apple-pascal-1.3-manual

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window, of file II-78-80WITH statement III-58-60, III-294.WORD II-184, II-188, III-150words IV-93WORDSTREAM type II-6, III-49-50workfile(s) II-4-6, II-10clearing II-64-65commands II-59-65, II-257editing with II-75, II-76-77editing without II-75-76, II-77saving II-60status of II-65Update from Editor II-132-133Write, from Editor II-132WRITELN procedure III-17 4-176,III-229, III-248, III-271-275, III-307control characters and III-273one-dimensional arrays and III-48REAL type and III-176WRITE procedure III-17 4-176, III-229,III-248, III-271-275, III-307binary-to-decimal conversion andIII-319control characters and III-273one-dimensional arrays and III-48REAL type and III-176WSTRING procedure III-206creating character sets forIII-207-208xXCOORD,YCOORD II-243XEQERR field IV-50Y,ZZap command II-128-129Zap point II-128-129Zero command II-57V-44Index
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Apple Apple II Pascal 1.3•,_
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Apple II Pascal 1.3
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your system. To be sure that your s
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How to Read This ManualHardware Not
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Part IGetting Started
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System Notes 18Using a 40-Column Vi
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PrefacePart I describes the steps y
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To provide a focus for discussion i
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Enhanced lieIf you have an enhanced
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If you are not going to use your Pr
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Using a Pascal-Formatted ProFileYou
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Other llc'sIf you have an Apple Ile
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How Pascal Assigns Volume NumbersA
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Using System PromptsAs soon as you
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Make Backups of Your System DisksWe
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A Warning.&.Warning6. Note that bot
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The 128K and 64K Pascal Systems Com
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o The TAB key is absent, which mean
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If you have an Apple II or II Plus
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Once you transfer the system files,
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If you are using an SO-column displ
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II Plus users have made the require
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APPLE3:SYSTEM.APPLEFORMATTER.CODEFO
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ContentsFigures and TablesxviiPREFA
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Moving Files 41Transfer 41Copying a
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The Editor Commands 93Insert 96Text
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CHAPTER5The CompilerIntroduction 13
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Local Labels 178Constants 179Locati
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CHAPTER 7The LinkerIntroduction 208
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APPENDIX2ACommand SummariesAll Leve
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APPENDIX2FDemonstration ProgramsInt
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PrefaceProgram Preparation Tools is
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Chapter 1An OverviewII-1
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Pascal FilesA file is defined as a
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There are two parts to a workfile:
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o On the 128K Pascal system, the sp
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The Command LevelYou reach the Comm
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Figure 2-1. The Command LevelComman
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CompileTyping c while at the Comman
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InitializeTyping 1 from the Command
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Commands Usable at All LevelsCertai
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Chapter 3The FilerII-21
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Bad-blocksExamineTests a disk to se
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B I~ XBad-blocks ExamineThe Filer s
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To erase your response to a Filer p
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Standard Volume Names and NumbersTa
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emoved from the filename. You shoul
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filename that may not be ignored. T
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You may use only one wildcard in a
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A system with two 5~-inch disk driv
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You can list any portion of a direc
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APPLEr.l:SYSTEM.PASCALSYSTEM.MI SC
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When you press RETURN, the system c
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You can use wildcards with the Tran
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The display clears, and then the fo
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One Disk DriveOm:H:>rive NoteTo cop
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Prompt: Remove what file ?Response:
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as replacement strings) given in th
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You do not need to put a volume on
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ZeroThe Zero command "erases" a spe
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QuitThe Quit command, which is invo
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Observing filename conventions, you
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One-Drive MethodOn one-drive system
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If there is already a workfile SYST
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If you see that one of your disks c
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An N response to this prompt return
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-Filename ConventionsVolume name wi
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IntroductionThe Pascal Editor helps
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4. If you are editing a program, yo
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Editing With a 31/2-lnch Disk Drive
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As you have already learned if you
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Starting a New FileIf a workfile is
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For example, if the cursor is on th
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Apple II or II PlusIt is legal to i
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To leave the Editor, press G for Qu
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Notice that not all commands affect
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Cursor MovesYou can use repeat-fact
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Figure 4-3. The EditorCommandEditor
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Insert-The Insert command allows yo
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and Filling to True. For example, t
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.A Warning The automatic remarginin
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The Editor remembers where the curs
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This leaves you with something like
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To c0py the text, typeMYDISK:SUPERM
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ExchangeYou use the Exchange comman
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After you press the SPACE bar, the
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ExampleSuppose you have Token searc
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DirectionThe Replace command operat
