apple-pascal-1.3-manual

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ContentsFigures and TablesxviiiPREFACEInformation Resources xxvContents of This Part xxvixxvCHAPTER 1Apple II Pascal <strong>1.3</strong>Basic Concepts 2A Compiled Language 2Block Structure 2Controlled Scope of Variables 3Strong Typing 3Free-Form Source Text 3Built-in Hardware Controls 3Comparison With Other Languages 3Pascal Versus BASIC 4Pascal Versus FORTRAN 5Comparison With Apple Pascal 1.2 51CHAPTER2Program StructureA Sample Program 8Pascal Terminology 10Pascal Syntax 13Program, Procedure, and Function Syntax 13The Program Heading 137III-iiContents
Block Syntax 13Declarations 14Constant Declarations 14Type Declarations 14Variable Declarations 15Procedures and Functions 15The Main Program 16A More Complex Example 17Statement Syntax 17Syntax Diagrams 17Semicolons 18BEGIN ... END 18Expression Syntax 19Symbol Syntax 19Delimiters 20Identifiers 20Numbers 21Characters and Strings 22Comments 23Formatting for Readability 23CHAPTER3 Simple Data Types 25User-Defined Data Types 26Constants 27TRUE and FALSE 29MAXINT 29Variables 29The INTEGER Type 31ContentsIII-iii
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Apple Apple II Pascal 1.3•,_
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Apple II Pascal 1.3
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your system. To be sure that your s
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How to Read This ManualHardware Not
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Part IGetting Started
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System Notes 18Using a 40-Column Vi
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PrefacePart I describes the steps y
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To provide a focus for discussion i
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Enhanced lieIf you have an enhanced
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If you are not going to use your Pr
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Using a Pascal-Formatted ProFileYou
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Other llc'sIf you have an Apple Ile
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How Pascal Assigns Volume NumbersA
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Using System PromptsAs soon as you
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Make Backups of Your System DisksWe
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A Warning.&.Warning6. Note that bot
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The 128K and 64K Pascal Systems Com
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o The TAB key is absent, which mean
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If you have an Apple II or II Plus
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Once you transfer the system files,
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If you are using an SO-column displ
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II Plus users have made the require
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APPLE3:SYSTEM.APPLEFORMATTER.CODEFO
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ContentsFigures and TablesxviiPREFA
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Moving Files 41Transfer 41Copying a
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The Editor Commands 93Insert 96Text
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CHAPTER5The CompilerIntroduction 13
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Local Labels 178Constants 179Locati
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CHAPTER 7The LinkerIntroduction 208
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APPENDIX2ACommand SummariesAll Leve
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APPENDIX2FDemonstration ProgramsInt
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PrefaceProgram Preparation Tools is
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Chapter 1An OverviewII-1
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Pascal FilesA file is defined as a
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There are two parts to a workfile:
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o On the 128K Pascal system, the sp
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The Command LevelYou reach the Comm
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Figure 2-1. The Command LevelComman
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CompileTyping c while at the Comman
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InitializeTyping 1 from the Command
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Commands Usable at All LevelsCertai
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Chapter 3The FilerII-21
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Bad-blocksExamineTests a disk to se
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B I~ XBad-blocks ExamineThe Filer s
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To erase your response to a Filer p
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Standard Volume Names and NumbersTa
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emoved from the filename. You shoul
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filename that may not be ignored. T
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You may use only one wildcard in a
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A system with two 5~-inch disk driv
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You can list any portion of a direc
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APPLEr.l:SYSTEM.PASCALSYSTEM.MI SC
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When you press RETURN, the system c
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You can use wildcards with the Tran
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The display clears, and then the fo
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One Disk DriveOm:H:>rive NoteTo cop
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Prompt: Remove what file ?Response:
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as replacement strings) given in th
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You do not need to put a volume on
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ZeroThe Zero command "erases" a spe
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QuitThe Quit command, which is invo
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Observing filename conventions, you
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One-Drive MethodOn one-drive system
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If there is already a workfile SYST
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If you see that one of your disks c
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An N response to this prompt return
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-Filename ConventionsVolume name wi
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IntroductionThe Pascal Editor helps
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4. If you are editing a program, yo
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Editing With a 31/2-lnch Disk Drive
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As you have already learned if you
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Starting a New FileIf a workfile is
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For example, if the cursor is on th
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Apple II or II PlusIt is legal to i
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To leave the Editor, press G for Qu
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Notice that not all commands affect
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Cursor MovesYou can use repeat-fact
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Figure 4-3. The EditorCommandEditor
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Insert-The Insert command allows yo
