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Appendix 3CMemory Allocations for Data TypesIII-321
Appendix 3CMemory Allocations for Data TypesIII-321
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Apple Apple II Pascal 1.3•,_
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Apple II Pascal 1.3
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your system. To be sure that your s
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How to Read This ManualHardware Not
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Part IGetting Started
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System Notes 18Using a 40-Column Vi
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PrefacePart I describes the steps y
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To provide a focus for discussion i
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Enhanced lieIf you have an enhanced
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If you are not going to use your Pr
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Using a Pascal-Formatted ProFileYou
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Other llc'sIf you have an Apple Ile
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How Pascal Assigns Volume NumbersA
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Using System PromptsAs soon as you
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Make Backups of Your System DisksWe
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A Warning.&.Warning6. Note that bot
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The 128K and 64K Pascal Systems Com
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o The TAB key is absent, which mean
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If you have an Apple II or II Plus
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Once you transfer the system files,
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If you are using an SO-column displ
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II Plus users have made the require
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APPLE3:SYSTEM.APPLEFORMATTER.CODEFO
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ContentsFigures and TablesxviiPREFA
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Moving Files 41Transfer 41Copying a
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The Editor Commands 93Insert 96Text
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CHAPTER5The CompilerIntroduction 13
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Local Labels 178Constants 179Locati
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CHAPTER 7The LinkerIntroduction 208
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APPENDIX2ACommand SummariesAll Leve
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APPENDIX2FDemonstration ProgramsInt
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PrefaceProgram Preparation Tools is
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Chapter 1An OverviewII-1
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Pascal FilesA file is defined as a
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There are two parts to a workfile:
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o On the 128K Pascal system, the sp
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The Command LevelYou reach the Comm
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Figure 2-1. The Command LevelComman
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CompileTyping c while at the Comman
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InitializeTyping 1 from the Command
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Commands Usable at All LevelsCertai
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Chapter 3The FilerII-21
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Bad-blocksExamineTests a disk to se
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B I~ XBad-blocks ExamineThe Filer s
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To erase your response to a Filer p
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Standard Volume Names and NumbersTa
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emoved from the filename. You shoul
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filename that may not be ignored. T
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You may use only one wildcard in a
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A system with two 5~-inch disk driv
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You can list any portion of a direc
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APPLEr.l:SYSTEM.PASCALSYSTEM.MI SC
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When you press RETURN, the system c
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You can use wildcards with the Tran
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The display clears, and then the fo
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One Disk DriveOm:H:>rive NoteTo cop
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Prompt: Remove what file ?Response:
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as replacement strings) given in th
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You do not need to put a volume on
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ZeroThe Zero command "erases" a spe
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QuitThe Quit command, which is invo
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Observing filename conventions, you
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One-Drive MethodOn one-drive system
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If there is already a workfile SYST
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If you see that one of your disks c
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An N response to this prompt return
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-Filename ConventionsVolume name wi
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IntroductionThe Pascal Editor helps
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4. If you are editing a program, yo
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Editing With a 31/2-lnch Disk Drive
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As you have already learned if you
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Starting a New FileIf a workfile is
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For example, if the cursor is on th
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Apple II or II PlusIt is legal to i
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To leave the Editor, press G for Qu
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Notice that not all commands affect
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Cursor MovesYou can use repeat-fact
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Figure 4-3. The EditorCommandEditor
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Insert-The Insert command allows yo
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and Filling to True. For example, t
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.A Warning The automatic remarginin
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The Editor remembers where the curs
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This leaves you with something like
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To c0py the text, typeMYDISK:SUPERM
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ExchangeYou use the Exchange comman
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After you press the SPACE bar, the
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ExampleSuppose you have Token searc
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DirectionThe Replace command operat
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Same-String OptionIf you type s in
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Jump-The Jump command moves the cur
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After you have typed CONTROL-C to a
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Set EnvironmentThe Editor lets you
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40=Column !DisplaysFilling should g
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the right place in the string) and
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When you operate a skateboard in ex
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Quit-You use the Quit command to ex
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WriteThe Write command saves the fi
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Special Commands SummaryYou will fi
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Chapter 5The CompilerIl-137
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Two 51/.oi·lnch Disk DrivesOne 51/
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If there is no text workfile, you w
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The period at the end prevents the
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o Pressing the SPACE bar instructs
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Execution Error MessagesThe informa
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Default option: {$1-}{$1 filename}
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The "Range Check" OptionThis option
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The { $N +} option should be placed
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The "User Program" OptionThis optio
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IntroductionEven if you write most
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If you attempt to assemble without
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After the source and object files f
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This is similar to the choice that
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First, use the Filer's New command
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The Assembly ListingAfter you have
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01HlllllCurrent memory available:0
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ADRSPUSHPAGE -AB l!HHJ 41 ALOOPMC -
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If you have a printer connected to
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The statements making up the body o
