apple-pascal-1.3-manual

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General Pascal TextbooksClancy, Michael, and Doug Cooper. Oh! Pascal!. New York, N.Y.: W.W.Norton and Company, 1982.One of the most thorough and entertaining introductions to Pascal.Grogono, Peter. Programming in Pascal. Reading, Mass.: Addison WesleyPublishing Company, Inc., 1978.Another comprehensive and well-written textbook, used in manyintroductory Pascal college courses.Programming MethodologyBowles, Kenneth L. Microcomputer Problem Solving Using Pascal. NewYork, N.Y.: Springer-Verlag, 1977.Kenneth Bowles was head of the project at the University ofCalifornia at San Diego that created what is now known as UCSDPascal. The first widely used implementation of Pascal for smallcomputers, UCSD Pascal brings the Pascal language together with acomplete programming environment for microcomputers. This bookdiscusses how Pascal's unique structures can be used to solvecommon types of programming problems.Kerhighan, Brian W., and P. J. Plauger. Software Tools in Pascal.Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc., 1981.A guide to good programming practice, based on actual examples ofPascal programs.Ledgard, Henry F., et al. Pascal With Style (Programming Proverbs).Rochelle Park, N. J.: Hayden Book Company, Inc., 1979.An excellent set of rules to code by. Written around a real-worlddesign problem, this book leads you gently into good programmingstyle.V-2Bibliography
6502 Assemblyalanguage ProgrammingA few of the books on 6502 assembly-language programming are listed here,along with the programming reference <strong>manual</strong> published by themanufacturers of the 6502 microprocessor.Barden, William, Jr. How to Program Microcomputers. Indianapolis,Ind.: Howard W. Sams, 1977.de Jong, Marvin L. Programming and Interfacing the 6502, WithExperiments. Indianapolis, Ind.: Howard W. Sams, 1980.Foster, Caxton C. Programming a Micro-computer: 6502. Reading,Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1978.Inman, Don, and Kurt Inman. Apple Machine Language. Reston, Va.:Reston Publishing Company, Inc., 1981.Leventhal, Lance A. 6502 Assembly Language Programming. Berkeley,Calif.: Osborne/McGraw-Hill, 1979.MOS Technology, Inc. MCS6500 Microcomputer Family ProgrammingManual. Norristown, Pa.: MOS Technology, Inc., 1975. (Alsopublished by Synertek, Santa Clara, Calif., 1976.)Scanlon, Leo J. 6502 Software Design. Indianapolis, Ind.: Howard W.Sams, 1980.Weller, W. J. Practical Microcomputer Programming: the 6502.Evanston, Ill.: Northern Technology Books, 1980.Zaks, Rodnay. Programming the 6502. Berkeley, Calif.: Sybex, 1980.--. ProgrammingExercisesfor the 6502. Sybex, 1980.--. 6502 Applications Book. Sybex, 1980.6502 Assembly-Language Programming V-3
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Apple Apple II Pascal 1.3•,_
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Apple II Pascal 1.3
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your system. To be sure that your s
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How to Read This ManualHardware Not
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Part IGetting Started
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System Notes 18Using a 40-Column Vi
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PrefacePart I describes the steps y
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To provide a focus for discussion i
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Enhanced lieIf you have an enhanced
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If you are not going to use your Pr
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Using a Pascal-Formatted ProFileYou
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Other llc'sIf you have an Apple Ile
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How Pascal Assigns Volume NumbersA
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Using System PromptsAs soon as you
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Make Backups of Your System DisksWe
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A Warning.&.Warning6. Note that bot
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The 128K and 64K Pascal Systems Com
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o The TAB key is absent, which mean
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If you have an Apple II or II Plus
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Once you transfer the system files,
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If you are using an SO-column displ
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II Plus users have made the require
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APPLE3:SYSTEM.APPLEFORMATTER.CODEFO
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ContentsFigures and TablesxviiPREFA
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Moving Files 41Transfer 41Copying a
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The Editor Commands 93Insert 96Text
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CHAPTER5The CompilerIntroduction 13
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Local Labels 178Constants 179Locati
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CHAPTER 7The LinkerIntroduction 208
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APPENDIX2ACommand SummariesAll Leve
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APPENDIX2FDemonstration ProgramsInt
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PrefaceProgram Preparation Tools is
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Chapter 1An OverviewII-1
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Pascal FilesA file is defined as a
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There are two parts to a workfile:
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o On the 128K Pascal system, the sp
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The Command LevelYou reach the Comm
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Figure 2-1. The Command LevelComman
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CompileTyping c while at the Comman
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InitializeTyping 1 from the Command
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Commands Usable at All LevelsCertai
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Chapter 3The FilerII-21
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Bad-blocksExamineTests a disk to se
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B I~ XBad-blocks ExamineThe Filer s
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To erase your response to a Filer p
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Standard Volume Names and NumbersTa
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emoved from the filename. You shoul
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filename that may not be ignored. T
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You may use only one wildcard in a
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A system with two 5~-inch disk driv
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You can list any portion of a direc
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APPLEr.l:SYSTEM.PASCALSYSTEM.MI SC
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When you press RETURN, the system c
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You can use wildcards with the Tran
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The display clears, and then the fo
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One Disk DriveOm:H:>rive NoteTo cop
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Prompt: Remove what file ?Response:
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as replacement strings) given in th
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You do not need to put a volume on