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Same-String OptionIf you type s in
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Jump-The Jump command moves the cur
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After you have typed CONTROL-C to a
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Set EnvironmentThe Editor lets you
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40=Column !DisplaysFilling should g
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the right place in the string) and
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When you operate a skateboard in ex
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Quit-You use the Quit command to ex
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WriteThe Write command saves the fi
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Special Commands SummaryYou will fi
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Chapter 5The CompilerIl-137
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Two 51/.oi·lnch Disk DrivesOne 51/
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If there is no text workfile, you w
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The period at the end prevents the
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o Pressing the SPACE bar instructs
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Execution Error MessagesThe informa
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Default option: {$1-}{$1 filename}
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The "Range Check" OptionThis option
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The { $N +} option should be placed
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The "User Program" OptionThis optio
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IntroductionEven if you write most
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If you attempt to assemble without
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After the source and object files f
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This is similar to the choice that
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First, use the Filer's New command
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The Assembly ListingAfter you have
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01HlllllCurrent memory available:0
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ADRSPUSHPAGE -AB l!HHJ 41 ALOOPMC -
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If you have a printer connected to
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The statements making up the body o
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local LabelsA local label has a dol
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An at sign(@) before an expression
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PAGE - 1 TEMP1 FILE:lllllll01Curren
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ConventionsWhen you write assembly-
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parameter names are given. For exam
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Example:TEMP .BYTE 4The associated
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.ABSOLUTEThis directive forces the
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Example:.MACRO HELPSTA %1LDA %2.END
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LDAill formed operandECdit,,[ SPACE
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name in both the program and the ro
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The use of the .DEF and .REF direct
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.LIST and .NOLISTThese two directiv
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File Directive.INCLUDECauses the sp
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Data Directives[label].ASCII""Inser
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Chapter 7The LinkerIl-207
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Linking Using the link CommandYou i
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If you press RETURN in response to
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linking Using the Run CommandIf the
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Chapter 8The LibrarianII-215
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Librarian, that are invoked by the
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The Input FilesThe Librarian now di
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lJ Slot to copy into?2 Slot to copy
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Copyright Notice Lost: The Libraria
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If the file you specify is not a co
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enter library name: #S:samplelist l
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Chapter 9Utility Programs11-229
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Two 51/4-lnch DrivesOne 51/4-lnch D
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Using an Ex:temal TerminalThe Apple
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Vertical Move DelayValue: The numbe
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Key to Delete LinePressing Line Del
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Parameter Field NameERASE TO END OF
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Reconfiguring the SystemTo use an e
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Changing GOTOXY CommunicationThe GO
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The screen will showAPPLE GOTOXY BI
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Using the Linefeed UtilityFrom the
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If you respond by typing v for Yes,
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This appendix contains summaries of
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LinkSwapExecuteRunUser restartIniti
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Volume CommandsVolumesList-director
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Editor Command SummarySpecial Comma
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ExchangeReplaceReplaces the charact
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Appendix 2BSystem FilesII-263
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CommandLinkExecuteRunFiles Needed65
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Filename Contents of File Use of Fi
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APPLE3:lPASCAL:SYSTEM.APPLE 32 Cont
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A Complex Sample ProgramThis append
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Figure 2C-l. Creating a Complex Pro
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The Regular UnitUse the Editor to c
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PROCEDURE INTRINUPROC;BEGINWRITELNC
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;As you will see,. CONST LENGTH.PUB
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cPutting the Pieces TogetherThis se
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LLink what host codefile? MAINOpeni
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Appendix 2DMaking a Turnkey DiskII-
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Appendix 2EMaking and Using Exec Fi
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Terminator Characters: The terminat
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.& Warningis actually sent to the p
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Appendix2FDemonstration Programs11-
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What follows is a description of ho
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Assuming that the ROT ATE procedure
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The outer REPEAT first calls MAKETR
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position in the CORNER variable for
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If you wish to modify, compile, and
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1. Starting at the root node, FLIPP
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Program CROSSREF contains examples
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On completion of the design, the pr
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If you type N for No, you will agai
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Appendix 2GPascal 1/0 Device Volume
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Appendix 2HError Messages11-317
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ErrorNumberError Message10 I/O erro
