apple-pascal-1.3-manual

More documents

Recommendations

Info

"next segment" option II-152,III-251-252"no load" option II-152-153, III-223,III-254-255"quiet compiling" option II-150"range-check" option II-151"resident" option II-153, III-223,III-255-257"swapping" option II-148"user program" option II-155"using" option II-153, III-211,III-236-237"varstring" option II-151compilinglarge programs III-244-245Program Units III-213, III-222Program Units with 64K systemIII-215complete filename II-30complete file specification II-30complexity limits III-136-137compound statements III-11, III-18-19,III-110, III-219computer type flag IV-9-10CONCAT function III-97, lll-300conditional-assembly directivesII-194-195conditional statements III-114-118congruentarrays III 48-49records III-57-58CONST III-28constants III-11, III-27-29, III-255assembly language II-179declarations III-14, IIl-28, III-290NIL III-65P-code formats of IV-61predeclared III-29string III-38, III-39unsigned III-75, III-298.CONST Assembler directive II-196,III-149, IV-41CONSTREF IV-40-42contiguous blocks II-38CONTROL-@ II-18, II-291, III-270CONTROL-A I-14, II-18, II-291, III-270CONTROL-C II-44, II-80, III-168,III-178, III-185,control characters III-185, III-270-275Apple II I-22-23Apple II Plus I-22-23GET procedure and III-271-272PUT procedure and III-271-272READ procedure and III-273-275READLN procedure and III-273-275WRITE procedure and III-273WRITELN procedure and III-273CONTROL-E III-270CONTROL-F II-19, II-291, II-292, III-270CONTROL-J III-267CONTROL-K III-267control key information II-235-237CONTROL-L II-162, III-267controlling expression III-114-116,III-118CONTROL-M III-271-275CONTROL-0 III-267CONTROL-P II-162, III-271-275CONTROL-RESET I-11, II-10, II-19See also 6-CONTROL-RESETCONTROL-S II-19, II-291, II-292, III-270control variable III-110CONTROL-W III-270CONTROL-X II-27, II-36, II-80, II-104CONTROL-Z II-18, II-291, III-270conventions, assembly language inPascal environment II-184coordinatesgraphic III-202screen III-197copy (as Filer function)See Transfer commandcopy buffer II-96, II-102, II-106-107,II-129affected by II-107Copy command (Editor) II-96,II-104-107from a file II-104-106from the copy buffer II-106-107COPY function III-97copyingan entire disk II-4 7 -50from a file II-104-106from the copy buffer II-106-107copyright notice II-149, II-222-223COS (cosine) function III-83-84,III-229count expression III-181CR III-271-275, III-354create (as Filer function)See MakeCROSSREF demonstration programII-308-309crunch II-25, Il-56CRUNCH option III-166-167csegnum III-215-216cursor II-79, III-266behavior, in the Editor II-89-93direction indicators II-91moving II-83-84repeat-factors II-90-91cursor moves II-89, II-92, II-134, II-258V-26Index
DDATA III-215data directives II-187-189DATASEG IV-26data segment(s) II-219, IV-18data structures, local III-3data type(s) III-3, III-14-15, III-26,III-76array III-43, III-293BOOLEAN III-33built-in III-26BYTESTREAM III-49-50CHAR III-34, III-40declarations III-27declaring III-290INTEGER III-31long integer III-32-33, III-291pointer III-294REAL III-31-32, III-176, III-314-319record III-50-60, III-293-294scalar III-26, III-34-35, III-101SCREENCOLOR III-200set III-40-42, III-292string III-38-40, III-292subrange III-35-36, III-291user-defined III-26, III-34-35, III-42,III-291WORDSTREAM III-49-50Date command II-55, II-257delimiters II-55debugging, with HALT III-123DEBUGSTR macro III-331-332decimal place expressions III-175-176decimal-to-binary conversion III-318declaration(s) III-11, III-14-15,III-218-219array