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ZeroThe Zero command "erases" a spe
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QuitThe Quit command, which is invo
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Observing filename conventions, you
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One-Drive MethodOn one-drive system
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If there is already a workfile SYST
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If you see that one of your disks c
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An N response to this prompt return
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-Filename ConventionsVolume name wi
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IntroductionThe Pascal Editor helps
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4. If you are editing a program, yo
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Editing With a 31/2-lnch Disk Drive
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As you have already learned if you
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Starting a New FileIf a workfile is
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For example, if the cursor is on th
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Apple II or II PlusIt is legal to i
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To leave the Editor, press G for Qu
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Notice that not all commands affect
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Cursor MovesYou can use repeat-fact
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Figure 4-3. The EditorCommandEditor
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Insert-The Insert command allows yo
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and Filling to True. For example, t
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.A Warning The automatic remarginin
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The Editor remembers where the curs
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This leaves you with something like
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To c0py the text, typeMYDISK:SUPERM
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ExchangeYou use the Exchange comman
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After you press the SPACE bar, the
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ExampleSuppose you have Token searc
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DirectionThe Replace command operat
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Same-String OptionIf you type s in
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Jump-The Jump command moves the cur
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After you have typed CONTROL-C to a
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Set EnvironmentThe Editor lets you
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40=Column !DisplaysFilling should g
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the right place in the string) and
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When you operate a skateboard in ex
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Quit-You use the Quit command to ex
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WriteThe Write command saves the fi
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Special Commands SummaryYou will fi
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Chapter 5The CompilerIl-137
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Two 51/.oi·lnch Disk DrivesOne 51/
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If there is no text workfile, you w
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The period at the end prevents the
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o Pressing the SPACE bar instructs
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Execution Error MessagesThe informa
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Default option: {$1-}{$1 filename}
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The "Range Check" OptionThis option
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The { $N +} option should be placed
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The "User Program" OptionThis optio
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IntroductionEven if you write most
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If you attempt to assemble without
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After the source and object files f
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This is similar to the choice that
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First, use the Filer's New command
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The Assembly ListingAfter you have
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01HlllllCurrent memory available:0
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ADRSPUSHPAGE -AB l!HHJ 41 ALOOPMC -
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If you have a printer connected to
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The statements making up the body o
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local LabelsA local label has a dol
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An at sign(@) before an expression
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PAGE - 1 TEMP1 FILE:lllllll01Curren
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ConventionsWhen you write assembly-
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parameter names are given. For exam
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Example:TEMP .BYTE 4The associated
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.ABSOLUTEThis directive forces the
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Example:.MACRO HELPSTA %1LDA %2.END
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LDAill formed operandECdit,,[ SPACE
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name in both the program and the ro
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The use of the .DEF and .REF direct
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.LIST and .NOLISTThese two directiv
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File Directive.INCLUDECauses the sp
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Data Directives[label].ASCII""Inser
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Chapter 7The LinkerIl-207
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Linking Using the link CommandYou i
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If you press RETURN in response to
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linking Using the Run CommandIf the
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Chapter 8The LibrarianII-215
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Librarian, that are invoked by the
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The Input FilesThe Librarian now di
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lJ Slot to copy into?2 Slot to copy
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Copyright Notice Lost: The Libraria
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If the file you specify is not a co
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enter library name: #S:samplelist l
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Chapter 9Utility Programs11-229
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Two 51/4-lnch DrivesOne 51/4-lnch D
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Using an Ex:temal TerminalThe Apple
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Vertical Move DelayValue: The numbe
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Key to Delete LinePressing Line Del
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Parameter Field NameERASE TO END OF
