Youth Employment Programs - Independent Evaluation Group

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The number of projects and total lending for youth employment increasedover time (figure D.1).Most lending is managed by the Human Development Network (HDN), 73percent), which implements 63 operations (70 percent). The SustainableDevelopment Network (SDN) follows with 14 operations (3 percent of totallending), and Finance and Private Sector Development (FPD) with 8 operationsaccounting for 13 percent of total lending. More recently, 5 PREM operationsalso started to incorporate youth employment, reflecting 11 percent of totalyouth employment lending (figure D.1 and table D.2).Most youth employment projects are in Africa, and most lending wentto Europe and Central Asia (ECA). Africa had more than one-third of theprojects. The ECA Region leads slightly with 31 percent of lending, followedby Africa with 23 percent of total lending (figure D.3). The average youthemployment loan commitment ranges from $20 million in Africa to $64million in ECA (table D.3 and figure D. 3).Who is Borrowing for Youth Employment Programs?IDA countries are more likely to borrow for youth employment. AlthoughIBRD countries received 61 percent of total youth employment lending,IDA countries are more likely to receive Bank support to promote youthemployment. More than half of IDA countries (59 percent) report at least oneFigure D.1Actual ($ million)700600500400300200100Trends in World Bank Commitments for Youth EmploymentProjects (US$ millions) by Network and Fiscal Year of Approval1412108642Operations (number)02001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011Fiscal year of approvalFPD HDN PREM SDN Number of operations0Source: IEG portfolio review based on World Bank data.Note: FPD= Finance and Private Sector Development: HDN= Human Development Network; PREM= PovertyReduction and Economic Management; SDN=Sustainable Development Network.104 Youth Employment Programs
Table D.2Distribution of Youth Employment Operations and ActualSupport by Sector Board, FY01–11 ApprovalsSector Board ED SP FPD PREM SDN TotalDistribution of operationsNumber of operations 37 26 8 5 14 90Distribution (percent) 41 29 9 6 16 100FY01–05 (percent; total operations = 28) 39 32 11 4 14 100FY06–11 (percent; total operations = 62) 42 27 8 7 16 100Percent Development Policy Operations 13 40 13 33 0 100Distribution of actual supportAverage support per operation ($ millions) 34 32 47 62 6 32FY01–05 (percent; total actual support = $ 502 million) 43 37 13 1 6 100FY06–11 (percent; total actual support = $ 2.35 billion) 44 28 13 13 2 100Source: IEG portfolio review based on World Bank data.Note: ED= Education; FPD= Finance and Private Sector Development; PREM= Poverty Reduction and Economic Management;SDN= Sustainable Development Network; SP= Social Protection.youth employment operation in the past decade, compared to 29 percent ofIBRD countries, and 1 blend economy that has both IBRD and IDA projects(West Bank and Gaza). 1 See table D.4.Many middle-income countries, especially those in Latin America, alreadyhave youth employment programs in place, and their effectiveness has beenTable D.3Distribution of Youth Employment Operations and ActualSupport by Region FY01–11 ApprovalsAFR EAP ECA LAC MENA SAR TotalDistribution of operationsNumber of operations 32 7 14 15 9 13 90Distribution (percent) 36 8 16 17 10 14 100FY01–05 (percent; total operations = 28) 39 0 29 11 14 7 100FY06–11 (percent; total operations = 62) 34 11 10 19 8 18 100Percent DPOs 20 0 33 20 13 13 100Distribution of actual supportAverage actual support per operation ($ millions) 20 23 64 32 22 36 32FY01–05 (percent; total actual support = $ 502 million) 25 0 49 12 3 11 100FY06–11 (percent; total actual support = $ 2.35 billion) 22 7 28 18 8 18 100Source: IEG portfolio review based on World Bank data.Note: AFR= Africa; DPO= Development Policy Operation; EAP= East Asia and Pacific; ECA= Europe and Central Asia; LAC=Latin America and the Caribbean; MENA= Middle East and North Africa; SAR= South Asia Region.Appendix D: The World Bank Portfolio for Youth Employment 105
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Youth EmploymentProgramsAn Evaluati
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The Bank’s Impact Evaluations on
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LACLICLILMBAMENANEETNGOOECDPADPCRPD
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IEG management and colleagues provi
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Youth Employment ChallengesIn gener
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implemented 12 of the 90 operations
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Kenya, entrepreneurship training fo
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• Help countries design intervent
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support to youth employment program
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tive rules on hiring and firing as
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Management Action RecordIEG Finding
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IEG Findings and ConclusionsIEG Rec
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IEG Findings and ConclusionsIEG Rec
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Report to the Board from the Commit
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could have focused more on the lack
