apple-pascal-1.3-manual

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Using System MemoryThe addressing modes available in the 6502 instruction set give your 6502routines access to the entire machine memory. But blindly accessingmemory in a Pascal environment can lead to disaster, if your Pascalprogram and your 6502 routines overwrite each other's code or data. Abetter approach is to use these Assembler directives:.BYTE .WORD .BLOCK .PRIVATEThese directives are described in detail in Chapter 6 of Part II. Here is abrief summary:o .BYTE, .WORD, and .BLOCK reserve areas for data within the 6502program space. They can be used either to store constants or to providelabeled memory areas for storing variables.o .PRIVATE allows your 6502 routines to store variables in the Pascal dataspace. Such variables are inaccessible to Pascal. They retain their valuesthroughout execution of your Pascal program. Hence they can be used totransport data between 6502 routines that are called at different points inthe Pascal program.In addition, hexadecimal locations $0 through $35 are available to your 6502routines, for temporary storage. They provide 54 bytes for scratchpad use.Pascal may also use these locations, however; you cannot count on dataremaining there after your 6502 routine completes execution.All the internal 6502 registers (A, X, Y) are available for your use.The rest of system memory normally belongs to Pascal. You should attemptto access it from your 6502 routines only as a last resort and with great care.III-150Chapter 9: Assembly-Language Routines
An ExampleThe following sample, deliberately trivial, illustrates some of the techniquesjust discussed. It consists of a Pascal program that calls two EXTERNALroutines-a procedure and a function. This is how it works:o The Pascal program CALLASM creates a packed array of ten byte-sizedelements, initializing it with the values 0 through 9. It displays the result.o CALLASM then calls the EXTERNAL procedure INCARRAY, a 6502routine, which increases the value of each element by 1. CALLASMdisplays the new result.o CALLASM finally calls the EXTERNAL function TIMES2 ten times. Ateach iteration, TIMES2 doubles the value of one array element andCALLASM displays it.Here is the Pascal source text:PROGRAM CALLASM;TYPE LIST• PACKED ARRAY CB .. 91 OF e .. 255;VAR N : INTEGER;AA : LIST;PROCEDURE INCARRAY CSIZE : INTEGER; VAR DATAEXTERNAL;LIST>;FUNCTION TIMES2 CDATAEXTERNAL;INTEGER>INTEGER;BEGINWRITELN C'lnitial array:'>;FOR N :• 0 TO 9 DOBEGINAACNl :• N;WRITE C' ', AACNl>END;WRITELN C'Array, incremented:'>;INCARRAY c1e, AA>;FOR N :• 0 to 9 DO WRITE C' ', AACNl>;WRITELN ('Incremented array time5 two:'>;FOR N :• H TO 9 DO WRITE C' ', TIMES2 CAACNl>>END.An ExampleIII-151
Page 1 and 2:
Apple Apple II Pascal 1.3•,_
Page 5:
Apple II Pascal 1.3
Page 8 and 9:
your system. To be sure that your s
Page 10 and 11:
How to Read This ManualHardware Not
Page 13 and 14:
Part IGetting Started
Page 15 and 16:
System Notes 18Using a 40-Column Vi
Page 17:
PrefacePart I describes the steps y
Page 20 and 21:
To provide a focus for discussion i
Page 22 and 23:
Enhanced lieIf you have an enhanced
Page 24 and 25:
If you are not going to use your Pr
Page 26 and 27:
Using a Pascal-Formatted ProFileYou
Page 28 and 29:
Other llc'sIf you have an Apple Ile
Page 30 and 31:
How Pascal Assigns Volume NumbersA
Page 32 and 33:
Using System PromptsAs soon as you
Page 34 and 35:
Make Backups of Your System DisksWe
Page 36 and 37:
A Warning.&.Warning6. Note that bot
Page 38 and 39:
