Youth Employment Programs - Independent Evaluation Group

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• the substitution effect of better skilled individuals at the expense ofless qualified youth;• general equilibrium effect with more skilled workers in the labor marketcausing the employment of all individuals to increase;• the poverty and crime impact of unemployment;• social cohesion effects; and• cost-effectiveness and the fiscal impact of youth employment interventions.This evaluation should be seen as only a selective assessment of the WorldBank Group’s engagement in youth employment issues. The next two sectionswill focus on two questions:• What is the evidence that the Bank and IFC support priority countryneeds in youth employment?• What is the evidence regarding the effectiveness of this support?Notes1. With the exception of one Tunisia report from 2004.2. Data are not available for Sri Lanka, Tanzania, and Zambia.3. These projects sought to provide: (i) opportunities to youth through thetargeting and scaling up of existing youth enterprise development initiatives;(ii) capacity building grants, and; (iii) loan guarantees and technical assistanceto financial institutions and business development services providers who, inturn, support business training and mentoring to informal/young rural microentrepreneurs.4. Since the first education investment in 1987, to date IFC invested in 73education sector projects, committing over $600million through loan, equity andguarantee facilities.ReferencesAttanasio, Orazio, Adriana Kugler, and Costas Meghir. 2011. “Subsidizing VocationalTraining for Disadvantaged Youth in Colombia: Evidence from a RandomizedTrial.” American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 3(3): 188–220.Begg, David, Stanley Fischer, and Rudiger Dornbusch. 2000. “Economics.” New York:The McGraw-Hill Companies.Biagi, Federico, and Claudio Lucifora. 2008. “Demographic and education effects onunemployment in Europe.” Labour Economics 15:1076–1101.Gustman, Alan, and Thomas Steinmeier. 1988. “A model for analyzing youth labormarket policies.” Journal of Labor Economics 6(3): 376–396.22 Youth Employment Programs
Holzmann, Robert. 2007. MILES: Identifying Binding Constraints to Job Creation andProductivity Growth. An Introduction. Washington, DC: World Bank.Independent Evaluation Group. 2011. “World Bank Support to Education since 2001: APortfolio Note.” Washington, DC: World Bank.International Finance Corporation. 2011. “Education for Employment (e4e): RealizingArab Youth Potential—Executive Summary.” www.e4earabyouth.comInternational Labour Organization. (ILO). 2012. “Global Employment Trends forYouth.” http://www.ilo.org/global/publications/books/global-employmenttrends/WCMS_171571/lang--en/index.htmProctor, Felicity, and Valerio Lucchesi. 2012. Small-scale farming and youth in an eraof rapid rural change. IIED. London. http://pubs.iied.org/Robalino, David, Rita Almeida, Jere Behrman. 2010. “Skills Development Strategies toImprove Employability and Productivity.” Unpublished report.Ryan, P. 2001. “The School to Work Transition: A Cross-National Perspective.” Journalof Economic Literature 39(1): 34–92.World Bank. 2007. World Development Report 2007: Development and the nextgeneration. Washington, DC.What Are the World Bank and IFC Doing in Youth Employment? 23
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Youth EmploymentProgramsAn Evaluati
Page 8 and 9: The Bank’s Impact Evaluations on
Page 10 and 11: LACLICLILMBAMENANEETNGOOECDPADPCRPD
Page 12 and 13: IEG management and colleagues provi
Page 14 and 15: Youth Employment ChallengesIn gener
Page 16 and 17: implemented 12 of the 90 operations
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Page 22 and 23: support to youth employment program
Page 24 and 25: tive rules on hiring and firing as
Page 26 and 27: Management Action RecordIEG Finding
Page 28 and 29: IEG Findings and ConclusionsIEG Rec
Page 30 and 31: IEG Findings and ConclusionsIEG Rec
Page 33 and 34: Report to the Board from the Commit
Page 35: could have focused more on the lack
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Page 42 and 43: ConsequencesEarly unemployment is s
Page 44 and 45: ReferencesBegg, David, Stanley Fisc
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Page 63 and 64: school dropouts early. Learning opp
Page 65 and 66: evaluations on what works best to p
Page 67 and 68: Agriculture, Health, Education, Soc
Page 69: Holzmann, Robert. 2007. MILES: Iden
Page 72 and 73: • Chapter Highlights• The Bank
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Page 78 and 79: facilitated 69 foreign work contrac
Page 80 and 81: awarded vouchers to about 1,000 out
Page 82 and 83: • Comparing the interventions ana
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Page 87 and 88: Chapter 5Recommendations
Page 89: farm self-employment and employment
Page 92 and 93: This appendix presents the factors
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Table B.3ApprovalFYList of Projects
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Table B.3ApprovalFYList of Projects
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Table B.4(I)nvestmentClimate(L)abor
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Table B.6List of Economic Sector Wo
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ment, Private Sector Development, a
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Other evaluations with outcome meas
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Table B.8CountryFranceKenyaMexicoPa
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Table B.8CountryUnitedStatesYouth E
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Table B.8CountryEuropeancountriesLa
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Bidani, Benu, Niels-Hugo Blunch, Ch
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Training Replication Sites.” Manp
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Appendix C provides additional info
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Box C.2Global Partnership for Youth
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ReferencesAedo, Cristian, and Ian W
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This appendix provides additional i
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The number of projects and total le
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Figure D.2World Bank Youth Employme
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Table D.5Intervention categoryYouth
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Table D.7Prevalence of Project Obje
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Table D.9Target Groups of Project O
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Table D.11Type of Interventions Sup
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Table D.13 Frequently Used Youth Em
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In sum, this portfolio review chapt
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approach in Turkey and Sierra Leone
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This appendix presents a detailed a
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to Finance business line, over a si
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entrepreneurship projects. Investme
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IFC has three types of investments
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Box E.1Africa Schools ProgramIFC su
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Box E.2e4e Initiative for Arab Yout
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3. IFC’s Advisory Services corpor
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This appendix presents lessons for
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Labor Market RegulationsLabor marke
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to the definition of unemployment b
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In post-conflict zones with small f
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Public works programs in Bank proje
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marginal impact of school-to-work t
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of the program. However, results fo
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• Weak results frameworks on the
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sustainability. Zambia’s TEVET pr
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unemployed youth registered with th
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for Employment and Entrepreneurship
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Note1. The Technical and Vocational
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Ibarraran, Pablo, and David Rosas.
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World Bank. 2012a. “World Bank an
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IEG’s Youth Employment Evaluation
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Figure G.1 Facebook Demographics Ba
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Figure G.3Results on Rural Employme
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BibliographyBarrera, Felipe, Paul G
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———. 2011b. Migration and Rem
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The World Bank GroupWorking for a W
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