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and Filling to True. For example, t
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.A Warning The automatic remarginin
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The Editor remembers where the curs
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This leaves you with something like
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To c0py the text, typeMYDISK:SUPERM
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ExchangeYou use the Exchange comman
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After you press the SPACE bar, the
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ExampleSuppose you have Token searc
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DirectionThe Replace command operat
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Same-String OptionIf you type s in
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Jump-The Jump command moves the cur
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After you have typed CONTROL-C to a
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Set EnvironmentThe Editor lets you
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40=Column !DisplaysFilling should g
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the right place in the string) and
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When you operate a skateboard in ex
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Quit-You use the Quit command to ex
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WriteThe Write command saves the fi
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Special Commands SummaryYou will fi
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Chapter 5The CompilerIl-137
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Two 51/.oi·lnch Disk DrivesOne 51/
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If there is no text workfile, you w
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The period at the end prevents the
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o Pressing the SPACE bar instructs
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Execution Error MessagesThe informa
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Default option: {$1-}{$1 filename}
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The "Range Check" OptionThis option
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The { $N +} option should be placed
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The "User Program" OptionThis optio
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IntroductionEven if you write most
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If you attempt to assemble without
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After the source and object files f
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This is similar to the choice that
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First, use the Filer's New command
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The Assembly ListingAfter you have
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01HlllllCurrent memory available:0
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ADRSPUSHPAGE -AB l!HHJ 41 ALOOPMC -
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If you have a printer connected to
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The statements making up the body o
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local LabelsA local label has a dol
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An at sign(@) before an expression
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PAGE - 1 TEMP1 FILE:lllllll01Curren
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ConventionsWhen you write assembly-
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parameter names are given. For exam
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Example:TEMP .BYTE 4The associated
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.ABSOLUTEThis directive forces the
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Example:.MACRO HELPSTA %1LDA %2.END
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LDAill formed operandECdit,,[ SPACE
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name in both the program and the ro
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The use of the .DEF and .REF direct
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.LIST and .NOLISTThese two directiv
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File Directive.INCLUDECauses the sp
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Data Directives[label].ASCII""Inser
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Chapter 7The LinkerIl-207
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Linking Using the link CommandYou i
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If you press RETURN in response to
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linking Using the Run CommandIf the
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Chapter 8The LibrarianII-215
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Librarian, that are invoked by the
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The Input FilesThe Librarian now di
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lJ Slot to copy into?2 Slot to copy
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Copyright Notice Lost: The Libraria
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If the file you specify is not a co
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enter library name: #S:samplelist l
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Chapter 9Utility Programs11-229
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Two 51/4-lnch DrivesOne 51/4-lnch D
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Using an Ex:temal TerminalThe Apple
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Vertical Move DelayValue: The numbe
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Key to Delete LinePressing Line Del
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Parameter Field NameERASE TO END OF
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Reconfiguring the SystemTo use an e
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Changing GOTOXY CommunicationThe GO
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The screen will showAPPLE GOTOXY BI
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Using the Linefeed UtilityFrom the
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If you respond by typing v for Yes,
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This appendix contains summaries of
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LinkSwapExecuteRunUser restartIniti
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Volume CommandsVolumesList-director
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Editor Command SummarySpecial Comma
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ExchangeReplaceReplaces the charact
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Appendix 2BSystem FilesII-263
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CommandLinkExecuteRunFiles Needed65
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Filename Contents of File Use of Fi
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APPLE3:lPASCAL:SYSTEM.APPLE 32 Cont
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A Complex Sample ProgramThis append
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Figure 2C-l. Creating a Complex Pro
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The Regular UnitUse the Editor to c
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PROCEDURE INTRINUPROC;BEGINWRITELNC
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;As you will see,. CONST LENGTH.PUB
Page 354 and 355: cPutting the Pieces TogetherThis se
Page 356 and 357: LLink what host codefile? MAINOpeni
Page 359 and 360: Appendix 2DMaking a Turnkey DiskII-
Page 361 and 362: Appendix 2EMaking and Using Exec Fi
Page 363 and 364: Terminator Characters: The terminat
Page 365 and 366: .& Warningis actually sent to the p
