)
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ooleansassignment statements and II
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DDATA III-215data directives II-187
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Execute command, from Commandlevel
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GPWROFTEN III-83RANDOM III-85ROUND
Page 935 and 936:
Link command, from Command levelII-
Page 937 and 938:
0ODD function III-90OF III-117-118o
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parameters for III-130PENCOLOR III-
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Replace command ll-113-117delimiter
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storageof arrays III-328of booleans
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UNLINKED-INTRINS IV-26unsignedconst
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Apple Computer, Inc.20525 Mariani A
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