III-43, III-44constant III-14, III-28, III-290label III-14, III-217parameter III-128record III-51set III-40-41type III-14-15, III-27, III-290USES III-210-211, III-217, III-219variable III-15, III-291declaring parameters III-304DEC VT52 II-233.DEF Assembler directive II-198,III-149, IV-40default directorySee Prefixdefault volume II-28See also Prefixdefiningfunctions III-304procedures III-303delete (as Filer function)See Remove commandDelete command (Editor) II-101-104DELETE key II-80DELETE procedure III-98deleting text II-86-87delimiters II-55, II-114-115, III-11,III-20demonstration programs II-295-314device actions, external III-169-170device input/output operationsIII-183-193device(s) I-12block-structured I-12, III-156,III-160, III-181, III-183character III-156, III-160, III-183non-block-structured I-12difference between sets (- )III-99-100dimensions, array III-43direction II-114Find command II-109Replace command II-109direction indicators, in the Editor II-91directories (disk) II-3, II-25, II-30,III-161erasingSee Zerosizes I-26reading IV-14-16disk directories II-3, II-25, II-30, III-161disk drives I-5, I-24-26, III-1705~-inch I-8, I-24-25one 5~-inch II-76-77ProFile I-25-263112-inch II-78two 5~-inch II-74-76UNITSTATUS and III-188diskfile commands Il-256disk files II-3, III-156, III-160, III-181See also filesdisk file types Il-32DISKINFO array IV-25DISKIO demonstration programII-312-314diskscopying II-4 7 -50erasingformatting I-16-17, II-230-232maintenance II-65-70IndexV-27
Page 1 and 2:
Apple Apple II Pascal 1.3•,_
Page 5:
Apple II Pascal 1.3
Page 8 and 9:
your system. To be sure that your s
Page 10 and 11:
How to Read This ManualHardware Not
Page 13 and 14:
Part IGetting Started
Page 15 and 16:
System Notes 18Using a 40-Column Vi
Page 17:
PrefacePart I describes the steps y
Page 20 and 21:
To provide a focus for discussion i
Page 22 and 23:
Enhanced lieIf you have an enhanced
Page 24 and 25:
If you are not going to use your Pr
Page 26 and 27:
Using a Pascal-Formatted ProFileYou
Page 28 and 29:
Other llc'sIf you have an Apple Ile
Page 30 and 31:
How Pascal Assigns Volume NumbersA
Page 32 and 33:
Using System PromptsAs soon as you
Page 34 and 35:
Make Backups of Your System DisksWe
Page 36 and 37:
A Warning.&.Warning6. Note that bot
Page 38 and 39:
The 128K and 64K Pascal Systems Com
Page 40 and 41:
o The TAB key is absent, which mean
Page 42 and 43:
If you have an Apple II or II Plus
Page 44 and 45:
Once you transfer the system files,
Page 46 and 47:
If you are using an SO-column displ
Page 48 and 49:
II Plus users have made the require
Page 50:
APPLE3:SYSTEM.APPLEFORMATTER.CODEFO
Page 54 and 55:
ContentsFigures and TablesxviiPREFA
Page 56 and 57:
Moving Files 41Transfer 41Copying a
Page 58 and 59:
The Editor Commands 93Insert 96Text
Page 60 and 61:
CHAPTER5The CompilerIntroduction 13
Page 62 and 63:
Local Labels 178Constants 179Locati
Page 64 and 65:
CHAPTER 7The LinkerIntroduction 208
Page 66 and 67:
APPENDIX2ACommand SummariesAll Leve
Page 68 and 69:
APPENDIX2FDemonstration ProgramsInt
Page 71 and 72:
PrefaceProgram Preparation Tools is
Page 73 and 74:
Chapter 1An OverviewII-1
Page 75 and 76:
Pascal FilesA file is defined as a
Page 77 and 78:
There are two parts to a workfile:
Page 79:
o On the 128K Pascal system, the sp
Page 82 and 83:
The Command LevelYou reach the Comm
Page 84 and 85:
Figure 2-1. The Command LevelComman
Page 86 and 87:
CompileTyping c while at the Comman
Page 88 and 89:
InitializeTyping 1 from the Command
