apple-pascal-1.3-manual

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;As you will see,. CONST LENGTH.PUBLIC I. PRIVATE PRETusing these requires the utmost care!;All 3 of these are in the global data segment;of MAIN, only PRET is not accessible by MAIN .ZIZRET. EQU.EQUil2MOVA DRMDVADRLDYPLASTAINVPLASTADEYI I, ZlRET,ZRET@ZRET,Y@ZRET,Y;Use macro MOVADR to;move global addresses into zero page;Store return address in private global area.;Low byte.;High byte.; IfSECPLATAXSBCINVPLASTASBCBCCINT is >= LENGTH then store it inLENTMPLEN+1RETURN;Low byte of INT; I NT - LENGTH;High byte of INT;Branch if INT < LENGTH;StoreDEYTXASTALDAINVSTAINT in I@ZI, YTMP@ZI, Y;Low byte;High byteRETURNLDAPHADEYLDAPHARTS@ZRET,Y@ZRET,Y;High byte.;Low byte.II-280Appendix 2C: Overview of Program Preparation Stages
TMPLENI IRET.BYTE.WORD.WORD.WORD.FUNCeLENGTHIPRETMULT2,1;FUNCTION MULT2CINT:INTEGER>:INTEGER; EXTERNAL;PLASTAPLASTAPLAPLAPLAPLAPLAASLTAXPLAROLPHATXAPHALDAPHALDAPHARTSRETRET+1AARET+1RET;Store return address;Pull 4 bytes Function;filler off stack;Low byte of INT;Low byte times 2 and;high bit into carry.;High byte times 2 with;low bit from carry.;Push result. No check;for overflow.;Push return and go;back to caller.RET.WORD.PROCDONOTHINGRTS.END;This is a simple one just to show that;Intrinsic Units can have EXTERNAL procs too!The Assembly-Language RoutinesII-281
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Apple Apple II Pascal 1.3•,_
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Apple II Pascal 1.3
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your system. To be sure that your s
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How to Read This ManualHardware Not
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Part IGetting Started
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System Notes 18Using a 40-Column Vi
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PrefacePart I describes the steps y
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To provide a focus for discussion i
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Enhanced lieIf you have an enhanced
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If you are not going to use your Pr
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Using a Pascal-Formatted ProFileYou
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Other llc'sIf you have an Apple Ile
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How Pascal Assigns Volume NumbersA
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Using System PromptsAs soon as you
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Make Backups of Your System DisksWe
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A Warning.&.Warning6. Note that bot
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The 128K and 64K Pascal Systems Com
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o The TAB key is absent, which mean
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If you have an Apple II or II Plus
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Once you transfer the system files,
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If you are using an SO-column displ
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II Plus users have made the require
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APPLE3:SYSTEM.APPLEFORMATTER.CODEFO
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ContentsFigures and TablesxviiPREFA
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Moving Files 41Transfer 41Copying a
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The Editor Commands 93Insert 96Text
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CHAPTER5The CompilerIntroduction 13
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Local Labels 178Constants 179Locati
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CHAPTER 7The LinkerIntroduction 208
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APPENDIX2ACommand SummariesAll Leve
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APPENDIX2FDemonstration ProgramsInt
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PrefaceProgram Preparation Tools is
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Chapter 1An OverviewII-1
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Pascal FilesA file is defined as a
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There are two parts to a workfile:
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o On the 128K Pascal system, the sp
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The Command LevelYou reach the Comm
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Figure 2-1. The Command LevelComman
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CompileTyping c while at the Comman
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InitializeTyping 1 from the Command
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Commands Usable at All LevelsCertai
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Chapter 3The FilerII-21
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Bad-blocksExamineTests a disk to se
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B I~ XBad-blocks ExamineThe Filer s
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To erase your response to a Filer p
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Standard Volume Names and NumbersTa
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emoved from the filename. You shoul
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filename that may not be ignored. T
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You may use only one wildcard in a
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A system with two 5~-inch disk driv
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You can list any portion of a direc
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APPLEr.l:SYSTEM.PASCALSYSTEM.MI SC
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When you press RETURN, the system c
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You can use wildcards with the Tran
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The display clears, and then the fo
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One Disk DriveOm:H:>rive NoteTo cop
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Prompt: Remove what file ?Response:
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as replacement strings) given in th
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You do not need to put a volume on
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ZeroThe Zero command "erases" a spe
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QuitThe Quit command, which is invo
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Observing filename conventions, you