Page 367 and 368: Appendix2FDemonstration Programs11-
Page 369 and 370: What follows is a description of ho
Page 371 and 372: Assuming that the ROT ATE procedure
Page 373 and 374: The outer REPEAT first calls MAKETR
Page 375 and 376: position in the CORNER variable for
Page 377 and 378: If you wish to modify, compile, and
Page 379 and 380: 1. Starting at the root node, FLIPP
Page 381 and 382: Program CROSSREF contains examples
Page 383 and 384: On completion of the design, the pr
Page 385 and 386: If you type N for No, you will agai
Page 387 and 388: Appendix 2GPascal 1/0 Device Volume
Page 389 and 390: Appendix 2HError Messages11-317
Page 391 and 392: ErrorNumberError Message10 I/O erro
Page 393 and 394: ErrorNumberError Message9 Identifie
Page 395 and 396: Compiler Error MessagesWhen the Pas
Page 397 and 398: ErrorNumberError Message123 Missing
Page 399 and 400: ErrorNumberError Message202 String
Page 403: Part IIILanguage Manual
Page 407 and 408: CHAPTER5Dynamic VariablesUsing Dyna
Page 409 and 410: CHAPTER7Program ControlsRepetition
Page 411 and 412: Character File I/O Operations 173IN
Page 413 and 414: Library Name Files 231Making a Libr
Page 415 and 416: Program Chaining 275The SETCHAIN Pr
Page 417 and 418: Procedure Call 305File Type 305REWR
Page 419 and 420: The RESET Macro 335The SWITCH Macro
Page 421 and 422: CHAPTER5Dynamic VariablesPointer Ty
Page 423 and 424: Value Specifier Syntax 17 4READ Pro
Page 425 and 426: CONCAT Function 300FOR Statement 30
Page 427 and 428: PrefaceThis part of the Apple II Pa
Page 429: Supporting these chapters are sever
Page 432 and 433: Apple II Pascal 1.3 is a version of
Page 434 and 435: Pascal Versus BASICIf you are a BAS
Page 437 and 438: Chapter 2Program StructureIll-7
Page 439 and 440: The program block contains a single
Page 441 and 442: o Identifiers are the names of such
Page 443 and 444: Pascal SyntaxPascal has its own syn
Page 445 and 446: string or an array or some other ty
Page 447 and 448: A More Complex ExampleHere is anoth
Page 449 and 450: esult is called a compound statemen
Page 451 and 452: Here are the rules for composing yo
Page 453 and 454: CommentsGood programming practice i
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Chapter 3Simple Data TypesIll-25
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New data types are created by the t
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String and CHAR constants may not c
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The INTEGER TypeIntegers are whole
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A Technical Note: Pascal often sets
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This declaration creates the new da
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Chapter4Structured Data TypesIIl-37
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declare a longer maximum. In both c
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Here are some examples:TYPE ALPHANU
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The ARRAY TypeA Pascal array is an
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We could now make the following arr
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You can manipulate the elements of
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o Each corresponding dimension must
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The syntax for writing the field li
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Information A bout the Example: Thi
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o The limits on the number and type
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These are the rules by which Pascal
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ecord variable of CHECKBOOK as CHEC
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Chapter 5Dynamic Variableslll-61
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Here is an example of this process
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o The base type may be an identifie
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o Don't try to change the variant,
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MARK and RELEASE are used in pairs.
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Chapter 6Operations on DataIII-71
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By combining these elements, you ca
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Each kind of factor has its own syn
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AssignmentsThe assignment statement
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Arithmetic OperationsApple Pascal p
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single-character operators, DIV mus
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ABS CROUND CX/Y))ABS C2-X>The ABS f
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Random Number Fum::tionsApple Pasca
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FUN CT ION RAND2 : INTEGER;VAR MAX,
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o Two records of congruent type may
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Be Careful: CHR does not check to s
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The SCAN FunctionThis function scan
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Your use of MOVELEFT or MOVERIGHT m
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The CONCAT FunctionCONCAT accepts a
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VARS : STRIHGC1l;o With COPY, INSER
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Bit Interpretation of Scalar TypesE
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.' Bit Logic ExamplesHere are some
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This is because Pascal tries to int
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Chapter 7Program ControlsIII-107
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Repetition StatementsPascal provide
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Observe these rules and cautions wh
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Here is an example of a REPEAT stat
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Here are are two examples of IF sta
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The above statement can be clarifie
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It accomplishes the same job as the
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Here is an example of a GOTO statem
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The EXIT procedure is seldom essent
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Procedures and functions are the su
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In both cases, the parameter list i
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Special Note About Long Integers: T
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PROCEDURE ALPHA CHI, LO REAL; FACTO
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Here are the rules governing the re
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o The real variable METAL declared
Page 568 and 569:
After you have written its heading
Page 571 and 572:
Chapter 9Assembly-Language Routines
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EXTERNAL Procedures and FunctionsPR
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The evaluation stack may have alrea
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To summarize, the structure of the
Page 579 and 580:
If your routine has accomplished ai
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An ExampleThe following sample, del
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sample procedure for Pascal, declar
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Apple Pascal provides a variety of
Page 588 and 589:
File VariablesUnlike most other var
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External FilesThere are three categ
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Pascal types volume numbers, volume
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although it permits inputs as well.