The 128K and 64K Pascal Systems Com
Page 40 and 41:
o The TAB key is absent, which mean
Page 42 and 43:
If you have an Apple II or II Plus
Page 44 and 45:
Once you transfer the system files,
Page 46 and 47:
If you are using an SO-column displ
Page 48 and 49:
II Plus users have made the require
Page 50:
APPLE3:SYSTEM.APPLEFORMATTER.CODEFO
Page 54 and 55:
ContentsFigures and TablesxviiPREFA
Page 56 and 57:
Moving Files 41Transfer 41Copying a
Page 58 and 59:
The Editor Commands 93Insert 96Text
Page 60 and 61:
CHAPTER5The CompilerIntroduction 13
Page 62 and 63:
Local Labels 178Constants 179Locati
Page 64 and 65:
CHAPTER 7The LinkerIntroduction 208
Page 66 and 67:
APPENDIX2ACommand SummariesAll Leve
Page 68 and 69:
APPENDIX2FDemonstration ProgramsInt
Page 71 and 72:
PrefaceProgram Preparation Tools is
Page 73 and 74:
Chapter 1An OverviewII-1
Page 75 and 76:
Pascal FilesA file is defined as a
Page 77 and 78:
There are two parts to a workfile:
Page 79:
o On the 128K Pascal system, the sp
Page 82 and 83:
The Command LevelYou reach the Comm
Page 84 and 85:
Figure 2-1. The Command LevelComman
Page 86 and 87:
CompileTyping c while at the Comman
Page 88 and 89:
InitializeTyping 1 from the Command
Page 90 and 91:
Commands Usable at All LevelsCertai
Page 93 and 94:
Chapter 3The FilerII-21
Page 95 and 96:
Bad-blocksExamineTests a disk to se
Page 97 and 98:
B I~ XBad-blocks ExamineThe Filer s
Page 99 and 100:
To erase your response to a Filer p
Page 101 and 102:
Standard Volume Names and NumbersTa
Page 103 and 104:
emoved from the filename. You shoul
Page 105 and 106:
filename that may not be ignored. T
Page 107 and 108:
You may use only one wildcard in a
Page 109 and 110:
A system with two 5~-inch disk driv
Page 111 and 112:
You can list any portion of a direc
Page 113 and 114:
APPLEr.l:SYSTEM.PASCALSYSTEM.MI SC
Page 115 and 116:
When you press RETURN, the system c
Page 117 and 118:
You can use wildcards with the Tran
Page 119 and 120:
The display clears, and then the fo
Page 121 and 122:
One Disk DriveOm:H:>rive NoteTo cop
Page 123 and 124:
Prompt: Remove what file ?Response:
Page 125 and 126:
as replacement strings) given in th
Page 127 and 128:
You do not need to put a volume on
Page 129 and 130:
ZeroThe Zero command "erases" a spe
Page 131 and 132:
QuitThe Quit command, which is invo
Page 133 and 134:
Observing filename conventions, you
Page 135 and 136:
One-Drive MethodOn one-drive system
Page 137 and 138:
If there is already a workfile SYST
Page 139 and 140:
If you see that one of your disks c
Page 141 and 142:
An N response to this prompt return
Page 143:
-Filename ConventionsVolume name wi
Page 146 and 147:
IntroductionThe Pascal Editor helps
Page 148 and 149:
4. If you are editing a program, yo
Page 150 and 151:
Editing With a 31/2-lnch Disk Drive
Page 152 and 153:
As you have already learned if you
Page 154 and 155:
Starting a New FileIf a workfile is
Page 156 and 157:
For example, if the cursor is on th
Page 158 and 159:
Apple II or II PlusIt is legal to i
Page 160 and 161:
To leave the Editor, press G for Qu
Page 162 and 163:
Notice that not all commands affect
Page 164 and 165:
Cursor MovesYou can use repeat-fact
Page 166 and 167:
Figure 4-3. The EditorCommandEditor
Page 168 and 169:
Insert-The Insert command allows yo
Page 170 and 171:
and Filling to True. For example, t
Page 172 and 173:
.A Warning The automatic remarginin
Page 174 and 175:
The Editor remembers where the curs
Page 176 and 177:
This leaves you with something like
Page 178 and 179:
To c0py the text, typeMYDISK:SUPERM