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One-Drive MethodOn one-drive system
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If there is already a workfile SYST
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If you see that one of your disks c
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An N response to this prompt return
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-Filename ConventionsVolume name wi
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IntroductionThe Pascal Editor helps
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4. If you are editing a program, yo
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Editing With a 31/2-lnch Disk Drive
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As you have already learned if you
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Starting a New FileIf a workfile is
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For example, if the cursor is on th
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Apple II or II PlusIt is legal to i
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To leave the Editor, press G for Qu
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Notice that not all commands affect
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Cursor MovesYou can use repeat-fact
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Figure 4-3. The EditorCommandEditor
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Insert-The Insert command allows yo
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and Filling to True. For example, t
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.A Warning The automatic remarginin
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The Editor remembers where the curs
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This leaves you with something like
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To c0py the text, typeMYDISK:SUPERM
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ExchangeYou use the Exchange comman
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After you press the SPACE bar, the
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ExampleSuppose you have Token searc
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DirectionThe Replace command operat
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Same-String OptionIf you type s in
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Jump-The Jump command moves the cur
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After you have typed CONTROL-C to a
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Set EnvironmentThe Editor lets you
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40=Column !DisplaysFilling should g
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the right place in the string) and
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When you operate a skateboard in ex
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Quit-You use the Quit command to ex
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WriteThe Write command saves the fi
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Special Commands SummaryYou will fi
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Chapter 5The CompilerIl-137
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Two 51/.oi·lnch Disk DrivesOne 51/
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If there is no text workfile, you w
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The period at the end prevents the
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o Pressing the SPACE bar instructs
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Execution Error MessagesThe informa
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Default option: {$1-}{$1 filename}
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The "Range Check" OptionThis option
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The { $N +} option should be placed
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The "User Program" OptionThis optio
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IntroductionEven if you write most
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If you attempt to assemble without
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After the source and object files f
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This is similar to the choice that
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First, use the Filer's New command
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The Assembly ListingAfter you have
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01HlllllCurrent memory available:0
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ADRSPUSHPAGE -AB l!HHJ 41 ALOOPMC -
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If you have a printer connected to
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The statements making up the body o
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local LabelsA local label has a dol
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An at sign(@) before an expression
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PAGE - 1 TEMP1 FILE:lllllll01Curren
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ConventionsWhen you write assembly-
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parameter names are given. For exam
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Example:TEMP .BYTE 4The associated
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.ABSOLUTEThis directive forces the
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Example:.MACRO HELPSTA %1LDA %2.END
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LDAill formed operandECdit,,[ SPACE
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name in both the program and the ro
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The use of the .DEF and .REF direct
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.LIST and .NOLISTThese two directiv
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File Directive.INCLUDECauses the sp
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Data Directives[label].ASCII""Inser
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Chapter 7The LinkerIl-207
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Linking Using the link CommandYou i
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If you press RETURN in response to
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linking Using the Run CommandIf the
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Chapter 8The LibrarianII-215
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Librarian, that are invoked by the
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The Input FilesThe Librarian now di
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lJ Slot to copy into?2 Slot to copy