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Reconfiguring the SystemTo use an e
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Changing GOTOXY CommunicationThe GO
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The screen will showAPPLE GOTOXY BI
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Using the Linefeed UtilityFrom the
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If you respond by typing v for Yes,
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This appendix contains summaries of
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LinkSwapExecuteRunUser restartIniti
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Volume CommandsVolumesList-director
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Editor Command SummarySpecial Comma
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ExchangeReplaceReplaces the charact
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Appendix 2BSystem FilesII-263
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CommandLinkExecuteRunFiles Needed65
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Filename Contents of File Use of Fi
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APPLE3:lPASCAL:SYSTEM.APPLE 32 Cont
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A Complex Sample ProgramThis append
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Figure 2C-l. Creating a Complex Pro
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The Regular UnitUse the Editor to c
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PROCEDURE INTRINUPROC;BEGINWRITELNC
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;As you will see,. CONST LENGTH.PUB
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cPutting the Pieces TogetherThis se
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LLink what host codefile? MAINOpeni
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Appendix 2DMaking a Turnkey DiskII-
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Appendix 2EMaking and Using Exec Fi
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Terminator Characters: The terminat
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.& Warningis actually sent to the p
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Appendix2FDemonstration Programs11-
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What follows is a description of ho
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Assuming that the ROT ATE procedure
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The outer REPEAT first calls MAKETR
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position in the CORNER variable for
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If you wish to modify, compile, and
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1. Starting at the root node, FLIPP
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Program CROSSREF contains examples
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On completion of the design, the pr
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If you type N for No, you will agai
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Appendix 2GPascal 1/0 Device Volume
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Appendix 2HError Messages11-317
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ErrorNumberError Message10 I/O erro
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ErrorNumberError Message9 Identifie
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Compiler Error MessagesWhen the Pas
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ErrorNumberError Message123 Missing
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ErrorNumberError Message202 String
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Part IIILanguage Manual
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Block Syntax 13Declarations 14Const
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CHAPTER5Dynamic VariablesUsing Dyna
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CHAPTER7Program ControlsRepetition
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Character File I/O Operations 173IN
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Library Name Files 231Making a Libr
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Program Chaining 275The SETCHAIN Pr
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Procedure Call 305File Type 305REWR
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The RESET Macro 335The SWITCH Macro
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CHAPTER5Dynamic VariablesPointer Ty
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Value Specifier Syntax 17 4READ Pro
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CONCAT Function 300FOR Statement 30
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PrefaceThis part of the Apple II Pa
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Supporting these chapters are sever
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Apple II Pascal 1.3 is a version of
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Pascal Versus BASICIf you are a BAS
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Chapter 2Program StructureIll-7
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The program block contains a single
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o Identifiers are the names of such
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Pascal SyntaxPascal has its own syn
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string or an array or some other ty
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A More Complex ExampleHere is anoth
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esult is called a compound statemen
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Here are the rules for composing yo
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CommentsGood programming practice i
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Chapter 3Simple Data TypesIll-25
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New data types are created by the t
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String and CHAR constants may not c
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The INTEGER TypeIntegers are whole
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A Technical Note: Pascal often sets
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This declaration creates the new da
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Chapter4Structured Data TypesIIl-37
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declare a longer maximum. In both c
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Here are some examples:TYPE ALPHANU
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The ARRAY TypeA Pascal array is an
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We could now make the following arr
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You can manipulate the elements of
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o Each corresponding dimension must
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The syntax for writing the field li
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Information A bout the Example: Thi
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o The limits on the number and type
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These are the rules by which Pascal
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ecord variable of CHECKBOOK as CHEC
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Chapter 5Dynamic Variableslll-61
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Here is an example of this process
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o The base type may be an identifie
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o Don't try to change the variant,
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MARK and RELEASE are used in pairs.