Page 180 and 181:
ExchangeYou use the Exchange comman
Page 182 and 183:
After you press the SPACE bar, the
Page 184 and 185:
ExampleSuppose you have Token searc
Page 186 and 187:
DirectionThe Replace command operat
Page 188 and 189:
Same-String OptionIf you type s in
Page 190 and 191:
Jump-The Jump command moves the cur
Page 192 and 193:
After you have typed CONTROL-C to a
Page 194 and 195:
Set EnvironmentThe Editor lets you
Page 196 and 197:
40=Column !DisplaysFilling should g
Page 198 and 199:
the right place in the string) and
Page 200 and 201:
When you operate a skateboard in ex
Page 202 and 203:
Quit-You use the Quit command to ex
Page 204 and 205:
WriteThe Write command saves the fi
Page 206 and 207:
Special Commands SummaryYou will fi
Page 209 and 210:
Chapter 5The CompilerIl-137
Page 211 and 212:
Two 51/.oi·lnch Disk DrivesOne 51/
Page 213 and 214:
If there is no text workfile, you w
Page 215 and 216:
The period at the end prevents the
Page 217 and 218:
o Pressing the SPACE bar instructs
Page 219 and 220:
Execution Error MessagesThe informa
Page 221 and 222:
Default option: {$1-}{$1 filename}
Page 223 and 224:
The "Range Check" OptionThis option
Page 225 and 226:
The { $N +} option should be placed
Page 227:
The "User Program" OptionThis optio
Page 230 and 231:
IntroductionEven if you write most
Page 232 and 233:
If you attempt to assemble without
Page 234 and 235:
After the source and object files f
Page 236 and 237:
This is similar to the choice that
Page 238 and 239:
First, use the Filer's New command
Page 240 and 241:
The Assembly ListingAfter you have
Page 242 and 243:
01HlllllCurrent memory available:0
Page 244 and 245:
ADRSPUSHPAGE -AB l!HHJ 41 ALOOPMC -
Page 246 and 247:
If you have a printer connected to
Page 248 and 249:
The statements making up the body o
Page 250 and 251:
local LabelsA local label has a dol
Page 252 and 253:
An at sign(@) before an expression
Page 254 and 255:
PAGE - 1 TEMP1 FILE:lllllll01Curren
Page 256 and 257:
ConventionsWhen you write assembly-
Page 258 and 259:
parameter names are given. For exam
Page 260 and 261:
Example:TEMP .BYTE 4The associated
Page 262 and 263:
.ABSOLUTEThis directive forces the
Page 264 and 265:
Example:.MACRO HELPSTA %1LDA %2.END
Page 266 and 267:
LDAill formed operandECdit,,[ SPACE
Page 268 and 269:
name in both the program and the ro
Page 270 and 271:
The use of the .DEF and .REF direct
Page 272 and 273:
.LIST and .NOLISTThese two directiv
Page 274 and 275:
File Directive.INCLUDECauses the sp
Page 276 and 277:
Data Directives[label].ASCII""Inser
Page 279 and 280:
Chapter 7The LinkerIl-207
Page 281 and 282:
Linking Using the link CommandYou i
Page 283 and 284:
If you press RETURN in response to
Page 285 and 286:
linking Using the Run CommandIf the
Page 287 and 288:
Chapter 8The LibrarianII-215
Page 289 and 290:
Librarian, that are invoked by the
Page 291 and 292:
The Input FilesThe Librarian now di
Page 293 and 294:
lJ Slot to copy into?2 Slot to copy
Page 295 and 296:
Copyright Notice Lost: The Libraria
Page 297 and 298:
If the file you specify is not a co
Page 299 and 300:
enter library name: #S:samplelist l
Page 301 and 302:
Chapter 9Utility Programs11-229
Page 303 and 304:
Two 51/4-lnch DrivesOne 51/4-lnch D
Page 305 and 306:
Using an Ex:temal TerminalThe Apple
Page 307 and 308:
Vertical Move DelayValue: The numbe
Page 309 and 310:
Key to Delete LinePressing Line Del
Page 311 and 312:
Parameter Field NameERASE TO END OF
Page 313 and 314:
Reconfiguring the SystemTo use an e
Page 315 and 316:
Changing GOTOXY CommunicationThe GO