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Copyright Notice Lost: The Libraria
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If the file you specify is not a co
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enter library name: #S:samplelist l
Page 301 and 302: Chapter 9Utility Programs11-229
Page 303 and 304: Two 51/4-lnch DrivesOne 51/4-lnch D
Page 305 and 306: Using an Ex:temal TerminalThe Apple
Page 307 and 308: Vertical Move DelayValue: The numbe
Page 309 and 310: Key to Delete LinePressing Line Del
Page 311 and 312: Parameter Field NameERASE TO END OF
Page 313 and 314: Reconfiguring the SystemTo use an e
Page 315 and 316: Changing GOTOXY CommunicationThe GO
Page 317 and 318: The screen will showAPPLE GOTOXY BI
Page 319 and 320: Using the Linefeed UtilityFrom the
Page 321: If you respond by typing v for Yes,
Page 324 and 325: This appendix contains summaries of
Page 326 and 327: LinkSwapExecuteRunUser restartIniti
Page 328 and 329: Volume CommandsVolumesList-director
Page 330 and 331: Editor Command SummarySpecial Comma
Page 332 and 333: ExchangeReplaceReplaces the charact
Page 335 and 336: Appendix 2BSystem FilesII-263
Page 337 and 338: CommandLinkExecuteRunFiles Needed65
Page 339 and 340: Filename Contents of File Use of Fi
Page 341: APPLE3:lPASCAL:SYSTEM.APPLE 32 Cont
Page 344 and 345: A Complex Sample ProgramThis append
Page 346 and 347: Figure 2C-l. Creating a Complex Pro
Page 348 and 349: The Regular UnitUse the Editor to c
Page 350 and 351: PROCEDURE INTRINUPROC;BEGINWRITELNC
Page 354 and 355: cPutting the Pieces TogetherThis se
Page 356 and 357: LLink what host codefile? MAINOpeni
Page 359 and 360: Appendix 2DMaking a Turnkey DiskII-
Page 361 and 362: Appendix 2EMaking and Using Exec Fi
Page 363 and 364: Terminator Characters: The terminat
Page 365 and 366: .& Warningis actually sent to the p
Page 367 and 368: Appendix2FDemonstration Programs11-
Page 369 and 370: What follows is a description of ho
Page 371 and 372: Assuming that the ROT ATE procedure
Page 373 and 374: The outer REPEAT first calls MAKETR
Page 375 and 376: position in the CORNER variable for
Page 377 and 378: If you wish to modify, compile, and
Page 379 and 380: 1. Starting at the root node, FLIPP
Page 381 and 382: Program CROSSREF contains examples
Page 383 and 384: On completion of the design, the pr
Page 385 and 386: If you type N for No, you will agai
Page 387 and 388: Appendix 2GPascal 1/0 Device Volume
Page 389 and 390: Appendix 2HError Messages11-317
Page 391 and 392: ErrorNumberError Message10 I/O erro
Page 393 and 394: ErrorNumberError Message9 Identifie
Page 395 and 396: Compiler Error MessagesWhen the Pas
Page 397 and 398: ErrorNumberError Message123 Missing
Page 399 and 400: ErrorNumberError Message202 String
Page 403 and 404:
Part IIILanguage Manual
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Block Syntax 13Declarations 14Const
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CHAPTER5Dynamic VariablesUsing Dyna
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CHAPTER7Program ControlsRepetition
Page 411 and 412:
Character File I/O Operations 173IN
Page 413 and 414:
Library Name Files 231Making a Libr
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Program Chaining 275The SETCHAIN Pr
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Procedure Call 305File Type 305REWR
Page 419 and 420:
The RESET Macro 335The SWITCH Macro
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CHAPTER5Dynamic VariablesPointer Ty
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Value Specifier Syntax 17 4READ Pro
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CONCAT Function 300FOR Statement 30
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PrefaceThis part of the Apple II Pa
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Supporting these chapters are sever
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Apple II Pascal 1.3 is a version of
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Pascal Versus BASICIf you are a BAS
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Chapter 2Program StructureIll-7
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The program block contains a single
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o Identifiers are the names of such
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Pascal SyntaxPascal has its own syn
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string or an array or some other ty
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A More Complex ExampleHere is anoth
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esult is called a compound statemen
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Here are the rules for composing yo
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CommentsGood programming practice i
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Chapter 3Simple Data TypesIll-25
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New data types are created by the t
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String and CHAR constants may not c
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The INTEGER TypeIntegers are whole
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A Technical Note: Pascal often sets
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This declaration creates the new da
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Chapter4Structured Data TypesIIl-37
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declare a longer maximum. In both c
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Here are some examples:TYPE ALPHANU
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The ARRAY TypeA Pascal array is an
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We could now make the following arr
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You can manipulate the elements of
Page 479 and 480:
o Each corresponding dimension must
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The syntax for writing the field li
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Information A bout the Example: Thi
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o The limits on the number and type
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These are the rules by which Pascal
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ecord variable of CHECKBOOK as CHEC
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Chapter 5Dynamic Variableslll-61
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Here is an example of this process
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o The base type may be an identifie
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o Don't try to change the variant,
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MARK and RELEASE are used in pairs.