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Chapter 6Operations on DataIII-71
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By combining these elements, you ca
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Each kind of factor has its own syn
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AssignmentsThe assignment statement
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Arithmetic OperationsApple Pascal p
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single-character operators, DIV mus
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ABS CROUND CX/Y))ABS C2-X>The ABS f
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Random Number Fum::tionsApple Pasca
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FUN CT ION RAND2 : INTEGER;VAR MAX,
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o Two records of congruent type may
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Be Careful: CHR does not check to s
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The SCAN FunctionThis function scan
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Your use of MOVELEFT or MOVERIGHT m
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The CONCAT FunctionCONCAT accepts a
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VARS : STRIHGC1l;o With COPY, INSER
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Bit Interpretation of Scalar TypesE
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.' Bit Logic ExamplesHere are some
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This is because Pascal tries to int
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Chapter 7Program ControlsIII-107
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Repetition StatementsPascal provide
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Observe these rules and cautions wh
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Here is an example of a REPEAT stat
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Here are are two examples of IF sta
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The above statement can be clarifie
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It accomplishes the same job as the
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Here is an example of a GOTO statem
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The EXIT procedure is seldom essent
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Procedures and functions are the su
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In both cases, the parameter list i
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Special Note About Long Integers: T
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PROCEDURE ALPHA CHI, LO REAL; FACTO
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Here are the rules governing the re
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o The real variable METAL declared
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After you have written its heading
Page 571 and 572:
Chapter 9Assembly-Language Routines
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EXTERNAL Procedures and FunctionsPR
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The evaluation stack may have alrea
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To summarize, the structure of the
Page 579 and 580:
If your routine has accomplished ai
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An ExampleThe following sample, del
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sample procedure for Pascal, declar
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Apple Pascal provides a variety of
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File VariablesUnlike most other var
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External FilesThere are three categ
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Pascal types volume numbers, volume
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although it permits inputs as well.
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Be Careful: Using RESET with a file
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o If a file has any records in it,
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In particular, disk drives usually
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Here is a sample use of SEEK:SEEK C
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until a character was typed. With t
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Certain specific rules apply to the
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o READ with a CHAR variable reads o
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o Except when READLN is used with a
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BLOCKREAD transfers data from an ex
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Both procedures are written with th
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Type "B" character checking: CONTRO
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When UNITSTATUS is called, it may a