Page 317 and 318:
The screen will showAPPLE GOTOXY BI
Page 319 and 320:
Using the Linefeed UtilityFrom the
Page 321:
If you respond by typing v for Yes,
Page 324 and 325:
This appendix contains summaries of
Page 326 and 327:
LinkSwapExecuteRunUser restartIniti
Page 328 and 329:
Volume CommandsVolumesList-director
Page 330 and 331:
Editor Command SummarySpecial Comma
Page 332 and 333:
ExchangeReplaceReplaces the charact
Page 335 and 336:
Appendix 2BSystem FilesII-263
Page 337 and 338:
CommandLinkExecuteRunFiles Needed65
Page 339 and 340:
Filename Contents of File Use of Fi
Page 341:
APPLE3:lPASCAL:SYSTEM.APPLE 32 Cont
Page 344 and 345:
A Complex Sample ProgramThis append
Page 346 and 347:
Figure 2C-l. Creating a Complex Pro
Page 348 and 349:
The Regular UnitUse the Editor to c
Page 350 and 351:
PROCEDURE INTRINUPROC;BEGINWRITELNC
Page 352 and 353:
;As you will see,. CONST LENGTH.PUB
Page 354 and 355:
cPutting the Pieces TogetherThis se
Page 356 and 357:
LLink what host codefile? MAINOpeni
Page 359 and 360:
Appendix 2DMaking a Turnkey DiskII-
Page 361 and 362:
Appendix 2EMaking and Using Exec Fi
Page 363 and 364:
Terminator Characters: The terminat
Page 365 and 366:
.& Warningis actually sent to the p
Page 367 and 368:
Appendix2FDemonstration Programs11-
Page 369 and 370:
What follows is a description of ho
Page 371 and 372:
Assuming that the ROT ATE procedure
Page 373 and 374:
The outer REPEAT first calls MAKETR
Page 375 and 376:
position in the CORNER variable for
Page 377 and 378:
If you wish to modify, compile, and
Page 379 and 380:
1. Starting at the root node, FLIPP
Page 381 and 382:
Program CROSSREF contains examples
Page 383 and 384:
On completion of the design, the pr
Page 385 and 386:
If you type N for No, you will agai
Page 387 and 388:
Appendix 2GPascal 1/0 Device Volume
Page 389 and 390:
Appendix 2HError Messages11-317
Page 391 and 392:
ErrorNumberError Message10 I/O erro
Page 393 and 394:
ErrorNumberError Message9 Identifie
Page 395 and 396:
Compiler Error MessagesWhen the Pas
Page 397 and 398:
ErrorNumberError Message123 Missing
Page 399 and 400:
ErrorNumberError Message202 String
Page 403 and 404:
Part IIILanguage Manual
Page 405 and 406:
Block Syntax 13Declarations 14Const
Page 407 and 408:
CHAPTER5Dynamic VariablesUsing Dyna
Page 409 and 410:
CHAPTER7Program ControlsRepetition
Page 411 and 412:
Character File I/O Operations 173IN
Page 413 and 414:
Library Name Files 231Making a Libr
Page 415 and 416:
Program Chaining 275The SETCHAIN Pr
Page 417 and 418:
Procedure Call 305File Type 305REWR
Page 419 and 420:
The RESET Macro 335The SWITCH Macro
Page 421 and 422:
CHAPTER5Dynamic VariablesPointer Ty
Page 423 and 424:
Value Specifier Syntax 17 4READ Pro
Page 425 and 426:
CONCAT Function 300FOR Statement 30
Page 427 and 428:
PrefaceThis part of the Apple II Pa
Page 429:
Supporting these chapters are sever
Page 432 and 433:
Apple II Pascal 1.3 is a version of
Page 434 and 435:
Pascal Versus BASICIf you are a BAS
Page 437 and 438:
Chapter 2Program StructureIll-7
Page 439 and 440:
The program block contains a single
Page 441 and 442:
o Identifiers are the names of such
Page 443 and 444:
Pascal SyntaxPascal has its own syn
Page 445 and 446:
string or an array or some other ty
Page 447 and 448:
A More Complex ExampleHere is anoth
Page 449 and 450:
esult is called a compound statemen
Page 451 and 452:
Here are the rules for composing yo
Page 453 and 454:
CommentsGood programming practice i
Page 455 and 456:
Chapter 3Simple Data TypesIll-25
Page 457 and 458:
New data types are created by the t
Page 459 and 460:
String and CHAR constants may not c
Page 461 and 462:
The INTEGER TypeIntegers are whole
Page 463 and 464:
A Technical Note: Pascal often sets
Page 465 and 466:
This declaration creates the new da
Page 467 and 468:
Chapter4Structured Data TypesIIl-37
Page 469 and 470:
declare a longer maximum. In both c
Page 471 and 472:
Here are some examples:TYPE ALPHANU
Page 473 and 474:
The ARRAY TypeA Pascal array is an
Page 475 and 476:
We could now make the following arr
Page 477 and 478:
You can manipulate the elements of
Page 479 and 480:
o Each corresponding dimension must
Page 481 and 482:
The syntax for writing the field li
Page 483 and 484:
Information A bout the Example: Thi
Page 485 and 486:
o The limits on the number and type
Page 487 and 488:
These are the rules by which Pascal
Page 489 and 490:
ecord variable of CHECKBOOK as CHEC
Page 491 and 492:
Chapter 5Dynamic Variableslll-61
Page 493 and 494:
Here is an example of this process
Page 495 and 496:
o The base type may be an identifie
Page 497 and 498:
o Don't try to change the variant,
Page 499 and 500:
MARK and RELEASE are used in pairs.
Page 501 and 502:
Chapter 6Operations on DataIII-71
Page 503 and 504:
By combining these elements, you ca
Page 505 and 506:
Each kind of factor has its own syn
Page 507 and 508:
AssignmentsThe assignment statement
Page 509 and 510:
Arithmetic OperationsApple Pascal p
Page 511 and 512:
single-character operators, DIV mus
Page 513 and 514:
ABS CROUND CX/Y))ABS C2-X>The ABS f
Page 515 and 516:
Random Number Fum::tionsApple Pasca
Page 517 and 518:
FUN CT ION RAND2 : INTEGER;VAR MAX,
Page 519 and 520:
o Two records of congruent type may
Page 521 and 522:
Be Careful: CHR does not check to s
Page 523 and 524:
The SCAN FunctionThis function scan
Page 525 and 526:
Your use of MOVELEFT or MOVERIGHT m
Page 527 and 528:
The CONCAT FunctionCONCAT accepts a
Page 529 and 530: VARS : STRIHGC1l;o With COPY, INSER
Page 531 and 532: Bit Interpretation of Scalar TypesE
Page 533 and 534: .' Bit Logic ExamplesHere are some
Page 535 and 536: This is because Pascal tries to int
Page 537 and 538: Chapter 7Program ControlsIII-107
Page 539 and 540: Repetition StatementsPascal provide
Page 541 and 542: Observe these rules and cautions wh
Page 543 and 544: Here is an example of a REPEAT stat
Page 545 and 546: Here are are two examples of IF sta
Page 547 and 548: The above statement can be clarifie
Page 549 and 550: It accomplishes the same job as the
Page 551 and 552: Here is an example of a GOTO statem
Page 553: The EXIT procedure is seldom essent
Page 556 and 557: Procedures and functions are the su
Page 558 and 559: In both cases, the parameter list i
Page 560 and 561: Special Note About Long Integers: T
Page 562 and 563: PROCEDURE ALPHA CHI, LO REAL; FACTO
Page 564 and 565: Here are the rules governing the re
Page 566 and 567: o The real variable METAL declared
Page 568 and 569: After you have written its heading
Page 571 and 572: Chapter 9Assembly-Language Routines
Page 573 and 574: EXTERNAL Procedures and FunctionsPR
Page 575 and 576: The evaluation stack may have alrea
Page 577 and 578: To summarize, the structure of the
Page 579: If your routine has accomplished ai
Page 583: sample procedure for Pascal, declar
Page 586 and 587: Apple Pascal provides a variety of
Page 588 and 589: File VariablesUnlike most other var
Page 590 and 591: External FilesThere are three categ
Page 592 and 593: Pascal types volume numbers, volume
Page 594 and 595: although it permits inputs as well.