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ErrorNumberError Message9 Identifie
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Compiler Error MessagesWhen the Pas
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ErrorNumberError Message123 Missing
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ErrorNumberError Message202 String
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Part IIILanguage Manual
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Block Syntax 13Declarations 14Const
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CHAPTER5Dynamic VariablesUsing Dyna
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CHAPTER7Program ControlsRepetition
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Character File I/O Operations 173IN
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Library Name Files 231Making a Libr
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Program Chaining 275The SETCHAIN Pr
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Procedure Call 305File Type 305REWR
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The RESET Macro 335The SWITCH Macro
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CHAPTER5Dynamic VariablesPointer Ty
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Value Specifier Syntax 17 4READ Pro
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CONCAT Function 300FOR Statement 30
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PrefaceThis part of the Apple II Pa
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Supporting these chapters are sever
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Apple II Pascal 1.3 is a version of
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Pascal Versus BASICIf you are a BAS
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Chapter 2Program StructureIll-7
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The program block contains a single
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o Identifiers are the names of such
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Pascal SyntaxPascal has its own syn
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string or an array or some other ty
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A More Complex ExampleHere is anoth
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esult is called a compound statemen
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Here are the rules for composing yo
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CommentsGood programming practice i
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Chapter 3Simple Data TypesIll-25
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New data types are created by the t
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String and CHAR constants may not c
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The INTEGER TypeIntegers are whole
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A Technical Note: Pascal often sets
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This declaration creates the new da
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Chapter4Structured Data TypesIIl-37
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declare a longer maximum. In both c
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Here are some examples:TYPE ALPHANU
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The ARRAY TypeA Pascal array is an
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We could now make the following arr
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You can manipulate the elements of
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o Each corresponding dimension must
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The syntax for writing the field li
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Information A bout the Example: Thi
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o The limits on the number and type
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These are the rules by which Pascal
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ecord variable of CHECKBOOK as CHEC
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Chapter 5Dynamic Variableslll-61
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Here is an example of this process
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o The base type may be an identifie
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o Don't try to change the variant,
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MARK and RELEASE are used in pairs.
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Chapter 6Operations on DataIII-71
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By combining these elements, you ca
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Each kind of factor has its own syn
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AssignmentsThe assignment statement
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Arithmetic OperationsApple Pascal p
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single-character operators, DIV mus
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ABS CROUND CX/Y))ABS C2-X>The ABS f
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Random Number Fum::tionsApple Pasca
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FUN CT ION RAND2 : INTEGER;VAR MAX,
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o Two records of congruent type may
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Be Careful: CHR does not check to s
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The SCAN FunctionThis function scan
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Your use of MOVELEFT or MOVERIGHT m
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The CONCAT FunctionCONCAT accepts a
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VARS : STRIHGC1l;o With COPY, INSER
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Bit Interpretation of Scalar TypesE
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.' Bit Logic ExamplesHere are some
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This is because Pascal tries to int
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Chapter 7Program ControlsIII-107
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Repetition StatementsPascal provide
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Observe these rules and cautions wh
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Here is an example of a REPEAT stat
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Here are are two examples of IF sta
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The above statement can be clarifie
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It accomplishes the same job as the
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Here is an example of a GOTO statem
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The EXIT procedure is seldom essent
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Procedures and functions are the su
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In both cases, the parameter list i
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Special Note About Long Integers: T
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PROCEDURE ALPHA CHI, LO REAL; FACTO
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Here are the rules governing the re
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o The real variable METAL declared
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After you have written its heading
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Chapter 9Assembly-Language Routines
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EXTERNAL Procedures and FunctionsPR
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The evaluation stack may have alrea
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To summarize, the structure of the
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If your routine has accomplished ai
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An ExampleThe following sample, del
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sample procedure for Pascal, declar
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Apple Pascal provides a variety of
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File VariablesUnlike most other var
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External FilesThere are three categ
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Pascal types volume numbers, volume
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although it permits inputs as well.
