Youth Employment Programs - Independent Evaluation Group

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Public works programs in Bank projects provide temporary work, but little isknown about the post-program impact on employment. An impact evaluation(Jalan and Ravallion 2003) of the Bank-supported Trabajar program inArgentina, which provides short-term work to the poor unemployed atrelatively low wages, finds the program has a positive income effect for youthduring the program, but it does not report on post-program employment (tableF.1). In Colombia, in the short run, unemployment decreased by 3.6 percentagepoints for youth in the public works program, and income increased by 15percent for all participants. However, there is no post-program medium-termeffect (table F.1). In Bulgaria, the public works program provided professionaltraining to one-fourth of participants and helped reduce the number of socialbenefit recipients by 70 percent. In Turkey, 12,400 youth participated intemporary community employment programs, which include skills building onjob search and entrepreneurship. In Kenya, the Kazi Kwa Vijana (KKV) workprogram provides income opportunities to participating youth and builds socialand economic infrastructure. In El Salvador, about 8,000 youth participatedin a six-month work program for skills building. These programs provide noinformation on medium- or longer-term employment.Some countries are introducing internships for university graduates, among themRwanda (IEG 2012b) and Tunisia (box F.3); the risk is that these publicly-fundedinternships for tertiary students mainly cater to the upper-income classes.A previous IEG Evaluation of World Bank support to Social Safety Nets 2000–2010 (IEG 2011c) and the Evaluation of the World Bank Group’s response to theTable F.1Program to promote youthemploymentTunisia Turning Thesis intoEnterprises (Premand and others2012)Uganda Youth OpportunitiesProgram (Blattman 2011)Argentina Trabajar Program(Jalan and Ravallion 2003)Colombia Empleo en Acción:CO (CRL2) Technical AssistanceLoan to support 2nd PrivateSector Adjustment Loan(Sinergia 2007)Impact Evaluations of Bank Projects Promoting WorkOpportunitiesBankProject statusClosedActiveClosed 1999.Not included inportfolioa/ClosedSource: IEG meta-review of Impact Evaluations. 2012.InterventionEntrepreneurshiptrainingEntrepreneurship training,grant to supportbusiness start-upsPublic works in localinfrastructurePublic works programwith temporary jobs ofup to 5 months for thepoorest unemployed, 18and olderEmployment effectyouthPositiveself-employment.None for employmentPositiveNoneNoneEarnings effectyouthNonePositive.None for femalesPositive incomeeffectPositive incomeeffecta. Portfolio review includes World Bank Group projects approved in FY2001–2011. ^ Colombia Empleo en Accion Evaluationis in Spanish only and is not included in the systematic review. Colombia: Technical Assistance Loan to support the secondPrivate Sector Adjustment Loan (Technical Assistance Loan to Support the Second Programmatic Labor Reform and SocialStructural Adjustment Loan Project).144 Youth Employment Programs
Box F.3The Tunisia Internship Active Labor Market Program for UniversityGraduates is Costly and IneffectiveTo tackle youth unemployment, Tunisia spends about $70 million annually on ALMPs, mainlyconsisting of paid internship programs targeted to university graduates. In 2010, the programhad 138,670 participants. However, internships for first-time job seekers have not been verysuccessful in helping beneficiaries transition into permanent employment, especially in disadvantagedregions where placement rates are below 15 percent, compared to the OECD benchmarkplacement rates for on-the-job training programs of above 80 percent.Regional employment programs are not successful because they do not accommodate theregion’s needs and economic context. Data collected by the monitoring system are not beinganalyzed rigorously, and the impact of the ALMP programs on employment outcomes remainslargely unknown. A reform of the ALMP portfolio in 2009 supported by the Bank EmploymentDevelopment Policy Loan bundled over 20 ALMPs into six programs, thereby facilitating theirmanagement and financial control.Source: World Bank 2010.Global Economic Crisis Phase II: Social Protection (IEG 2012d) did not explicitlyexplore youth employment issues. However, both evaluations providedrelevant insights for youth employment programs:• Young workers were especially affected by the labor market contractionsduring the global economic crisis (World Bank 2011c). Automatic stabilizerprograms, such as income support or public works programs havethe potential to quickly employ people in a time of crisis and providetemporary income support.• Public work programs need to be carefully designed and monitored toensure that employment and income opportunities created reach thetargeted groups (such as the poor and vulnerable, young people). Mostof the public works programs reviewed by IEG did not track the effectivenessof targeting the intervention to the poor and the programs’impact on their welfare.• More effort is needed to reform labor market policy and social insurancesystems for the long term to protect both formal and informal workers—withoutdistorting incentives for productive employment. Evidenceshows that countries that built safety net systems during stable timeswere better prepared to protect themselves against the adverse impactsof global crises.Smoothing Transition from School to Work and Job Mobility (L in MILES)Counseling, Job Search Skills, Matching and Improving Information on the LaborMarketSchool-to-work transition interventions combine goals of skills developmentand labor market intermediation. Impact evaluations do not identify theAppendix F: Lessons from Impact Evaluations and World Bank Group Operations 145
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Youth EmploymentProgramsAn Evaluati
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The Bank’s Impact Evaluations on
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LACLICLILMBAMENANEETNGOOECDPADPCRPD
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IEG management and colleagues provi
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Youth Employment ChallengesIn gener
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implemented 12 of the 90 operations
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Kenya, entrepreneurship training fo