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o SHIFT is TRUE if the oldest chara
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WHILE NOT keypress DD { reiterate u
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Chapter 11Screen GraphicsIII-195
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o DRA WBLOCK is a complex and power
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o If the graphic image has never be
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PENCOLOR and FILLSCREENTo set the c
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TURTLEX, TURTLEY, TURTLEANG, and SC
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ModeAction0 Fills area of screen wi
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If CHARTYPE is not called, the defa
Page 639 and 640:
Chapter 12Program Units111-209
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You can list any number of units af
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The process of compiling an Intrins
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64K Note: When compiling Program Un
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consists of the word INTERFACE foll
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preceded by the procedure or functi
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IMPLEMENTATION{A private procedure
Page 653 and 654:
Changing Units and Host ProgramsOne
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Chapter 13LibrariesIII-225
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o You can create a Program Library
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SYSTEM.LIBRARYSYSTEM.LIBRARY is the
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library Name FilesA Library Name Fi
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Using One library File With Two Pro
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Using Seve1ral Library Files With S
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program. It directs the Compiler to
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Chapter 14Compiler OptionsIII-239
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Finally, you can insert a space cha
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Chapter 15Large Program ManagementI
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The Compiler might fail to process
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o Use MARK and RELEASE to optimize
Page 679 and 680:
When an Intrinsic Unit is compiled,
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Remember: If your program has any s
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Loading of SEGMENT Procedures and F
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PROGRAM THREE;USES BIGUHIT;SEGMEHT
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swapping is obviously undesirable,
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This chapter rounds out the Apple P
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o You can write assembly-language E
Page 694 and 695:
Here is the source text for the 650
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Program Unit Required! The Program
Page 698 and 699:
VAR UpKey : CHAR;DownKey : CHAR;PRO
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Setting the High Character BitOn Ap
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The CR character is used in files o
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After READ with a CHAR variable and
Page 706 and 707:
Program chaining is accomplished by
Page 708 and 709:
SWAPON, SWAPGPON, and SWAPOFF¥¥¥
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Using SETCV AL and GETCV AL, you ca
Page 712 and 713:
Here is a typical process for creat
Page 714 and 715:
The following sample procedure assu
Page 716 and 717:
VARLoop,WordsinArray,BytesCalcBuffe
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FUNCTION BRANCH CH : INTEGER> PTR;V
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Identifierletterletterdigitundersco
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String TypeSTRING-~-----------.....
Page 724 and 725:
Record Type Variant Parttagidentifi
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Expressionsimpleexpression___ __, .
Page 728 and 729:
Factorunsignedconstantvariablerefer
Page 730 and 731:
Variable Referencevariableidentifie
Page 732 and 733:
IF Statementexpresssion statement s
Page 734 and 735:
Function Definitionnewidentifier1--
Page 736 and 737:
RESET Procedurefileidentifierstring
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READ ProcedurefileidentifierREADLN
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Program Unit CompilationProgram Uni
Page 742 and 743:
Implementation SectionIMPLEMENTATIO
Page 744 and 745:
This appendix contains further deta
Page 746 and 747:
Underflow,.The underflow exception
Page 748 and 749:
This section describes how real val
Page 751 and 752:
Appendix 3CMemory Allocations for D
Page 753 and 754:
ecord tag fields given an identifie