Page 90 and 91:
Commands Usable at All LevelsCertai
Page 93 and 94:
Chapter 3The FilerII-21
Page 95 and 96:
Bad-blocksExamineTests a disk to se
Page 97 and 98:
B I~ XBad-blocks ExamineThe Filer s
Page 99 and 100:
To erase your response to a Filer p
Page 101 and 102:
Standard Volume Names and NumbersTa
Page 103 and 104:
emoved from the filename. You shoul
Page 105 and 106:
filename that may not be ignored. T
Page 107 and 108:
You may use only one wildcard in a
Page 109 and 110:
A system with two 5~-inch disk driv
Page 111 and 112:
You can list any portion of a direc
Page 113 and 114:
APPLEr.l:SYSTEM.PASCALSYSTEM.MI SC
Page 115 and 116:
When you press RETURN, the system c
Page 117 and 118:
You can use wildcards with the Tran
Page 119 and 120:
The display clears, and then the fo
Page 121 and 122:
One Disk DriveOm:H:>rive NoteTo cop
Page 123 and 124:
Prompt: Remove what file ?Response:
Page 125 and 126:
as replacement strings) given in th
Page 127 and 128:
You do not need to put a volume on
Page 129 and 130:
ZeroThe Zero command "erases" a spe
Page 131 and 132:
QuitThe Quit command, which is invo
Page 133 and 134:
Observing filename conventions, you
Page 135 and 136:
One-Drive MethodOn one-drive system
Page 137 and 138:
If there is already a workfile SYST
Page 139 and 140:
If you see that one of your disks c
Page 141 and 142:
An N response to this prompt return
Page 143:
-Filename ConventionsVolume name wi
Page 146 and 147:
IntroductionThe Pascal Editor helps
Page 148 and 149:
4. If you are editing a program, yo
Page 150 and 151:
Editing With a 31/2-lnch Disk Drive
Page 152 and 153:
As you have already learned if you
Page 154 and 155:
Starting a New FileIf a workfile is
Page 156 and 157:
For example, if the cursor is on th
Page 158 and 159:
Apple II or II PlusIt is legal to i
Page 160 and 161:
To leave the Editor, press G for Qu
Page 162 and 163:
Notice that not all commands affect
Page 164 and 165:
Cursor MovesYou can use repeat-fact
Page 166 and 167:
Figure 4-3. The EditorCommandEditor
Page 168 and 169:
Insert-The Insert command allows yo
Page 170 and 171:
and Filling to True. For example, t
Page 172 and 173:
.A Warning The automatic remarginin
Page 174 and 175:
The Editor remembers where the curs
Page 176 and 177:
This leaves you with something like
Page 178 and 179:
To c0py the text, typeMYDISK:SUPERM
Page 180 and 181:
ExchangeYou use the Exchange comman
Page 182 and 183:
After you press the SPACE bar, the
Page 184 and 185:
ExampleSuppose you have Token searc
Page 186 and 187:
DirectionThe Replace command operat
Page 188 and 189:
Same-String OptionIf you type s in
Page 190 and 191:
Jump-The Jump command moves the cur
Page 192 and 193:
After you have typed CONTROL-C to a
Page 194 and 195:
Set EnvironmentThe Editor lets you
Page 196 and 197:
40=Column !DisplaysFilling should g
Page 198 and 199:
the right place in the string) and
Page 200 and 201:
When you operate a skateboard in ex
Page 202 and 203:
Quit-You use the Quit command to ex
Page 204 and 205:
WriteThe Write command saves the fi
Page 206 and 207:
Special Commands SummaryYou will fi
Page 209 and 210:
Chapter 5The CompilerIl-137
Page 211 and 212:
Two 51/.oi·lnch Disk DrivesOne 51/
Page 213 and 214:
If there is no text workfile, you w
Page 215 and 216:
The period at the end prevents the
Page 217 and 218:
o Pressing the SPACE bar instructs
Page 219 and 220:
Execution Error MessagesThe informa
Page 221 and 222:
Default option: {$1-}{$1 filename}
Page 223 and 224:
The "Range Check" OptionThis option
Page 225 and 226:
The { $N +} option should be placed
Page 227:
The "User Program" OptionThis optio
Page 230 and 231:
IntroductionEven if you write most
Page 232 and 233:
If you attempt to assemble without
Page 234 and 235:
After the source and object files f
Page 236 and 237:
This is similar to the choice that
Page 238 and 239:
First, use the Filer's New command
Page 240 and 241:
The Assembly ListingAfter you have
Page 242 and 243:
01HlllllCurrent memory available:0
Page 244 and 245:
ADRSPUSHPAGE -AB l!HHJ 41 ALOOPMC -
Page 246 and 247:
If you have a printer connected to
Page 248 and 249:
The statements making up the body o
Page 250 and 251:
local LabelsA local label has a dol
Page 252 and 253:
An at sign(@) before an expression
Page 254 and 255:
PAGE - 1 TEMP1 FILE:lllllll01Curren
Page 256 and 257:
ConventionsWhen you write assembly-
Page 258 and 259:
parameter names are given. For exam
Page 260 and 261:
Example:TEMP .BYTE 4The associated
Page 262 and 263:
.ABSOLUTEThis directive forces the
Page 264 and 265:
Example:.MACRO HELPSTA %1LDA %2.END
Page 266 and 267:
LDAill formed operandECdit,,[ SPACE
Page 268 and 269:
name in both the program and the ro
Page 270 and 271:
The use of the .DEF and .REF direct
Page 272 and 273:
.LIST and .NOLISTThese two directiv
Page 274 and 275:
File Directive.INCLUDECauses the sp
Page 276 and 277:
Data Directives[label].ASCII""Inser
Page 279 and 280:
Chapter 7The LinkerIl-207
Page 281 and 282:
Linking Using the link CommandYou i
Page 283 and 284:
If you press RETURN in response to
Page 285 and 286:
linking Using the Run CommandIf the
Page 287 and 288:
Chapter 8The LibrarianII-215
Page 289 and 290:
Librarian, that are invoked by the
Page 291 and 292:
The Input FilesThe Librarian now di
Page 293 and 294:
lJ Slot to copy into?2 Slot to copy
Page 295 and 296:
Copyright Notice Lost: The Libraria
Page 297 and 298:
If the file you specify is not a co
Page 299 and 300:
enter library name: #S:samplelist l
Page 301 and 302:
Chapter 9Utility Programs11-229
Page 303 and 304:
Two 51/4-lnch DrivesOne 51/4-lnch D
Page 305 and 306:
Using an Ex:temal TerminalThe Apple
Page 307 and 308:
Vertical Move DelayValue: The numbe
Page 309 and 310:
Key to Delete LinePressing Line Del
Page 311 and 312:
Parameter Field NameERASE TO END OF
Page 313 and 314:
Reconfiguring the SystemTo use an e
Page 315 and 316:
Changing GOTOXY CommunicationThe GO
Page 317 and 318:
The screen will showAPPLE GOTOXY BI
Page 319 and 320:
Using the Linefeed UtilityFrom the
Page 321:
If you respond by typing v for Yes,
Page 324 and 325:
This appendix contains summaries of
Page 326 and 327:
LinkSwapExecuteRunUser restartIniti
Page 328 and 329:
Volume CommandsVolumesList-director
Page 330 and 331:
Editor Command SummarySpecial Comma
Page 332 and 333:
ExchangeReplaceReplaces the charact
Page 335 and 336:
Appendix 2BSystem FilesII-263
Page 337 and 338:
CommandLinkExecuteRunFiles Needed65
Page 339 and 340:
Filename Contents of File Use of Fi
Page 341:
APPLE3:lPASCAL:SYSTEM.APPLE 32 Cont
Page 344 and 345:
A Complex Sample ProgramThis append
Page 346 and 347:
Figure 2C-l. Creating a Complex Pro
Page 348 and 349:
The Regular UnitUse the Editor to c
Page 350 and 351:
PROCEDURE INTRINUPROC;BEGINWRITELNC
Page 352 and 353:
;As you will see,. CONST LENGTH.PUB
Page 354 and 355:
cPutting the Pieces TogetherThis se
Page 356 and 357:
LLink what host codefile? MAINOpeni
Page 359 and 360:
Appendix 2DMaking a Turnkey DiskII-
Page 361 and 362:
Appendix 2EMaking and Using Exec Fi
Page 363 and 364:
Terminator Characters: The terminat