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local LabelsA local label has a dol
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An at sign(@) before an expression
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PAGE - 1 TEMP1 FILE:lllllll01Curren
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ConventionsWhen you write assembly-
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parameter names are given. For exam
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Example:TEMP .BYTE 4The associated
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.ABSOLUTEThis directive forces the
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Example:.MACRO HELPSTA %1LDA %2.END
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LDAill formed operandECdit,,[ SPACE
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name in both the program and the ro
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The use of the .DEF and .REF direct
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.LIST and .NOLISTThese two directiv
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File Directive.INCLUDECauses the sp
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Data Directives[label].ASCII""Inser
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Chapter 7The LinkerIl-207
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Linking Using the link CommandYou i
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If you press RETURN in response to
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linking Using the Run CommandIf the
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Chapter 8The LibrarianII-215
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Librarian, that are invoked by the
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The Input FilesThe Librarian now di
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lJ Slot to copy into?2 Slot to copy
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Copyright Notice Lost: The Libraria
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If the file you specify is not a co
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enter library name: #S:samplelist l
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Chapter 9Utility Programs11-229
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Two 51/4-lnch DrivesOne 51/4-lnch D
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Using an Ex:temal TerminalThe Apple
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Vertical Move DelayValue: The numbe
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Key to Delete LinePressing Line Del
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Parameter Field NameERASE TO END OF
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Reconfiguring the SystemTo use an e
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Changing GOTOXY CommunicationThe GO
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The screen will showAPPLE GOTOXY BI
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Using the Linefeed UtilityFrom the
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If you respond by typing v for Yes,
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This appendix contains summaries of
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LinkSwapExecuteRunUser restartIniti
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Volume CommandsVolumesList-director
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Editor Command SummarySpecial Comma
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ExchangeReplaceReplaces the charact
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Appendix 2BSystem FilesII-263
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CommandLinkExecuteRunFiles Needed65
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Filename Contents of File Use of Fi
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APPLE3:lPASCAL:SYSTEM.APPLE 32 Cont
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A Complex Sample ProgramThis append
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Figure 2C-l. Creating a Complex Pro
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The Regular UnitUse the Editor to c
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PROCEDURE INTRINUPROC;BEGINWRITELNC
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;As you will see,. CONST LENGTH.PUB
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cPutting the Pieces TogetherThis se
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LLink what host codefile? MAINOpeni
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Appendix 2DMaking a Turnkey DiskII-
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Appendix 2EMaking and Using Exec Fi
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Terminator Characters: The terminat
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.& Warningis actually sent to the p
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Appendix2FDemonstration Programs11-
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What follows is a description of ho
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Assuming that the ROT ATE procedure
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The outer REPEAT first calls MAKETR
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position in the CORNER variable for
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If you wish to modify, compile, and
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1. Starting at the root node, FLIPP
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Program CROSSREF contains examples
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On completion of the design, the pr
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If you type N for No, you will agai
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Appendix 2GPascal 1/0 Device Volume
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Appendix 2HError Messages11-317
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ErrorNumberError Message10 I/O erro
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ErrorNumberError Message9 Identifie
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Compiler Error MessagesWhen the Pas
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ErrorNumberError Message123 Missing
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ErrorNumberError Message202 String
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Part IIILanguage Manual
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Block Syntax 13Declarations 14Const
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CHAPTER5Dynamic VariablesUsing Dyna
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CHAPTER7Program ControlsRepetition
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Character File I/O Operations 173IN
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Library Name Files 231Making a Libr
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Program Chaining 275The SETCHAIN Pr
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Procedure Call 305File Type 305REWR
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The RESET Macro 335The SWITCH Macro
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CHAPTER5Dynamic VariablesPointer Ty
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Value Specifier Syntax 17 4READ Pro
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CONCAT Function 300FOR Statement 30
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PrefaceThis part of the Apple II Pa
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Supporting these chapters are sever
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Apple II Pascal 1.3 is a version of
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Pascal Versus BASICIf you are a BAS
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Chapter 2Program StructureIll-7
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The program block contains a single
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o Identifiers are the names of such
- Page 443 and 444:
Pascal SyntaxPascal has its own syn
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string or an array or some other ty
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A More Complex ExampleHere is anoth
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esult is called a compound statemen
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Here are the rules for composing yo
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CommentsGood programming practice i
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Chapter 3Simple Data TypesIll-25
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New data types are created by the t
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String and CHAR constants may not c
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The INTEGER TypeIntegers are whole
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A Technical Note: Pascal often sets
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This declaration creates the new da
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Chapter4Structured Data TypesIIl-37
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declare a longer maximum. In both c
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Here are some examples:TYPE ALPHANU
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The ARRAY TypeA Pascal array is an
- Page 475 and 476:
We could now make the following arr
- Page 477 and 478:
You can manipulate the elements of
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o Each corresponding dimension must
- Page 481 and 482:
The syntax for writing the field li
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Information A bout the Example: Thi
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o The limits on the number and type
- Page 487 and 488:
These are the rules by which Pascal
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ecord variable of CHECKBOOK as CHEC
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Chapter 5Dynamic Variableslll-61
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Here is an example of this process
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o The base type may be an identifie
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o Don't try to change the variant,
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MARK and RELEASE are used in pairs.