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Chapter 6Operations on DataIII-71
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By combining these elements, you ca
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Each kind of factor has its own syn
Page 507 and 508:
AssignmentsThe assignment statement
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Arithmetic OperationsApple Pascal p
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single-character operators, DIV mus
Page 513 and 514:
ABS CROUND CX/Y))ABS C2-X>The ABS f
Page 515 and 516:
Random Number Fum::tionsApple Pasca
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FUN CT ION RAND2 : INTEGER;VAR MAX,
Page 519 and 520:
o Two records of congruent type may
Page 521 and 522:
Be Careful: CHR does not check to s
Page 523 and 524:
The SCAN FunctionThis function scan
Page 525 and 526:
Your use of MOVELEFT or MOVERIGHT m
Page 527 and 528:
The CONCAT FunctionCONCAT accepts a
Page 529 and 530:
VARS : STRIHGC1l;o With COPY, INSER
Page 531 and 532:
Bit Interpretation of Scalar TypesE
Page 533 and 534:
.' Bit Logic ExamplesHere are some
Page 535 and 536:
This is because Pascal tries to int
Page 537 and 538:
Chapter 7Program ControlsIII-107
Page 539 and 540:
Repetition StatementsPascal provide
Page 541 and 542:
Observe these rules and cautions wh
Page 543 and 544:
Here is an example of a REPEAT stat
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Here are are two examples of IF sta
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The above statement can be clarifie
Page 549 and 550:
It accomplishes the same job as the
Page 551 and 552:
Here is an example of a GOTO statem
Page 553:
The EXIT procedure is seldom essent
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Procedures and functions are the su
Page 558 and 559:
In both cases, the parameter list i
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Special Note About Long Integers: T
Page 562 and 563:
PROCEDURE ALPHA CHI, LO REAL; FACTO
Page 564 and 565:
Here are the rules governing the re
Page 566 and 567:
o The real variable METAL declared
Page 568 and 569:
After you have written its heading
Page 571 and 572:
Chapter 9Assembly-Language Routines
Page 573 and 574:
EXTERNAL Procedures and FunctionsPR
Page 575 and 576:
The evaluation stack may have alrea
Page 577 and 578:
To summarize, the structure of the
Page 579 and 580:
If your routine has accomplished ai
Page 581 and 582:
An ExampleThe following sample, del
Page 583:
sample procedure for Pascal, declar
Page 586 and 587:
Apple Pascal provides a variety of
Page 588 and 589:
File VariablesUnlike most other var
Page 590 and 591:
External FilesThere are three categ
Page 592 and 593:
Pascal types volume numbers, volume
Page 594 and 595:
although it permits inputs as well.
Page 596 and 597:
Be Careful: Using RESET with a file
Page 598 and 599:
o If a file has any records in it,
Page 600 and 601:
In particular, disk drives usually
Page 602 and 603:
Here is a sample use of SEEK:SEEK C
Page 604 and 605:
until a character was typed. With t
Page 606 and 607:
Certain specific rules apply to the
Page 608 and 609:
o READ with a CHAR variable reads o
Page 610 and 611:
o Except when READLN is used with a
Page 612 and 613:
BLOCKREAD transfers data from an ex
Page 614 and 615:
Both procedures are written with th
Page 616 and 617:
Type "B" character checking: CONTRO
Page 618 and 619:
When UNITSTATUS is called, it may a
Page 620 and 621:
o SHIFT is TRUE if the oldest chara
Page 622 and 623:
WHILE NOT keypress DD { reiterate u
Page 625 and 626:
Chapter 11Screen GraphicsIII-195
Page 627 and 628:
o DRA WBLOCK is a complex and power
Page 629 and 630:
o If the graphic image has never be
Page 631 and 632:
PENCOLOR and FILLSCREENTo set the c
Page 633 and 634:
TURTLEX, TURTLEY, TURTLEANG, and SC
Page 635 and 636:
ModeAction0 Fills area of screen wi
Page 637 and 638:
If CHARTYPE is not called, the defa
Page 639 and 640:
Chapter 12Program Units111-209
Page 641 and 642:
You can list any number of units af
Page 643 and 644:
The process of compiling an Intrins
Page 645 and 646:
64K Note: When compiling Program Un
Page 647 and 648:
consists of the word INTERFACE foll
Page 649 and 650:
preceded by the procedure or functi