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Be Careful: Using RESET with a file
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o If a file has any records in it,
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In particular, disk drives usually
Page 602 and 603:
Here is a sample use of SEEK:SEEK C
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until a character was typed. With t
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Certain specific rules apply to the
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o READ with a CHAR variable reads o
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o Except when READLN is used with a
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BLOCKREAD transfers data from an ex
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Both procedures are written with th
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Type "B" character checking: CONTRO
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When UNITSTATUS is called, it may a
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o SHIFT is TRUE if the oldest chara
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WHILE NOT keypress DD { reiterate u
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Chapter 11Screen GraphicsIII-195
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o DRA WBLOCK is a complex and power
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o If the graphic image has never be
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PENCOLOR and FILLSCREENTo set the c
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TURTLEX, TURTLEY, TURTLEANG, and SC
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ModeAction0 Fills area of screen wi
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If CHARTYPE is not called, the defa
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Chapter 12Program Units111-209
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You can list any number of units af
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The process of compiling an Intrins
Page 645 and 646:
64K Note: When compiling Program Un
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consists of the word INTERFACE foll
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preceded by the procedure or functi
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IMPLEMENTATION{A private procedure
Page 653 and 654:
Changing Units and Host ProgramsOne
Page 655 and 656:
Chapter 13LibrariesIII-225
Page 657 and 658:
o You can create a Program Library
Page 659 and 660:
SYSTEM.LIBRARYSYSTEM.LIBRARY is the
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library Name FilesA Library Name Fi
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Using One library File With Two Pro
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Using Seve1ral Library Files With S
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program. It directs the Compiler to
Page 669 and 670:
Chapter 14Compiler OptionsIII-239
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Finally, you can insert a space cha
Page 673 and 674:
Chapter 15Large Program ManagementI
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The Compiler might fail to process
Page 677 and 678:
o Use MARK and RELEASE to optimize
Page 679 and 680:
When an Intrinsic Unit is compiled,
Page 681 and 682:
Remember: If your program has any s
Page 683 and 684:
Loading of SEGMENT Procedures and F
Page 685 and 686:
PROGRAM THREE;USES BIGUHIT;SEGMEHT
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swapping is obviously undesirable,
Page 690 and 691:
This chapter rounds out the Apple P
Page 692 and 693:
o You can write assembly-language E
Page 694 and 695:
Here is the source text for the 650
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Program Unit Required! The Program
Page 698 and 699:
VAR UpKey : CHAR;DownKey : CHAR;PRO
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Setting the High Character BitOn Ap
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The CR character is used in files o
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After READ with a CHAR variable and
Page 706 and 707:
Program chaining is accomplished by
Page 708 and 709:
SWAPON, SWAPGPON, and SWAPOFF¥¥¥
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Using SETCV AL and GETCV AL, you ca
Page 712 and 713:
Here is a typical process for creat
Page 714 and 715:
The following sample procedure assu
Page 716 and 717:
VARLoop,WordsinArray,BytesCalcBuffe
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FUNCTION BRANCH CH : INTEGER> PTR;V
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Identifierletterletterdigitundersco
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String TypeSTRING-~-----------.....
Page 724 and 725:
Record Type Variant Parttagidentifi
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Expressionsimpleexpression___ __, .