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Chapter 6Operations on DataIII-71
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By combining these elements, you ca
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Each kind of factor has its own syn
- Page 507 and 508:
AssignmentsThe assignment statement
- Page 509 and 510:
Arithmetic OperationsApple Pascal p
- Page 511 and 512:
single-character operators, DIV mus
- Page 513 and 514:
ABS CROUND CX/Y))ABS C2-X>The ABS f
- Page 515 and 516:
Random Number Fum::tionsApple Pasca
- Page 517 and 518:
FUN CT ION RAND2 : INTEGER;VAR MAX,
- Page 519 and 520:
o Two records of congruent type may
- Page 521 and 522:
Be Careful: CHR does not check to s
- Page 523 and 524:
The SCAN FunctionThis function scan
- Page 525 and 526:
Your use of MOVELEFT or MOVERIGHT m
- Page 527 and 528:
The CONCAT FunctionCONCAT accepts a
- Page 529 and 530:
VARS : STRIHGC1l;o With COPY, INSER
- Page 531 and 532:
Bit Interpretation of Scalar TypesE
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.' Bit Logic ExamplesHere are some
- Page 535 and 536:
This is because Pascal tries to int
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Chapter 7Program ControlsIII-107
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Repetition StatementsPascal provide
- Page 541 and 542:
Observe these rules and cautions wh
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Here is an example of a REPEAT stat
- Page 545 and 546:
Here are are two examples of IF sta
- Page 547 and 548:
The above statement can be clarifie
- Page 549 and 550:
It accomplishes the same job as the
- Page 551 and 552:
Here is an example of a GOTO statem
- Page 553:
The EXIT procedure is seldom essent
- Page 556 and 557:
Procedures and functions are the su
- Page 558 and 559:
In both cases, the parameter list i
- Page 560 and 561:
Special Note About Long Integers: T
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PROCEDURE ALPHA CHI, LO REAL; FACTO
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Here are the rules governing the re
- Page 566 and 567:
o The real variable METAL declared
- Page 568 and 569:
After you have written its heading
- Page 571 and 572:
Chapter 9Assembly-Language Routines
- Page 573 and 574:
EXTERNAL Procedures and FunctionsPR
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The evaluation stack may have alrea
- Page 577 and 578:
To summarize, the structure of the
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If your routine has accomplished ai
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An ExampleThe following sample, del
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sample procedure for Pascal, declar
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Apple Pascal provides a variety of
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File VariablesUnlike most other var
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External FilesThere are three categ
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Pascal types volume numbers, volume
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although it permits inputs as well.