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• Help countries design intervent
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support to youth employment program
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tive rules on hiring and firing as
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Management Action RecordIEG Finding
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IEG Findings and ConclusionsIEG Rec
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IEG Findings and ConclusionsIEG Rec
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Report to the Board from the Commit
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could have focused more on the lack
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• Chapter Highlights• High yout
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and can afford to wait for a better
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ConsequencesEarly unemployment is s
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ReferencesBegg, David, Stanley Fisc
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Chapter 2What Are the World Bank an
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The strength and openness of the ec
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Interventions to Address Youth Empl
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commitments by the International Ba
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Figure 2.2Top 12 Youth Employment I
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• the substitution effect of bett
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Chapter 3What Is the Evidence that
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school dropouts early. Learning opp
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evaluations on what works best to p
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Agriculture, Health, Education, Soc
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Holzmann, Robert. 2007. MILES: Iden
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• Chapter Highlights• The Bank
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Argentina, Bulgaria, Colombia, and
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facilitated 69 foreign work contrac
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awarded vouchers to about 1,000 out
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• Comparing the interventions ana
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Hjort, Jonas, Michael Kremer, Isaac
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Chapter 5Recommendations
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farm self-employment and employment
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This appendix presents the factors
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Organization for Standardization (I
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Box A.3Youth as a Demographic Divid
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Table A.1Types of Youth Employment
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Notes1. This phenomenon could be le
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Appendix BEvaluation Data Sources a
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Identification and Analysis of the
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• Making the labor market work be
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Table B.3ApprovalFYList of Projects
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Table B.3ApprovalFYList of Projects
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Table B.4(I)nvestmentClimate(L)abor
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Table B.6List of Economic Sector Wo
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ment, Private Sector Development, a
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Other evaluations with outcome meas
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Table B.8CountryFranceKenyaMexicoPa
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Table B.8CountryUnitedStatesYouth E
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Table B.8CountryEuropeancountriesLa
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Bidani, Benu, Niels-Hugo Blunch, Ch
Page 129: Training Replication Sites.” Manp
Page 132 and 133: Appendix C provides additional info
Page 134 and 135: Box C.2Global Partnership for Youth
Page 136 and 137: ReferencesAedo, Cristian, and Ian W
Page 138 and 139: This appendix provides additional i
Page 140 and 141: The number of projects and total le
Page 142 and 143: Figure D.2World Bank Youth Employme
Page 144 and 145: Table D.5Intervention categoryYouth
Page 146 and 147: Table D.7Prevalence of Project Obje
Page 148 and 149: Table D.9Target Groups of Project O
Page 150 and 151: Table D.11Type of Interventions Sup
Page 152 and 153: Table D.13 Frequently Used Youth Em
Page 154 and 155: In sum, this portfolio review chapt
Page 156 and 157: approach in Turkey and Sierra Leone
Page 158 and 159: This appendix presents a detailed a
Page 160 and 161: to Finance business line, over a si
Page 162 and 163: entrepreneurship projects. Investme
Page 164 and 165: IFC has three types of investments
Page 166 and 167: Box E.1Africa Schools ProgramIFC su
Page 168 and 169: Box E.2e4e Initiative for Arab Yout
Page 170 and 171: 3. IFC’s Advisory Services corpor
Page 172 and 173: This appendix presents lessons for
Page 174 and 175: Labor Market RegulationsLabor marke
Page 176 and 177: to the definition of unemployment b
Page 178 and 179: In post-conflict zones with small f
Page 182 and 183: marginal impact of school-to-work t
Page 184 and 185: of the program. However, results fo
Page 186 and 187: • Weak results frameworks on the
Page 188 and 189: sustainability. Zambia’s TEVET pr
Page 190 and 191: unemployed youth registered with th
Page 192 and 193: for Employment and Entrepreneurship
Page 194 and 195: Note1. The Technical and Vocational
Page 196 and 197: Ibarraran, Pablo, and David Rosas.
Page 198 and 199: World Bank. 2012a. “World Bank an
Page 200 and 201: IEG’s Youth Employment Evaluation
Page 202 and 203: Figure G.1 Facebook Demographics Ba
Page 204 and 205: Figure G.3Results on Rural Employme
Page 207 and 208: BibliographyBarrera, Felipe, Paul G
Page 209 and 210: ———. 2011b. Migration and Rem
Page 211 and 212: The World Bank GroupWorking for a W
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