Page 596 and 597: Be Careful: Using RESET with a file
Page 598 and 599: o If a file has any records in it,
Page 600 and 601: In particular, disk drives usually
Page 602 and 603: Here is a sample use of SEEK:SEEK C
Page 604 and 605: until a character was typed. With t
Page 606 and 607: Certain specific rules apply to the
Page 608 and 609: o READ with a CHAR variable reads o
Page 610 and 611: o Except when READLN is used with a
Page 612 and 613: BLOCKREAD transfers data from an ex
Page 614 and 615: Both procedures are written with th
Page 616 and 617: Type "B" character checking: CONTRO
Page 618 and 619: When UNITSTATUS is called, it may a
Page 620 and 621: o SHIFT is TRUE if the oldest chara
Page 622 and 623: WHILE NOT keypress DD { reiterate u
Page 625 and 626: Chapter 11Screen GraphicsIII-195
Page 627 and 628: o DRA WBLOCK is a complex and power
Page 629 and 630: o If the graphic image has never be
Page 631 and 632:
PENCOLOR and FILLSCREENTo set the c
Page 633 and 634:
TURTLEX, TURTLEY, TURTLEANG, and SC
Page 635 and 636:
ModeAction0 Fills area of screen wi
Page 637 and 638:
If CHARTYPE is not called, the defa
Page 639 and 640:
Chapter 12Program Units111-209
Page 641 and 642:
You can list any number of units af
Page 643 and 644:
The process of compiling an Intrins
Page 645 and 646:
64K Note: When compiling Program Un
Page 647 and 648:
consists of the word INTERFACE foll
Page 649 and 650:
preceded by the procedure or functi
Page 651 and 652:
IMPLEMENTATION{A private procedure
Page 653 and 654:
Changing Units and Host ProgramsOne
Page 655 and 656:
Chapter 13LibrariesIII-225
Page 657 and 658:
o You can create a Program Library
Page 659 and 660:
SYSTEM.LIBRARYSYSTEM.LIBRARY is the
Page 661 and 662:
library Name FilesA Library Name Fi
Page 663 and 664:
Using One library File With Two Pro
Page 665 and 666:
Using Seve1ral Library Files With S
Page 667 and 668:
program. It directs the Compiler to
Page 669 and 670:
Chapter 14Compiler OptionsIII-239
Page 671 and 672:
Finally, you can insert a space cha
Page 673 and 674:
Chapter 15Large Program ManagementI
Page 675 and 676:
The Compiler might fail to process
Page 677 and 678:
o Use MARK and RELEASE to optimize
Page 679 and 680:
When an Intrinsic Unit is compiled,
Page 681 and 682:
Remember: If your program has any s
Page 683 and 684:
Loading of SEGMENT Procedures and F
Page 685 and 686:
PROGRAM THREE;USES BIGUHIT;SEGMEHT
Page 687:
swapping is obviously undesirable,
Page 690 and 691:
This chapter rounds out the Apple P
Page 692 and 693:
o You can write assembly-language E
Page 694 and 695:
Here is the source text for the 650
Page 696 and 697:
Program Unit Required! The Program
Page 698 and 699:
VAR UpKey : CHAR;DownKey : CHAR;PRO
Page 700 and 701:
Setting the High Character BitOn Ap
Page 702 and 703:
The CR character is used in files o
Page 704 and 705:
After READ with a CHAR variable and
Page 706 and 707:
Program chaining is accomplished by
Page 708 and 709:
SWAPON, SWAPGPON, and SWAPOFF¥¥¥
Page 710 and 711:
Using SETCV AL and GETCV AL, you ca
Page 712 and 713:
Here is a typical process for creat
Page 714 and 715:
The following sample procedure assu
Page 716 and 717:
VARLoop,WordsinArray,BytesCalcBuffe
Page 718 and 719:
FUNCTION BRANCH CH : INTEGER> PTR;V
Page 720 and 721:
Identifierletterletterdigitundersco
Page 722 and 723:
String TypeSTRING-~-----------.....