Page 365 and 366:
.& Warningis actually sent to the p
Page 367 and 368:
Appendix2FDemonstration Programs11-
Page 369 and 370:
What follows is a description of ho
Page 371 and 372:
Assuming that the ROT ATE procedure
Page 373 and 374:
The outer REPEAT first calls MAKETR
Page 375 and 376:
position in the CORNER variable for
Page 377 and 378:
If you wish to modify, compile, and
Page 379 and 380:
1. Starting at the root node, FLIPP
Page 381 and 382:
Program CROSSREF contains examples
Page 383 and 384:
On completion of the design, the pr
Page 385 and 386:
If you type N for No, you will agai
Page 387 and 388:
Appendix 2GPascal 1/0 Device Volume
Page 389 and 390:
Appendix 2HError Messages11-317
Page 391 and 392:
ErrorNumberError Message10 I/O erro
Page 393 and 394:
ErrorNumberError Message9 Identifie
Page 395 and 396:
Compiler Error MessagesWhen the Pas
Page 397 and 398:
ErrorNumberError Message123 Missing
Page 399 and 400:
ErrorNumberError Message202 String
Page 403 and 404:
Part IIILanguage Manual
Page 405 and 406:
Block Syntax 13Declarations 14Const
Page 407 and 408:
CHAPTER5Dynamic VariablesUsing Dyna
Page 409 and 410:
CHAPTER7Program ControlsRepetition
Page 411 and 412:
Character File I/O Operations 173IN
Page 413 and 414:
Library Name Files 231Making a Libr
Page 415 and 416:
Program Chaining 275The SETCHAIN Pr
Page 417 and 418:
Procedure Call 305File Type 305REWR
Page 419 and 420:
The RESET Macro 335The SWITCH Macro
Page 421 and 422:
CHAPTER5Dynamic VariablesPointer Ty
Page 423 and 424:
Value Specifier Syntax 17 4READ Pro
Page 425 and 426:
CONCAT Function 300FOR Statement 30
Page 427 and 428:
PrefaceThis part of the Apple II Pa
Page 429:
Supporting these chapters are sever
Page 432 and 433:
Apple II Pascal 1.3 is a version of
Page 434 and 435:
Pascal Versus BASICIf you are a BAS
Page 437 and 438:
Chapter 2Program StructureIll-7
Page 439 and 440:
The program block contains a single
Page 441 and 442:
o Identifiers are the names of such
Page 443 and 444:
Pascal SyntaxPascal has its own syn
Page 445 and 446:
string or an array or some other ty
Page 447 and 448:
A More Complex ExampleHere is anoth
Page 449 and 450:
esult is called a compound statemen
Page 451 and 452:
Here are the rules for composing yo
Page 453 and 454:
CommentsGood programming practice i
Page 455 and 456:
Chapter 3Simple Data TypesIll-25
Page 457 and 458:
New data types are created by the t
Page 459 and 460:
String and CHAR constants may not c
Page 461 and 462:
The INTEGER TypeIntegers are whole
Page 463 and 464:
A Technical Note: Pascal often sets
Page 465 and 466:
This declaration creates the new da
Page 467 and 468:
Chapter4Structured Data TypesIIl-37
Page 469 and 470:
declare a longer maximum. In both c
Page 471 and 472:
Here are some examples:TYPE ALPHANU
Page 473 and 474:
The ARRAY TypeA Pascal array is an
Page 475 and 476:
We could now make the following arr
Page 477 and 478:
You can manipulate the elements of
Page 479 and 480:
o Each corresponding dimension must
Page 481 and 482:
The syntax for writing the field li
Page 483 and 484:
Information A bout the Example: Thi
Page 485 and 486:
o The limits on the number and type
Page 487 and 488:
These are the rules by which Pascal
Page 489 and 490:
ecord variable of CHECKBOOK as CHEC
Page 491 and 492:
Chapter 5Dynamic Variableslll-61
Page 493 and 494:
Here is an example of this process
Page 495 and 496:
o The base type may be an identifie
Page 497 and 498:
o Don't try to change the variant,
Page 499 and 500:
MARK and RELEASE are used in pairs.