- Page 596 and 597:
Be Careful: Using RESET with a file
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o If a file has any records in it,
- Page 600 and 601:
In particular, disk drives usually
- Page 602 and 603:
Here is a sample use of SEEK:SEEK C
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until a character was typed. With t
- Page 606 and 607:
Certain specific rules apply to the
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o READ with a CHAR variable reads o
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o Except when READLN is used with a
- Page 612 and 613:
BLOCKREAD transfers data from an ex
- Page 614 and 615:
Both procedures are written with th
- Page 616 and 617:
Type "B" character checking: CONTRO
- Page 618 and 619:
When UNITSTATUS is called, it may a
- Page 620 and 621:
o SHIFT is TRUE if the oldest chara
- Page 622 and 623:
WHILE NOT keypress DD { reiterate u
- Page 625 and 626:
Chapter 11Screen GraphicsIII-195
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o DRA WBLOCK is a complex and power
- Page 629 and 630:
o If the graphic image has never be
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PENCOLOR and FILLSCREENTo set the c
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TURTLEX, TURTLEY, TURTLEANG, and SC
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ModeAction0 Fills area of screen wi
- Page 637 and 638:
If CHARTYPE is not called, the defa
- Page 639 and 640:
Chapter 12Program Units111-209
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You can list any number of units af
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The process of compiling an Intrins
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64K Note: When compiling Program Un
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consists of the word INTERFACE foll
- Page 649 and 650:
preceded by the procedure or functi
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IMPLEMENTATION{A private procedure
- Page 653 and 654:
Changing Units and Host ProgramsOne
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Chapter 13LibrariesIII-225
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o You can create a Program Library
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SYSTEM.LIBRARYSYSTEM.LIBRARY is the
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library Name FilesA Library Name Fi
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Using One library File With Two Pro
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Using Seve1ral Library Files With S
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program. It directs the Compiler to
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Chapter 14Compiler OptionsIII-239
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Finally, you can insert a space cha
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Chapter 15Large Program ManagementI
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The Compiler might fail to process
- Page 677 and 678:
o Use MARK and RELEASE to optimize
- Page 679 and 680:
When an Intrinsic Unit is compiled,
- Page 681 and 682:
Remember: If your program has any s
- Page 683 and 684:
Loading of SEGMENT Procedures and F
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PROGRAM THREE;USES BIGUHIT;SEGMEHT
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swapping is obviously undesirable,
- Page 690 and 691:
This chapter rounds out the Apple P
- Page 692 and 693:
o You can write assembly-language E
- Page 694 and 695:
Here is the source text for the 650
- Page 696 and 697:
Program Unit Required! The Program
- Page 698 and 699:
VAR UpKey : CHAR;DownKey : CHAR;PRO
- Page 700 and 701: Setting the High Character BitOn Ap
- Page 702 and 703: The CR character is used in files o
- Page 704 and 705: After READ with a CHAR variable and
- Page 706 and 707: Program chaining is accomplished by
- Page 708 and 709: SWAPON, SWAPGPON, and SWAPOFF¥¥¥
- Page 710 and 711: Using SETCV AL and GETCV AL, you ca
- Page 712 and 713: Here is a typical process for creat
- Page 714 and 715: The following sample procedure assu
- Page 716 and 717: VARLoop,WordsinArray,BytesCalcBuffe
- Page 718 and 719: FUNCTION BRANCH CH : INTEGER> PTR;V
- Page 720 and 721: Identifierletterletterdigitundersco
- Page 722 and 723: String TypeSTRING-~-----------.....
- Page 724 and 725: Record Type Variant Parttagidentifi
- Page 726 and 727: Expressionsimpleexpression___ __, .
- Page 728 and 729: Factorunsignedconstantvariablerefer
- Page 730 and 731: Variable Referencevariableidentifie
- Page 732 and 733: IF Statementexpresssion statement s
- Page 734 and 735: Function Definitionnewidentifier1--
- Page 736 and 737: RESET Procedurefileidentifierstring
- Page 738 and 739: READ ProcedurefileidentifierREADLN
- Page 740 and 741: Program Unit CompilationProgram Uni
- Page 742 and 743: Implementation SectionIMPLEMENTATIO
- Page 744 and 745: This appendix contains further deta
- Page 746 and 747: Underflow,.The underflow exception
- Page 748 and 749: This section describes how real val
- Page 752 and 753: Every Pascal typed variable occupie
- Page 754 and 755: If a field is packable, but there i
- Page 756 and 757: Memory FormatsIntegers are stored i
- Page 758 and 759: Strings are stored as successive by
- Page 760 and 761: The .MACRO directive provides a con
- Page 762 and 763: jumpto = The optional location to w
- Page 764 and 765: .ELSE• IFLDX.ELSE• IFLDY.EHDC.E
- Page 766 and 767: * = If the asterisk is supplied as
- Page 768 and 769: $099. MACRO. IF. IFNO BITS.ELSELDAA
- Page 770 and 771: .MACRO NOTBITBR. IF H%2Dl=D8ll0. IF
- Page 772 and 773: NotationThe following notation appl
- Page 774 and 775: Programming ModelAyx000ACCUMULATORI
- Page 776 and 777: AmmblyName Operation Addressing Lan
- Page 778 and 779: Ammbly HEXNamm Operalion Addrmlng l
- Page 780 and 781: Assembly HEXN1m1 Operation Addressi
- Page 782 and 783: BO - ST A - AbsoluteBE - STX - Abso
- Page 784 and 785: Table F-1. ASCII Character CodesDec
- Page 786 and 787: In Table F-2B, a code is shown to t
- Page 788 and 789: IORESUL T ValuesTable F-3. IORESULT
- Page 793 and 794: Part IVTechnical Reference
- Page 795 and 796: Interface Text 28Code Parts 30Proce
- Page 797 and 798: Dynamic Variable Allocation 67Top-o
- Page 799 and 800: Figures and TablesCHAPTERlThe Pasca
- Page 801:
PrefaceThe Technical Reference is w
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The Apple Pascal system is a versio
- Page 806 and 807:
Figure 1-2. The Pascal 128K System:
- Page 808 and 809:
o If a program contains the declara
- Page 810 and 811:
Here are several important reminder
- Page 812 and 813:
Table 1-2. Hardware Identification
- Page 814 and 815:
If one of the first three errors oc
- Page 816 and 817:
This chapter describes how Apple Pa
- Page 818 and 819:
VARDIRIHFO : DIRECTORY;DEVHUM : INT
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All codefiles (linked and unlinked)
- Page 822 and 823:
Figure 2-3. Correlation Between Pro
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library file's segment dictionary.