Page 724 and 725:
Record Type Variant Parttagidentifi
Page 726 and 727:
Expressionsimpleexpression___ __, .
Page 728 and 729:
Factorunsignedconstantvariablerefer
Page 730 and 731:
Variable Referencevariableidentifie
Page 732 and 733:
IF Statementexpresssion statement s
Page 734 and 735:
Function Definitionnewidentifier1--
Page 736 and 737:
RESET Procedurefileidentifierstring
Page 738 and 739:
READ ProcedurefileidentifierREADLN
Page 740 and 741:
Program Unit CompilationProgram Uni
Page 742 and 743:
Implementation SectionIMPLEMENTATIO
Page 744 and 745:
This appendix contains further deta
Page 746 and 747:
Underflow,.The underflow exception
Page 748 and 749:
This section describes how real val
Page 751 and 752:
Appendix 3CMemory Allocations for D
Page 753 and 754:
ecord tag fields given an identifie
Page 755 and 756:
Note that the array declarationsPAC
Page 757 and 758:
Pascal stores ordinary (not packed)
Page 759 and 760:
Appendix 3DUseful Assembly-Language
Page 761 and 762:
The RMVBIAS MacroThis macro removes
Page 763 and 764:
.ELSE. IFSTX.ELSE. IFSTY.EHDC. ENDC
Page 765 and 766:
yte = The address of the byte whose
Page 767 and 768:
count = The number of bytes to move
Page 769 and 770:
The NOTBITBR MacroThis macro is the
Page 771 and 772:
Appendix 3ESummary of 6502 OpcodesI
Page 773 and 774:
6502 Microprocessor InstructionsADC
Page 775 and 776:
Instruction CodesAmmblyNa ma Operal
Page 777 and 778:
Auembly HEXNa ma Operation Addr..,l
Page 779 and 780:
Ammbly HEXNam11 Opmllon Addressing
Page 781 and 782:
Hex Operation Codes00- BAK01 - ORA
Page 783 and 784:
Appendix3FTablesIII-353
Page 785 and 786:
Reserved Words and Predeclared Iden
Page 787 and 788:
Table F-2C. Identifiers Declared in
Page 789:
Summary of Size limitsTable F-4. Su
Page 794 and 795:
ContentsFigures and TablesviiPREFAC
Page 796 and 797:
CHAPTER4The P-Machine Instruction S
Page 798 and 799:
APPENDIX4AMemory Maps64K System Mem
Page 800 and 801:
Figure 3-5The Order of Local Variab
Page 803 and 804:
Chapter 1The Pascal EnvironmentIV-I
Page 805 and 806:
Figure 1-1. The Pascal 64K SystemlE
Page 807 and 808:
Figure 1-3. The Pascal 128K System:
Page 809 and 810:
Main Memory PointersNP points to th
Page 811 and 812:
Table 1-1. Version Flags Set at Loc
Page 813 and 814:
.INTERP+4Address of the location th
Page 815 and 816:
Chapter 2Disk FilesIV-13
Page 817 and 818:
{First, some general declarations r
Page 819 and 820:
GET, READ, and READLN convert DLE-b
Page 821 and 822:
Figure 2-2. A Typical Codefilehigh
Page 823 and 824:
Segments are not nested in codefile
Page 825 and 826:
RECORDDISKINFO: ARRAY[0 .. 15l OFRE
Page 827 and 828:
By the Way: Figure 2-4 shows lower
Page 829 and 830:
o Bit 12 of the SEG INFO word is un
Page 831 and 832:
Figure 2-5. Construction of Interfa
Page 833 and 834:
Figure 2-6. The Code Part of a Code
Page 835 and 836:
Figure 2-7. A Typical Procedurehigh