Page 651 and 652:
IMPLEMENTATION{A private procedure
Page 653 and 654:
Changing Units and Host ProgramsOne
Page 655 and 656:
Chapter 13LibrariesIII-225
Page 657 and 658:
o You can create a Program Library
Page 659 and 660:
SYSTEM.LIBRARYSYSTEM.LIBRARY is the
Page 661 and 662:
library Name FilesA Library Name Fi
Page 663 and 664:
Using One library File With Two Pro
Page 665 and 666:
Using Seve1ral Library Files With S
Page 667 and 668:
program. It directs the Compiler to
Page 669 and 670:
Chapter 14Compiler OptionsIII-239
Page 671 and 672:
Finally, you can insert a space cha
Page 673 and 674:
Chapter 15Large Program ManagementI
Page 675 and 676:
The Compiler might fail to process
Page 677 and 678:
o Use MARK and RELEASE to optimize
Page 679 and 680:
When an Intrinsic Unit is compiled,
Page 681 and 682:
Remember: If your program has any s
Page 683 and 684:
Loading of SEGMENT Procedures and F
Page 685 and 686:
PROGRAM THREE;USES BIGUHIT;SEGMEHT
Page 687:
swapping is obviously undesirable,
Page 690 and 691:
This chapter rounds out the Apple P
Page 692 and 693:
o You can write assembly-language E
Page 694 and 695:
Here is the source text for the 650
Page 696 and 697:
Program Unit Required! The Program
Page 698 and 699:
VAR UpKey : CHAR;DownKey : CHAR;PRO
Page 700 and 701:
Setting the High Character BitOn Ap
Page 702 and 703:
The CR character is used in files o
Page 704 and 705:
After READ with a CHAR variable and
Page 706 and 707:
Program chaining is accomplished by
Page 708 and 709:
SWAPON, SWAPGPON, and SWAPOFF¥¥¥
Page 710 and 711:
Using SETCV AL and GETCV AL, you ca
Page 712 and 713:
Here is a typical process for creat
Page 714 and 715:
The following sample procedure assu
Page 716 and 717:
VARLoop,WordsinArray,BytesCalcBuffe
Page 718 and 719:
FUNCTION BRANCH CH : INTEGER> PTR;V
Page 720 and 721:
Identifierletterletterdigitundersco
Page 722 and 723:
String TypeSTRING-~-----------.....
Page 724 and 725:
Record Type Variant Parttagidentifi
Page 726 and 727:
Expressionsimpleexpression___ __, .
Page 728 and 729:
Factorunsignedconstantvariablerefer
Page 730 and 731:
Variable Referencevariableidentifie
Page 732 and 733:
IF Statementexpresssion statement s
Page 734 and 735:
Function Definitionnewidentifier1--
Page 736 and 737:
RESET Procedurefileidentifierstring
Page 738 and 739:
READ ProcedurefileidentifierREADLN
Page 740 and 741:
Program Unit CompilationProgram Uni
Page 742 and 743:
Implementation SectionIMPLEMENTATIO
Page 744 and 745:
This appendix contains further deta
Page 746 and 747:
Underflow,.The underflow exception
Page 748 and 749:
This section describes how real val
Page 751 and 752:
Appendix 3CMemory Allocations for D
Page 753 and 754:
ecord tag fields given an identifie
Page 755 and 756:
Note that the array declarationsPAC
Page 757 and 758:
Pascal stores ordinary (not packed)
Page 759 and 760:
Appendix 3DUseful Assembly-Language
Page 761 and 762:
The RMVBIAS MacroThis macro removes
Page 763 and 764:
.ELSE. IFSTX.ELSE. IFSTY.EHDC. ENDC
Page 765 and 766:
yte = The address of the byte whose
Page 767 and 768:
count = The number of bytes to move
Page 769 and 770:
The NOTBITBR MacroThis macro is the
Page 771 and 772:
Appendix 3ESummary of 6502 OpcodesI
Page 773 and 774:
6502 Microprocessor InstructionsADC
Page 775 and 776:
Instruction CodesAmmblyNa ma Operal
Page 777 and 778:
Auembly HEXNa ma Operation Addr..,l
Page 779 and 780:
Ammbly HEXNam11 Opmllon Addressing
Page 781 and 782:
Hex Operation Codes00- BAK01 - ORA
Page 783 and 784:
Appendix3FTablesIII-353
Page 785 and 786:
Reserved Words and Predeclared Iden
Page 787 and 788:
Table F-2C. Identifiers Declared in
Page 789:
Summary of Size limitsTable F-4. Su
Page 794 and 795:
ContentsFigures and TablesviiPREFAC
Page 796 and 797:
CHAPTER4The P-Machine Instruction S
Page 798 and 799:
APPENDIX4AMemory Maps64K System Mem
Page 800 and 801:
Figure 3-5The Order of Local Variab
Page 803 and 804:
Chapter 1The Pascal EnvironmentIV-I
Page 805 and 806:
Figure 1-1. The Pascal 64K SystemlE
Page 807 and 808:
Figure 1-3. The Pascal 128K System:
Page 809 and 810:
Main Memory PointersNP points to th
Page 811 and 812:
Table 1-1. Version Flags Set at Loc
Page 813 and 814:
.INTERP+4Address of the location th
Page 815 and 816:
Chapter 2Disk FilesIV-13
Page 817 and 818:
{First, some general declarations r
Page 819 and 820:
GET, READ, and READLN convert DLE-b
Page 821 and 822:
Figure 2-2. A Typical Codefilehigh
Page 823 and 824:
Segments are not nested in codefile
Page 825 and 826:
RECORDDISKINFO: ARRAY[0 .. 15l OFRE
Page 827 and 828:
By the Way: Figure 2-4 shows lower
Page 829 and 830:
o Bit 12 of the SEG INFO word is un
Page 831 and 832:
Figure 2-5. Construction of Interfa
Page 833 and 834:
Figure 2-6. The Code Part of a Code
Page 835 and 836:
Figure 2-7. A Typical Procedurehigh
Page 837 and 838:
o PARAMETER SIZE: This field specif
Page 839 and 840:
Relocation TablesA relocation table
Page 841 and 842:
LITYPES = CEOFMARK, UNITREF, GLOBRE
Page 843 and 844:
ICOFFSET field specifies the locati
Page 845:
Procedure and Function Linker Infor
Page 848 and 849:
The previous chapter discussed the
Page 850 and 851:
o BASE: BASE procedure pointer. Thi
Page 852 and 853:
were part of the Pascal system glob
Page 854 and 855:
activation records; data segments d
Page 856 and 857:
A procedure call causes the operati
Page 859 and 860:
Chapter4The P-Machine Instruction S
Page 861 and 862:
Formats of Variables on the StackVa
Page 863 and 864:
the structure when padded. Before s
Page 865 and 866:
localSLDL_l 216 Short load local wo
Page 867 and 868:
Byte A.rray HandlingLDB 190STB 191L
Page 869 and 870:
LPA 208LDP 186STP 187UB,Load a pack
Page 871 and 872:
Noninteger ComparisonsThe next six
Page 873 and 874:
LNOT 147 Logical NOT. Push the one'
Page 875 and 876:
XJPI72WI,W2, ,W3Case jump. WI is w
Page 877 and 878:
EXIT 158 4 Exit from procedure. tos
Page 879 and 880:
DecimalOpcode Mnemonic Full Name Lo
Page 881:
DecimalOpcode Mnemonic Full Name Lo
Page 884 and 885:
64K System MemorylExternal Language
Page 886 and 887:
128K System Auxiliary MemoryAuxilia
Page 888 and 889:
Blocks in a Code Segmenthigh disk a
Page 890 and 891:
Segment Dictionarylow disk addresse
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Code Part of a Code Segment~.r--'-"
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6502 Procedure Attribute Tablebaser
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Program Stackhigh memory addressesS
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Activation Recordhigh memory addres
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ContentsBibliographyReference Books
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General Pascal TextbooksClancy, Mic
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Glossaryactivation: The execution o
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cold start: A startup procedurethat
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file: See disk file, external file,
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length attribute: The part of along
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POINTERLIST: A list of pointersin L
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segment table: A section of thehigh
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USES declaration: The part of aPasc
Page 922 and 923:
o 48K Runtime System (Version 1.2 o
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IndexCast of Characters*(asterisk)
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ooleansassignment statements and II
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DDATA III-215data directives II-187
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Execute command, from Commandlevel
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GPWROFTEN III-83RANDOM III-85ROUND
Page 935 and 936:
Link command, from Command levelII-
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0ODD function III-90OF III-117-118o
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parameters for III-130PENCOLOR III-
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Replace command ll-113-117delimiter
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storageof arrays III-328of booleans
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UNLINKED-INTRINS IV-26unsignedconst
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Apple Computer, Inc.20525 Mariani A
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