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• Chapter Highlights• High yout
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and can afford to wait for a better
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ConsequencesEarly unemployment is s
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ReferencesBegg, David, Stanley Fisc
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Chapter 2What Are the World Bank an
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The strength and openness of the ec
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Interventions to Address Youth Empl
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commitments by the International Ba
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Figure 2.2Top 12 Youth Employment I
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• the substitution effect of bett
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Chapter 3What Is the Evidence that
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school dropouts early. Learning opp
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evaluations on what works best to p
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Agriculture, Health, Education, Soc
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Holzmann, Robert. 2007. MILES: Iden
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• Chapter Highlights• The Bank
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Argentina, Bulgaria, Colombia, and
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facilitated 69 foreign work contrac
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awarded vouchers to about 1,000 out
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• Comparing the interventions ana
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Hjort, Jonas, Michael Kremer, Isaac
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Chapter 5Recommendations
Page 89: farm self-employment and employment
Page 92 and 93: This appendix presents the factors
Page 94 and 95: Organization for Standardization (I
Page 96 and 97: Box A.3Youth as a Demographic Divid
Page 98 and 99: Table A.1Types of Youth Employment
Page 100 and 101: Notes1. This phenomenon could be le
Page 103 and 104: Appendix BEvaluation Data Sources a
Page 105 and 106: Identification and Analysis of the
Page 107 and 108: • Making the labor market work be
Page 109 and 110: Table B.3ApprovalFYList of Projects
Page 111 and 112: Table B.3ApprovalFYList of Projects
Page 113 and 114: Table B.4(I)nvestmentClimate(L)abor
Page 115 and 116: Table B.6List of Economic Sector Wo
Page 117 and 118: ment, Private Sector Development, a
Page 119 and 120: Other evaluations with outcome meas
Page 121 and 122: Table B.8CountryFranceKenyaMexicoPa
Page 123 and 124: Table B.8CountryUnitedStatesYouth E
Page 125 and 126: Table B.8CountryEuropeancountriesLa
Page 127 and 128: Bidani, Benu, Niels-Hugo Blunch, Ch
Page 129: Training Replication Sites.” Manp
Page 132 and 133: Appendix C provides additional info
Page 134 and 135: Box C.2Global Partnership for Youth
Page 136 and 137: ReferencesAedo, Cristian, and Ian W
Page 138 and 139: This appendix provides additional i
Page 142 and 143: Figure D.2World Bank Youth Employme
Page 144 and 145: Table D.5Intervention categoryYouth
Page 146 and 147: Table D.7Prevalence of Project Obje
Page 148 and 149: Table D.9Target Groups of Project O
Page 150 and 151: Table D.11Type of Interventions Sup
Page 152 and 153: Table D.13 Frequently Used Youth Em
Page 154 and 155: In sum, this portfolio review chapt
Page 156 and 157: approach in Turkey and Sierra Leone
Page 158 and 159: This appendix presents a detailed a
Page 160 and 161: to Finance business line, over a si
Page 162 and 163: entrepreneurship projects. Investme
Page 164 and 165: IFC has three types of investments
Page 166 and 167: Box E.1Africa Schools ProgramIFC su
Page 168 and 169: Box E.2e4e Initiative for Arab Yout
Page 170 and 171: 3. IFC’s Advisory Services corpor
Page 172 and 173: This appendix presents lessons for
Page 174 and 175: Labor Market RegulationsLabor marke
Page 176 and 177: to the definition of unemployment b
Page 178 and 179: In post-conflict zones with small f
Page 180 and 181: Public works programs in Bank proje
Page 182 and 183: marginal impact of school-to-work t
Page 184 and 185: of the program. However, results fo
Page 186 and 187: • Weak results frameworks on the
Page 188 and 189: sustainability. Zambia’s TEVET pr
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unemployed youth registered with th
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for Employment and Entrepreneurship
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Note1. The Technical and Vocational
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Ibarraran, Pablo, and David Rosas.
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World Bank. 2012a. “World Bank an
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IEG’s Youth Employment Evaluation
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Figure G.1 Facebook Demographics Ba
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Figure G.3Results on Rural Employme
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BibliographyBarrera, Felipe, Paul G
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———. 2011b. Migration and Rem
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The World Bank GroupWorking for a W
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