Page 837 and 838:
o PARAMETER SIZE: This field specif
Page 839 and 840:
Relocation TablesA relocation table
Page 841 and 842:
LITYPES = CEOFMARK, UNITREF, GLOBRE
Page 843 and 844:
ICOFFSET field specifies the locati
Page 845:
Procedure and Function Linker Infor
Page 848 and 849:
The previous chapter discussed the
Page 850 and 851:
o BASE: BASE procedure pointer. Thi
Page 852 and 853:
were part of the Pascal system glob
Page 854 and 855:
activation records; data segments d
Page 856 and 857:
A procedure call causes the operati
Page 859 and 860:
Chapter4The P-Machine Instruction S
Page 861 and 862:
Formats of Variables on the StackVa
Page 863 and 864:
the structure when padded. Before s
Page 865 and 866:
localSLDL_l 216 Short load local wo
Page 867 and 868:
Byte A.rray HandlingLDB 190STB 191L
Page 869 and 870:
LPA 208LDP 186STP 187UB,Load a pack
Page 871 and 872:
Noninteger ComparisonsThe next six
Page 873 and 874:
LNOT 147 Logical NOT. Push the one'
Page 875 and 876:
XJPI72WI,W2, ,W3Case jump. WI is w
Page 877 and 878:
EXIT 158 4 Exit from procedure. tos
Page 879 and 880:
DecimalOpcode Mnemonic Full Name Lo
Page 881:
DecimalOpcode Mnemonic Full Name Lo
Page 884 and 885:
64K System MemorylExternal Language
Page 886 and 887:
128K System Auxiliary MemoryAuxilia
Page 888 and 889:
Blocks in a Code Segmenthigh disk a
Page 890 and 891:
Segment Dictionarylow disk addresse
Page 892 and 893:
Code Part of a Code Segment~.r--'-"
Page 894 and 895:
6502 Procedure Attribute Tablebaser
Page 896 and 897:
Program Stackhigh memory addressesS
Page 898:
Activation Recordhigh memory addres
Page 902 and 903:
ContentsBibliographyReference Books
Page 904 and 905:
General Pascal TextbooksClancy, Mic
Page 907 and 908:
Glossaryactivation: The execution o
Page 909 and 910:
cold start: A startup procedurethat
Page 911 and 912:
file: See disk file, external file,
Page 913 and 914:
length attribute: The part of along
Page 915 and 916:
POINTERLIST: A list of pointersin L
Page 917 and 918:
segment table: A section of thehigh
Page 919:
USES declaration: The part of aPasc
Page 922 and 923:
o 48K Runtime System (Version 1.2 o
Page 925 and 926:
IndexCast of Characters*(asterisk)
Page 927 and 928:
ooleansassignment statements and II
Page 929 and 930:
DDATA III-215data directives II-187
Page 931 and 932:
Execute command, from Commandlevel
Page 933 and 934:
GPWROFTEN III-83RANDOM III-85ROUND
Page 935 and 936:
Link command, from Command levelII-
Page 937 and 938:
0ODD function III-90OF III-117-118o
Page 939 and 940:
parameters for III-130PENCOLOR III-
Page 941 and 942:
Replace command ll-113-117delimiter
Page 943 and 944:
storageof arrays III-328of booleans
Page 945 and 946:
UNLINKED-INTRINS IV-26unsignedconst
Page 948:
Apple Computer, Inc.20525 Mariani A
show all

apple-pascal-1.3-manual

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?