Page 728 and 729:
Factorunsignedconstantvariablerefer
Page 730 and 731:
Variable Referencevariableidentifie
Page 732 and 733:
IF Statementexpresssion statement s
Page 734 and 735:
Function Definitionnewidentifier1--
Page 736 and 737:
RESET Procedurefileidentifierstring
Page 738 and 739:
READ ProcedurefileidentifierREADLN
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Program Unit CompilationProgram Uni
Page 742 and 743:
Implementation SectionIMPLEMENTATIO
Page 744 and 745:
This appendix contains further deta
Page 746 and 747:
Underflow,.The underflow exception
Page 748 and 749:
This section describes how real val
Page 751 and 752:
Appendix 3CMemory Allocations for D
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ecord tag fields given an identifie
Page 755 and 756:
Note that the array declarationsPAC
Page 757 and 758:
Pascal stores ordinary (not packed)
Page 759 and 760:
Appendix 3DUseful Assembly-Language
Page 761 and 762:
The RMVBIAS MacroThis macro removes
Page 763 and 764:
.ELSE. IFSTX.ELSE. IFSTY.EHDC. ENDC
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yte = The address of the byte whose
Page 767 and 768:
count = The number of bytes to move
Page 769 and 770:
The NOTBITBR MacroThis macro is the
Page 771 and 772:
Appendix 3ESummary of 6502 OpcodesI
Page 773 and 774:
6502 Microprocessor InstructionsADC
Page 775 and 776:
Instruction CodesAmmblyNa ma Operal
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Auembly HEXNa ma Operation Addr..,l
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Ammbly HEXNam11 Opmllon Addressing
Page 781 and 782:
Hex Operation Codes00- BAK01 - ORA
Page 783 and 784:
Appendix3FTablesIII-353
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Reserved Words and Predeclared Iden
Page 787 and 788:
Table F-2C. Identifiers Declared in
Page 789:
Summary of Size limitsTable F-4. Su
Page 794 and 795:
ContentsFigures and TablesviiPREFAC
Page 796 and 797:
CHAPTER4The P-Machine Instruction S
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APPENDIX4AMemory Maps64K System Mem
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Figure 3-5The Order of Local Variab
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Chapter 1The Pascal EnvironmentIV-I
Page 805 and 806:
Figure 1-1. The Pascal 64K SystemlE
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Figure 1-3. The Pascal 128K System:
Page 809 and 810:
Main Memory PointersNP points to th
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Table 1-1. Version Flags Set at Loc
Page 813 and 814:
.INTERP+4Address of the location th
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Chapter 2Disk FilesIV-13
Page 817 and 818:
{First, some general declarations r
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GET, READ, and READLN convert DLE-b
Page 821 and 822:
Figure 2-2. A Typical Codefilehigh
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Segments are not nested in codefile
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RECORDDISKINFO: ARRAY[0 .. 15l OFRE
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By the Way: Figure 2-4 shows lower
Page 829 and 830:
o Bit 12 of the SEG INFO word is un
Page 831 and 832:
Figure 2-5. Construction of Interfa
Page 833 and 834:
Figure 2-6. The Code Part of a Code
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Figure 2-7. A Typical Procedurehigh
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o PARAMETER SIZE: This field specif
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Relocation TablesA relocation table
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LITYPES = CEOFMARK, UNITREF, GLOBRE
Page 843 and 844:
ICOFFSET field specifies the locati
Page 845:
Procedure and Function Linker Infor
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The previous chapter discussed the
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o BASE: BASE procedure pointer. Thi
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were part of the Pascal system glob
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activation records; data segments d
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A procedure call causes the operati
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Chapter4The P-Machine Instruction S
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Formats of Variables on the StackVa
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the structure when padded. Before s
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localSLDL_l 216 Short load local wo
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Byte A.rray HandlingLDB 190STB 191L
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LPA 208LDP 186STP 187UB,Load a pack
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Noninteger ComparisonsThe next six
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LNOT 147 Logical NOT. Push the one'
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XJPI72WI,W2, ,W3Case jump. WI is w
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EXIT 158 4 Exit from procedure. tos
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DecimalOpcode Mnemonic Full Name Lo
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DecimalOpcode Mnemonic Full Name Lo
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64K System MemorylExternal Language
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128K System Auxiliary MemoryAuxilia
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Blocks in a Code Segmenthigh disk a
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Segment Dictionarylow disk addresse
Page 892 and 893:
Code Part of a Code Segment~.r--'-"
Page 894 and 895:
6502 Procedure Attribute Tablebaser
Page 896 and 897:
Program Stackhigh memory addressesS
Page 898:
Activation Recordhigh memory addres
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ContentsBibliographyReference Books
Page 904 and 905:
General Pascal TextbooksClancy, Mic
Page 907 and 908:
Glossaryactivation: The execution o
Page 909 and 910:
cold start: A startup procedurethat
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file: See disk file, external file,
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length attribute: The part of along
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POINTERLIST: A list of pointersin L
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segment table: A section of thehigh
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USES declaration: The part of aPasc
Page 922 and 923:
o 48K Runtime System (Version 1.2 o
Page 925 and 926:
IndexCast of Characters*(asterisk)
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ooleansassignment statements and II
Page 929 and 930:
DDATA III-215data directives II-187
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Execute command, from Commandlevel
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GPWROFTEN III-83RANDOM III-85ROUND
Page 935 and 936:
Link command, from Command levelII-
Page 937 and 938:
0ODD function III-90OF III-117-118o
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parameters for III-130PENCOLOR III-
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Replace command ll-113-117delimiter
Page 943 and 944:
storageof arrays III-328of booleans
Page 945 and 946:
UNLINKED-INTRINS IV-26unsignedconst
Page 948:
Apple Computer, Inc.20525 Mariani A
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