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Be Careful: Using RESET with a file
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o If a file has any records in it,
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In particular, disk drives usually
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Here is a sample use of SEEK:SEEK C
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until a character was typed. With t
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Certain specific rules apply to the
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o READ with a CHAR variable reads o
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o Except when READLN is used with a
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BLOCKREAD transfers data from an ex
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Both procedures are written with th
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Type "B" character checking: CONTRO
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When UNITSTATUS is called, it may a
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o SHIFT is TRUE if the oldest chara
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WHILE NOT keypress DD { reiterate u
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Chapter 11Screen GraphicsIII-195
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o DRA WBLOCK is a complex and power
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o If the graphic image has never be
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PENCOLOR and FILLSCREENTo set the c
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TURTLEX, TURTLEY, TURTLEANG, and SC
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ModeAction0 Fills area of screen wi
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If CHARTYPE is not called, the defa
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Chapter 12Program Units111-209
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You can list any number of units af
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The process of compiling an Intrins
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64K Note: When compiling Program Un
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consists of the word INTERFACE foll
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preceded by the procedure or functi
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IMPLEMENTATION{A private procedure
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Changing Units and Host ProgramsOne
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Chapter 13LibrariesIII-225
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o You can create a Program Library
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SYSTEM.LIBRARYSYSTEM.LIBRARY is the
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library Name FilesA Library Name Fi
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Using One library File With Two Pro
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Using Seve1ral Library Files With S
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program. It directs the Compiler to
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Chapter 14Compiler OptionsIII-239
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Finally, you can insert a space cha
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Chapter 15Large Program ManagementI
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The Compiler might fail to process
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o Use MARK and RELEASE to optimize
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When an Intrinsic Unit is compiled,
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Remember: If your program has any s
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Loading of SEGMENT Procedures and F
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PROGRAM THREE;USES BIGUHIT;SEGMEHT
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swapping is obviously undesirable,
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This chapter rounds out the Apple P
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o You can write assembly-language E
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Here is the source text for the 650
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Program Unit Required! The Program
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VAR UpKey : CHAR;DownKey : CHAR;PRO
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Setting the High Character BitOn Ap
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The CR character is used in files o
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After READ with a CHAR variable and
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Program chaining is accomplished by
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SWAPON, SWAPGPON, and SWAPOFF¥¥¥
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Using SETCV AL and GETCV AL, you ca
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Here is a typical process for creat
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The following sample procedure assu
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VARLoop,WordsinArray,BytesCalcBuffe
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FUNCTION BRANCH CH : INTEGER> PTR;V
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Identifierletterletterdigitundersco
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String TypeSTRING-~-----------.....
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Record Type Variant Parttagidentifi
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Expressionsimpleexpression___ __, .