- Page 826 and 827:
Figure 2-4. A Segment Dictionarylow
- Page 828 and 829:
4: SEPRTSEG. Separately assembled p
- Page 830 and 831:
o The segment number of an Intrinsi
- Page 832 and 833:
IMPLEMENT A TI ON keyword; it is po
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Below the procedure dictionary is t
- Page 836 and 837:
P~CociE~Procedure Attribute TablesT
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Figure 2-9. An Assembly-Language Pr
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Linker InformationFollowing the cod
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Linker Information FieldsThe Linker
- Page 844 and 845:
NAME array within the activation re
- Page 847 and 848:
Chapter 3The P-MachineIV-45
- Page 849 and 850:
The Evaluation StackIn the Apple II
- Page 851 and 852:
Figure 3-2 is a diagram of the Appl
- Page 853 and 854:
The segment table is located in the
- Page 855 and 856:
For example, the declarationsVAR I,
- Page 857:
After the registers are updated, th
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Instruction FormatsInstructions for
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CharOne word, with the low byte con
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Conventions and NotationEach operan
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STR 184 DB,B Store intermediate wor
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SAS 170 UB String assign. tos is ei
- Page 870 and 871:
To1N>f-Stack ArithmeticThese operat
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MPR 144 Multiply reals. Multiply to
- Page 874 and 875:
Byte ArraysEQUBYT 17510 B tos-l=tos
- Page 876 and 877:
CGP 207 UB Call global procedure. C
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TIMXITBPTNOP158 09214213 B215Miscel
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DecimalOpcodeMnemonicFull NameLocat
- Page 883 and 884:
Appendix4AMemory MapsIV81
- Page 885 and 886:
128K System Main MemoryMainMemoryP
- Page 887 and 888:
Code Segments in a Codefilehigh dis
- Page 889 and 890:
Correlation Between Programs and Co
- Page 891 and 892:
Interface Text in a Codefilepage nb
- Page 893 and 894:
Procedure Code Structurehigh disk o
- Page 895 and 896:
Bytes and Wordshigher, odd addresse
- Page 897 and 898:
Segment Tablehigh memory addressese
- Page 901 and 902:
PartVBibliography, Glossary, and In
- Page 903 and 904:
BibliographyA number of excellent b
- Page 905:
6502 Assemblyalanguage ProgrammingA
- Page 908 and 909:
ig: AP-machine instructionparameter
- Page 910 and 911:
default: The value used by thesyste
- Page 912 and 913:
IMPLEMENTATION: Theportion of a Pro
- Page 914 and 915:
native code: Assembled code for ami
- Page 916 and 917:
ecord: A structured variable thatco
- Page 918 and 919:
STRP: STRing Pointer. A 16-bitpoint
- Page 921 and 922:
Workbench ProductsThe Workbench ser
- Page 923:
Developer RelationsTo find out abou
- Page 926 and 927:
Assemble command, from Commandlevel
- Page 928 and 929:
"next segment" option II-152,III-25
- Page 930 and 931:
disk sectors II-25disk size I-26dis
- Page 932 and 933:
file size II-31as shown in Editor E
- Page 934 and 935:
input/output checking III-169, III-
- Page 936 and 937:
memory III-150auxiliary, 128K syste
- Page 938 and 939:
Pascal 1.2 I-8Pascall.3 and III-5ru
- Page 940 and 941:
PUBLDEF IV-41.PUBLIC Assembler dire
- Page 942 and 943:
SET40COLS.CODE II-247SET macro III-
- Page 944 and 945:
terminator character II-290terms II
- Page 946:
window, of file II-78-80WITH statem
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