Page 755 and 756:
Note that the array declarationsPAC
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Pascal stores ordinary (not packed)
Page 759 and 760:
Appendix 3DUseful Assembly-Language
Page 761 and 762:
The RMVBIAS MacroThis macro removes
Page 763 and 764:
.ELSE. IFSTX.ELSE. IFSTY.EHDC. ENDC
Page 765 and 766:
yte = The address of the byte whose
Page 767 and 768:
count = The number of bytes to move
Page 769 and 770:
The NOTBITBR MacroThis macro is the
Page 771 and 772:
Appendix 3ESummary of 6502 OpcodesI
Page 773 and 774:
6502 Microprocessor InstructionsADC
Page 775 and 776:
Instruction CodesAmmblyNa ma Operal
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Auembly HEXNa ma Operation Addr..,l
Page 779 and 780:
Ammbly HEXNam11 Opmllon Addressing
Page 781 and 782:
Hex Operation Codes00- BAK01 - ORA
Page 783 and 784:
Appendix3FTablesIII-353
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Reserved Words and Predeclared Iden
Page 787 and 788:
Table F-2C. Identifiers Declared in
Page 789:
Summary of Size limitsTable F-4. Su
Page 794 and 795:
ContentsFigures and TablesviiPREFAC
Page 796 and 797:
CHAPTER4The P-Machine Instruction S
Page 798 and 799:
APPENDIX4AMemory Maps64K System Mem
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Figure 3-5The Order of Local Variab
Page 803 and 804:
Chapter 1The Pascal EnvironmentIV-I
Page 805 and 806:
Figure 1-1. The Pascal 64K SystemlE
Page 807 and 808:
Figure 1-3. The Pascal 128K System:
Page 809 and 810:
Main Memory PointersNP points to th
Page 811 and 812:
Table 1-1. Version Flags Set at Loc
Page 813 and 814:
.INTERP+4Address of the location th
Page 815 and 816:
Chapter 2Disk FilesIV-13
Page 817 and 818:
{First, some general declarations r
Page 819 and 820:
GET, READ, and READLN convert DLE-b
Page 821 and 822:
Figure 2-2. A Typical Codefilehigh
Page 823 and 824:
Segments are not nested in codefile
Page 825 and 826:
RECORDDISKINFO: ARRAY[0 .. 15l OFRE
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By the Way: Figure 2-4 shows lower
Page 829 and 830:
o Bit 12 of the SEG INFO word is un
Page 831 and 832:
Figure 2-5. Construction of Interfa
Page 833 and 834:
Figure 2-6. The Code Part of a Code
Page 835 and 836:
Figure 2-7. A Typical Procedurehigh
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o PARAMETER SIZE: This field specif
Page 839 and 840:
Relocation TablesA relocation table
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LITYPES = CEOFMARK, UNITREF, GLOBRE
Page 843 and 844:
ICOFFSET field specifies the locati
Page 845:
Procedure and Function Linker Infor
Page 848 and 849:
The previous chapter discussed the
Page 850 and 851:
o BASE: BASE procedure pointer. Thi
Page 852 and 853:
were part of the Pascal system glob
Page 854 and 855: activation records; data segments d
Page 856 and 857: A procedure call causes the operati
Page 859 and 860: Chapter4The P-Machine Instruction S
Page 861 and 862: Formats of Variables on the StackVa
Page 863 and 864: the structure when padded. Before s
Page 865 and 866: localSLDL_l 216 Short load local wo
Page 867 and 868: Byte A.rray HandlingLDB 190STB 191L
Page 869 and 870: LPA 208LDP 186STP 187UB,Load a pack
Page 871 and 872: Noninteger ComparisonsThe next six
Page 873 and 874: LNOT 147 Logical NOT. Push the one'
Page 875 and 876: XJPI72WI,W2, ,W3Case jump. WI is w
Page 877 and 878: EXIT 158 4 Exit from procedure. tos
Page 879 and 880: DecimalOpcode Mnemonic Full Name Lo
Page 881: DecimalOpcode Mnemonic Full Name Lo
Page 884 and 885: 64K System MemorylExternal Language
Page 886 and 887: 128K System Auxiliary MemoryAuxilia
Page 888 and 889: Blocks in a Code Segmenthigh disk a
Page 890 and 891: Segment Dictionarylow disk addresse
Page 892 and 893: Code Part of a Code Segment~.r--'-"
Page 894 and 895: 6502 Procedure Attribute Tablebaser
Page 896 and 897: Program Stackhigh memory addressesS
Page 898: Activation Recordhigh memory addres
Page 902 and 903: ContentsBibliographyReference Books
Page 907 and 908: Glossaryactivation: The execution o
Page 909 and 910: cold start: A startup procedurethat
Page 911 and 912: file: See disk file, external file,
Page 913 and 914: length attribute: The part of along
Page 915 and 916: POINTERLIST: A list of pointersin L
Page 917 and 918: segment table: A section of thehigh
Page 919: USES declaration: The part of aPasc
Page 922 and 923: o 48K Runtime System (Version 1.2 o
Page 925 and 926: IndexCast of Characters*(asterisk)
Page 927 and 928: ooleansassignment statements and II
Page 929 and 930: DDATA III-215data directives II-187
Page 931 and 932: Execute command, from Commandlevel
Page 933 and 934: GPWROFTEN III-83RANDOM III-85ROUND
Page 935 and 936: Link command, from Command levelII-
Page 937 and 938: 0ODD function III-90OF III-117-118o
Page 939 and 940: parameters for III-130PENCOLOR III-
Page 941 and 942: Replace command ll-113-117delimiter
Page 943 and 944: storageof arrays III-328of booleans
Page 945 and 946: UNLINKED-INTRINS IV-26unsignedconst
Page 948: Apple Computer, Inc.20525 Mariani A
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