Page 501 and 502:
Chapter 6Operations on DataIII-71
Page 503 and 504:
By combining these elements, you ca
Page 505 and 506:
Each kind of factor has its own syn
Page 507 and 508:
AssignmentsThe assignment statement
Page 509 and 510:
Arithmetic OperationsApple Pascal p
Page 511 and 512:
single-character operators, DIV mus
Page 513 and 514:
ABS CROUND CX/Y))ABS C2-X>The ABS f
Page 515 and 516:
Random Number Fum::tionsApple Pasca
Page 517 and 518:
FUN CT ION RAND2 : INTEGER;VAR MAX,
Page 519 and 520:
o Two records of congruent type may
Page 521 and 522:
Be Careful: CHR does not check to s
Page 523 and 524:
The SCAN FunctionThis function scan
Page 525 and 526:
Your use of MOVELEFT or MOVERIGHT m
Page 527 and 528:
The CONCAT FunctionCONCAT accepts a
Page 529 and 530:
VARS : STRIHGC1l;o With COPY, INSER
Page 531 and 532:
Bit Interpretation of Scalar TypesE
Page 533 and 534:
.' Bit Logic ExamplesHere are some
Page 535 and 536:
This is because Pascal tries to int
Page 537 and 538:
Chapter 7Program ControlsIII-107
Page 539 and 540:
Repetition StatementsPascal provide
Page 541 and 542:
Observe these rules and cautions wh
Page 543 and 544:
Here is an example of a REPEAT stat
Page 545 and 546:
Here are are two examples of IF sta
Page 547 and 548:
The above statement can be clarifie
Page 549 and 550:
It accomplishes the same job as the
Page 551 and 552:
Here is an example of a GOTO statem
Page 553:
The EXIT procedure is seldom essent
Page 556 and 557:
Procedures and functions are the su
Page 558 and 559:
In both cases, the parameter list i
Page 560 and 561:
Special Note About Long Integers: T
Page 562 and 563:
PROCEDURE ALPHA CHI, LO REAL; FACTO
Page 564 and 565:
Here are the rules governing the re
Page 566 and 567:
o The real variable METAL declared
Page 568 and 569:
After you have written its heading
Page 571 and 572:
Chapter 9Assembly-Language Routines
Page 573 and 574:
EXTERNAL Procedures and FunctionsPR
Page 575 and 576:
The evaluation stack may have alrea
Page 577 and 578:
To summarize, the structure of the
Page 579 and 580:
If your routine has accomplished ai
Page 581 and 582:
An ExampleThe following sample, del
Page 583:
sample procedure for Pascal, declar
Page 586 and 587:
Apple Pascal provides a variety of
Page 588 and 589:
File VariablesUnlike most other var
Page 590 and 591:
External FilesThere are three categ
Page 592 and 593:
Pascal types volume numbers, volume
Page 594 and 595:
although it permits inputs as well.
Page 596 and 597:
Be Careful: Using RESET with a file
Page 598 and 599:
o If a file has any records in it,
Page 600 and 601:
In particular, disk drives usually
Page 602 and 603:
Here is a sample use of SEEK:SEEK C
Page 604 and 605:
until a character was typed. With t
Page 606 and 607:
Certain specific rules apply to the
Page 608 and 609:
o READ with a CHAR variable reads o
Page 610 and 611:
o Except when READLN is used with a
Page 612 and 613:
BLOCKREAD transfers data from an ex
Page 614 and 615:
Both procedures are written with th
Page 616 and 617:
Type "B" character checking: CONTRO
Page 618 and 619:
When UNITSTATUS is called, it may a
Page 620 and 621:
o SHIFT is TRUE if the oldest chara
Page 622 and 623:
WHILE NOT keypress DD { reiterate u
Page 625 and 626:
Chapter 11Screen GraphicsIII-195
Page 627 and 628:
o DRA WBLOCK is a complex and power
Page 629 and 630:
o If the graphic image has never be
Page 631 and 632:
PENCOLOR and FILLSCREENTo set the c
Page 633 and 634:
TURTLEX, TURTLEY, TURTLEANG, and SC
Page 635 and 636:
ModeAction0 Fills area of screen wi
Page 637 and 638:
If CHARTYPE is not called, the defa
Page 639 and 640:
Chapter 12Program Units111-209
Page 641 and 642:
You can list any number of units af
Page 643 and 644:
The process of compiling an Intrins
Page 645 and 646:
64K Note: When compiling Program Un
Page 647 and 648:
consists of the word INTERFACE foll
Page 649 and 650:
preceded by the procedure or functi
Page 651 and 652:
IMPLEMENTATION{A private procedure
Page 653 and 654:
Changing Units and Host ProgramsOne
Page 655 and 656:
Chapter 13LibrariesIII-225
Page 657 and 658:
o You can create a Program Library
Page 659 and 660:
SYSTEM.LIBRARYSYSTEM.LIBRARY is the
Page 661 and 662:
library Name FilesA Library Name Fi
Page 663 and 664:
Using One library File With Two Pro
Page 665 and 666:
Using Seve1ral Library Files With S
Page 667 and 668:
program. It directs the Compiler to
Page 669 and 670:
Chapter 14Compiler OptionsIII-239
Page 671 and 672:
Finally, you can insert a space cha
Page 673 and 674:
Chapter 15Large Program ManagementI
Page 675 and 676:
The Compiler might fail to process
Page 677 and 678:
o Use MARK and RELEASE to optimize
Page 679 and 680:
When an Intrinsic Unit is compiled,
Page 681 and 682:
Remember: If your program has any s
Page 683 and 684:
Loading of SEGMENT Procedures and F
Page 685 and 686:
PROGRAM THREE;USES BIGUHIT;SEGMEHT
Page 687:
swapping is obviously undesirable,
Page 690 and 691:
This chapter rounds out the Apple P
Page 692 and 693:
o You can write assembly-language E
Page 694 and 695:
Here is the source text for the 650
Page 696 and 697:
Program Unit Required! The Program
Page 698 and 699:
VAR UpKey : CHAR;DownKey : CHAR;PRO
Page 700 and 701:
Setting the High Character BitOn Ap
Page 702 and 703:
The CR character is used in files o
Page 704 and 705:
After READ with a CHAR variable and
Page 706 and 707:
Program chaining is accomplished by
Page 708 and 709:
SWAPON, SWAPGPON, and SWAPOFF¥¥¥
Page 710 and 711:
Using SETCV AL and GETCV AL, you ca
Page 712 and 713:
Here is a typical process for creat
Page 714 and 715:
The following sample procedure assu
Page 716 and 717:
VARLoop,WordsinArray,BytesCalcBuffe
Page 718 and 719:
FUNCTION BRANCH CH : INTEGER> PTR;V
Page 720 and 721:
Identifierletterletterdigitundersco
Page 722 and 723:
String TypeSTRING-~-----------.....
Page 724 and 725:
Record Type Variant Parttagidentifi
Page 726 and 727:
Expressionsimpleexpression___ __, .
Page 728 and 729:
Factorunsignedconstantvariablerefer
Page 730 and 731:
Variable Referencevariableidentifie
Page 732 and 733:
IF Statementexpresssion statement s
Page 734 and 735:
Function Definitionnewidentifier1--
Page 736 and 737:
RESET Procedurefileidentifierstring
Page 738 and 739:
READ ProcedurefileidentifierREADLN
Page 740 and 741:
Program Unit CompilationProgram Uni
Page 742 and 743:
Implementation SectionIMPLEMENTATIO
Page 744 and 745:
This appendix contains further deta
Page 746 and 747:
Underflow,.The underflow exception
Page 748 and 749:
This section describes how real val
Page 751 and 752:
Appendix 3CMemory Allocations for D
Page 753 and 754:
ecord tag fields given an identifie
Page 755 and 756:
Note that the array declarationsPAC
Page 757 and 758:
Pascal stores ordinary (not packed)
Page 759 and 760:
Appendix 3DUseful Assembly-Language
Page 761 and 762:
The RMVBIAS MacroThis macro removes
Page 763 and 764:
.ELSE. IFSTX.ELSE. IFSTY.EHDC. ENDC
Page 765 and 766:
yte = The address of the byte whose
Page 767 and 768:
count = The number of bytes to move
Page 769 and 770:
The NOTBITBR MacroThis macro is the
Page 771 and 772:
Appendix 3ESummary of 6502 OpcodesI
Page 773 and 774:
6502 Microprocessor InstructionsADC
Page 775 and 776:
Instruction CodesAmmblyNa ma Operal
Page 777 and 778:
Auembly HEXNa ma Operation Addr..,l
Page 779 and 780:
Ammbly HEXNam11 Opmllon Addressing
Page 781 and 782:
Hex Operation Codes00- BAK01 - ORA
Page 783 and 784:
Appendix3FTablesIII-353
Page 785 and 786:
Reserved Words and Predeclared Iden
Page 787 and 788:
Table F-2C. Identifiers Declared in
Page 789:
Summary of Size limitsTable F-4. Su
Page 794 and 795:
ContentsFigures and TablesviiPREFAC
Page 796 and 797:
CHAPTER4The P-Machine Instruction S
Page 798 and 799:
APPENDIX4AMemory Maps64K System Mem
Page 800 and 801:
Figure 3-5The Order of Local Variab
Page 803 and 804:
Chapter 1The Pascal EnvironmentIV-I
Page 805 and 806:
Figure 1-1. The Pascal 64K SystemlE
Page 807 and 808:
Figure 1-3. The Pascal 128K System:
Page 809 and 810:
Main Memory PointersNP points to th
Page 811 and 812:
Table 1-1. Version Flags Set at Loc
Page 813 and 814:
.INTERP+4Address of the location th
Page 815 and 816:
Chapter 2Disk FilesIV-13
Page 817 and 818:
{First, some general declarations r
Page 819 and 820:
GET, READ, and READLN convert DLE-b
Page 821 and 822:
Figure 2-2. A Typical Codefilehigh
Page 823 and 824:
Segments are not nested in codefile
Page 825 and 826:
RECORDDISKINFO: ARRAY[0 .. 15l OFRE
Page 827 and 828:
By the Way: Figure 2-4 shows lower
Page 829 and 830:
o Bit 12 of the SEG INFO word is un
Page 831 and 832:
Figure 2-5. Construction of Interfa
Page 833 and 834:
Figure 2-6. The Code Part of a Code
Page 835 and 836:
Figure 2-7. A Typical Procedurehigh
Page 837 and 838:
o PARAMETER SIZE: This field specif
Page 839 and 840:
Relocation TablesA relocation table
Page 841 and 842:
LITYPES = CEOFMARK, UNITREF, GLOBRE
Page 843 and 844:
ICOFFSET field specifies the locati
Page 845:
Procedure and Function Linker Infor
Page 848 and 849:
The previous chapter discussed the
Page 850 and 851:
o BASE: BASE procedure pointer. Thi
Page 852 and 853:
were part of the Pascal system glob
Page 854 and 855:
activation records; data segments d
Page 856 and 857:
A procedure call causes the operati
Page 859 and 860:
Chapter4The P-Machine Instruction S
Page 861 and 862:
Formats of Variables on the StackVa
Page 863 and 864:
the structure when padded. Before s
Page 865 and 866:
localSLDL_l 216 Short load local wo
Page 867 and 868:
Byte A.rray HandlingLDB 190STB 191L
Page 869 and 870:
LPA 208LDP 186STP 187UB,Load a pack
Page 871 and 872:
Noninteger ComparisonsThe next six
Page 873 and 874:
LNOT 147 Logical NOT. Push the one'
Page 875 and 876:
XJPI72WI,W2, ,W3Case jump. WI is w
Page 877 and 878: EXIT 158 4 Exit from procedure. tos
Page 879 and 880: DecimalOpcode Mnemonic Full Name Lo
Page 881: DecimalOpcode Mnemonic Full Name Lo
Page 884 and 885: 64K System MemorylExternal Language
Page 886 and 887: 128K System Auxiliary MemoryAuxilia
Page 888 and 889: Blocks in a Code Segmenthigh disk a
Page 890 and 891: Segment Dictionarylow disk addresse
Page 892 and 893: Code Part of a Code Segment~.r--'-"
Page 894 and 895: 6502 Procedure Attribute Tablebaser
Page 896 and 897: Program Stackhigh memory addressesS
Page 898: Activation Recordhigh memory addres
Page 902 and 903: ContentsBibliographyReference Books
Page 904 and 905: General Pascal TextbooksClancy, Mic
Page 907 and 908: Glossaryactivation: The execution o
Page 909 and 910: cold start: A startup procedurethat
Page 911 and 912: file: See disk file, external file,
Page 913 and 914: length attribute: The part of along
Page 915 and 916: POINTERLIST: A list of pointersin L
Page 917 and 918: segment table: A section of thehigh
Page 919: USES declaration: The part of aPasc
Page 922 and 923: o 48K Runtime System (Version 1.2 o
Page 925 and 926: IndexCast of Characters*(asterisk)
Page 927: ooleansassignment statements and II
Page 931 and 932: Execute command, from Commandlevel
Page 933 and 934: GPWROFTEN III-83RANDOM III-85ROUND
Page 935 and 936: Link command, from Command levelII-
Page 937 and 938: 0ODD function III-90OF III-117-118o
Page 939 and 940: parameters for III-130PENCOLOR III-
Page 941 and 942: Replace command ll-113-117delimiter
Page 943 and 944: storageof arrays III-328of booleans
Page 945 and 946: UNLINKED-INTRINS IV-26unsignedconst
Page 948: Apple Computer, Inc.20525 Mariani A
show all

apple-pascal-1.3-manual

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?