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Factorunsignedconstantvariablerefer
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Variable Referencevariableidentifie
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IF Statementexpresssion statement s
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Function Definitionnewidentifier1--
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RESET Procedurefileidentifierstring
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READ ProcedurefileidentifierREADLN
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Program Unit CompilationProgram Uni
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Implementation SectionIMPLEMENTATIO
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This appendix contains further deta
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Underflow,.The underflow exception
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This section describes how real val
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Appendix 3CMemory Allocations for D
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ecord tag fields given an identifie
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Note that the array declarationsPAC
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Pascal stores ordinary (not packed)
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Appendix 3DUseful Assembly-Language
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The RMVBIAS MacroThis macro removes
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.ELSE. IFSTX.ELSE. IFSTY.EHDC. ENDC
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yte = The address of the byte whose
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count = The number of bytes to move
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The NOTBITBR MacroThis macro is the
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Appendix 3ESummary of 6502 OpcodesI
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6502 Microprocessor InstructionsADC
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Instruction CodesAmmblyNa ma Operal
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Auembly HEXNa ma Operation Addr..,l
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Ammbly HEXNam11 Opmllon Addressing
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Hex Operation Codes00- BAK01 - ORA
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Appendix3FTablesIII-353
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Reserved Words and Predeclared Iden
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Table F-2C. Identifiers Declared in
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Summary of Size limitsTable F-4. Su
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ContentsFigures and TablesviiPREFAC
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CHAPTER4The P-Machine Instruction S
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APPENDIX4AMemory Maps64K System Mem
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Figure 3-5The Order of Local Variab
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Chapter 1The Pascal EnvironmentIV-I
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Figure 1-1. The Pascal 64K SystemlE
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Figure 1-3. The Pascal 128K System:
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Main Memory PointersNP points to th
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Table 1-1. Version Flags Set at Loc
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.INTERP+4Address of the location th
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Chapter 2Disk FilesIV-13
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{First, some general declarations r
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GET, READ, and READLN convert DLE-b
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Figure 2-2. A Typical Codefilehigh
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Segments are not nested in codefile
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RECORDDISKINFO: ARRAY[0 .. 15l OFRE
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By the Way: Figure 2-4 shows lower
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o Bit 12 of the SEG INFO word is un
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Figure 2-5. Construction of Interfa
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Figure 2-6. The Code Part of a Code
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Figure 2-7. A Typical Procedurehigh
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o PARAMETER SIZE: This field specif
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Relocation TablesA relocation table
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LITYPES = CEOFMARK, UNITREF, GLOBRE
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ICOFFSET field specifies the locati
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Procedure and Function Linker Infor
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The previous chapter discussed the
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o BASE: BASE procedure pointer. Thi
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were part of the Pascal system glob
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activation records; data segments d
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A procedure call causes the operati
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Chapter4The P-Machine Instruction S
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Formats of Variables on the StackVa
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the structure when padded. Before s
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localSLDL_l 216 Short load local wo
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Byte A.rray HandlingLDB 190STB 191L
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LPA 208LDP 186STP 187UB,Load a pack
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Noninteger ComparisonsThe next six
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LNOT 147 Logical NOT. Push the one'
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XJPI72WI,W2, ,W3Case jump. WI is w
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EXIT 158 4 Exit from procedure. tos
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DecimalOpcode Mnemonic Full Name Lo
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DecimalOpcode Mnemonic Full Name Lo
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64K System MemorylExternal Language
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128K System Auxiliary MemoryAuxilia
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Blocks in a Code Segmenthigh disk a
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Segment Dictionarylow disk addresse
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Code Part of a Code Segment~.r--'-"
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6502 Procedure Attribute Tablebaser
Page 896 and 897: Program Stackhigh memory addressesS
Page 898: Activation Recordhigh memory addres
Page 902 and 903: ContentsBibliographyReference Books
Page 904 and 905: General Pascal TextbooksClancy, Mic
Page 907 and 908: Glossaryactivation: The execution o
Page 909 and 910: cold start: A startup procedurethat
Page 911 and 912: file: See disk file, external file,
Page 913 and 914: length attribute: The part of along
Page 915 and 916: POINTERLIST: A list of pointersin L
Page 917 and 918: segment table: A section of thehigh
Page 919: USES declaration: The part of aPasc
Page 922 and 923: o 48K Runtime System (Version 1.2 o
Page 925 and 926: IndexCast of Characters*(asterisk)
Page 927 and 928: ooleansassignment statements and II
Page 929 and 930: DDATA III-215data directives II-187
Page 931 and 932: Execute command, from Commandlevel
Page 933 and 934: GPWROFTEN III-83RANDOM III-85ROUND
Page 935 and 936: Link command, from Command levelII-
Page 937 and 938: 0ODD function III-90OF III-117-118o
Page 939 and 940: parameters for III-130PENCOLOR III-
Page 941 and 942: Replace command ll-113-117delimiter
Page 943 and 944: storageof arrays III-328of booleans
Page 945: UNLINKED-INTRINS IV-26unsignedconst
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