Youth Employment Programs - Independent Evaluation Group

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Box E.2e4e Initiative for Arab YouthIn 2011, McKinsey undertook a study commissioned by IFC and the Islamic Development Bankto assess the growing skills gap among Arab youth in relation to labor market needs. Accordingto one-third of the employers surveyed, graduates do not have the necessary work-relevantskills when hired, in large part because of the quality and relevance of education and trainingavailable to youth.In June 2011, IFC developed the e4e Initiative for Arab Youth, with the objective of strengtheningthe link between education and employment opportunities. It focuses on reducing themismatch between the skills that young people have and those demanded by the private sector.The program has three pillars: (i) investments in Vocational Education and Training, universities,work readiness programs, and entrepreneurship training; (ii) improving the investmentclimate for private sector companies, including the regulatory framework for private educationproviders, setting up a qualifications framework, establishing independent standards andquality assurance bodies; and (iii) advocacy. These pillars require the collaboration of differentstakeholders. IFC and the World Bank will work closely together to leverage the expertise andexperience of the World Bank Group in the region. This initiative is in its very early stages. Theconceptual framework and program components are consistent with the need for an integratedapproach to address the issue of youth unemployment.Source: e4e Initiative for Arab Youth documents.IFC usually tracks the number of people trained and client satisfactionwith the training to measure its development effectiveness. However, thetranslation of the knowledge gained through the training activities toperformance has been seldom measured. 5The SME toolkit is one common tool that IFC uses to improve the skills ofexisting entrepreneurs and SMEs. The program uses information and communicationtechnologies to help small and medium enterprises in emergingmarkets learn sustainable business management practices. So far, the SMEtoolkit has not been designed for new entrepreneurs, but it could be easilyexpanded to this group.Business Edge, a program that delivers management training products andservices, is specifically designed for SMEs and entrepreneurs. The product is apackage of 36 different management workbooks in marketing, human resources,production and operations, finance and accounting, and productivityskills. It also includes trainer manuals, training of trainer sessions, and additionalcapacity-building tools for training firms. IFC delivers management,financial, and technical training to SMEs through the supply chain approachand targets managers and owners of SMEs. Since 2002, 60,000 people havebeen trained through the program. The Gender Entrepreneurship MarketsProgram targets women entrepreneurs with advisory assistance so that they132 Youth Employment Programs
Figure E.5Skill Needs Versus Firm-Offered TrainingA. Percent of Firms Identifying anInadequately Educated Workforceas a Major ConstraintB. Percent of Firms Offering FormalTraining (average)Sub-Saharan AfricaSub-Saharan AfricaSouth AsiaMiddle East andNorth AfricaLatin America andthe CaribbeanEastern Europe andCentral AsiaEast Asia and Pacific0 10 20 30 40 50South AsiaMiddle East andNorth AfricaLatin America andthe CaribbeanEastern Europe andCentral AsiaEast Asia and Pacific0 10 20 30 40 50Source: www.enterprisesurveys.org, Workforce database.can improve their financial literacy and be better positioned to approachthe bank with loan applications, and to manage the loans they subsequentlyreceive.Monitoring and EvaluationOn the investment side, IFC tracks direct jobs data for clients. Data wereavailable for 45 percent of the active portfolio. On the advisory side, betweenFY06 and FY11, around 5 percent of the projects tracked employment dataas part of measuring project outcomes/impacts. There are few evaluations toassess the effects of advisory interventions on outcomes such as productivity,jobs, and wages.Notes1. IFC’s FY13-FY15 Education Investment Strategy (dated June 2012) will focus onexpanding equitable access to quality education at affordable costs and leadingto employment opportunities.2. Between FY01-FY11, 2741 investment operations were approved.Appendix E: The IFC Portfolio for Youth Employment 133
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Youth EmploymentProgramsAn Evaluati
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The Bank’s Impact Evaluations on
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LACLICLILMBAMENANEETNGOOECDPADPCRPD
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IEG management and colleagues provi
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Youth Employment ChallengesIn gener
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implemented 12 of the 90 operations
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Kenya, entrepreneurship training fo
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• Help countries design intervent
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support to youth employment program
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tive rules on hiring and firing as
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Management Action RecordIEG Finding
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IEG Findings and ConclusionsIEG Rec
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IEG Findings and ConclusionsIEG Rec
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Report to the Board from the Commit
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could have focused more on the lack
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• Chapter Highlights• High yout
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and can afford to wait for a better
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ConsequencesEarly unemployment is s
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ReferencesBegg, David, Stanley Fisc
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Chapter 2What Are the World Bank an
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The strength and openness of the ec
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Interventions to Address Youth Empl
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commitments by the International Ba
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Figure 2.2Top 12 Youth Employment I
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• the substitution effect of bett
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Chapter 3What Is the Evidence that
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school dropouts early. Learning opp
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evaluations on what works best to p
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Agriculture, Health, Education, Soc
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Holzmann, Robert. 2007. MILES: Iden
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• Chapter Highlights• The Bank
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Argentina, Bulgaria, Colombia, and
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facilitated 69 foreign work contrac
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awarded vouchers to about 1,000 out
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• Comparing the interventions ana
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Hjort, Jonas, Michael Kremer, Isaac
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Chapter 5Recommendations
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farm self-employment and employment
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This appendix presents the factors
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Organization for Standardization (I
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Box A.3Youth as a Demographic Divid
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Table A.1Types of Youth Employment
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Notes1. This phenomenon could be le
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Appendix BEvaluation Data Sources a
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Identification and Analysis of the
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• Making the labor market work be
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Table B.3ApprovalFYList of Projects
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Table B.3ApprovalFYList of Projects
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Table B.4(I)nvestmentClimate(L)abor
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Table B.6List of Economic Sector Wo
Page 117 and 118: ment, Private Sector Development, a
Page 119 and 120: Other evaluations with outcome meas
Page 121 and 122: Table B.8CountryFranceKenyaMexicoPa
Page 123 and 124: Table B.8CountryUnitedStatesYouth E
Page 125 and 126: Table B.8CountryEuropeancountriesLa
Page 127 and 128: Bidani, Benu, Niels-Hugo Blunch, Ch
Page 129: Training Replication Sites.” Manp
Page 132 and 133: Appendix C provides additional info
Page 134 and 135: Box C.2Global Partnership for Youth
Page 136 and 137: ReferencesAedo, Cristian, and Ian W
Page 138 and 139: This appendix provides additional i
Page 140 and 141: The number of projects and total le
Page 142 and 143: Figure D.2World Bank Youth Employme
Page 144 and 145: Table D.5Intervention categoryYouth
Page 146 and 147: Table D.7Prevalence of Project Obje
Page 148 and 149: Table D.9Target Groups of Project O
Page 150 and 151: Table D.11Type of Interventions Sup
Page 152 and 153: Table D.13 Frequently Used Youth Em
Page 154 and 155: In sum, this portfolio review chapt
Page 156 and 157: approach in Turkey and Sierra Leone
Page 158 and 159: This appendix presents a detailed a
Page 160 and 161: to Finance business line, over a si
Page 162 and 163: entrepreneurship projects. Investme
Page 164 and 165: IFC has three types of investments
Page 166 and 167: Box E.1Africa Schools ProgramIFC su
Page 170 and 171: 3. IFC’s Advisory Services corpor
Page 172 and 173: This appendix presents lessons for
Page 174 and 175: Labor Market RegulationsLabor marke
Page 176 and 177: to the definition of unemployment b
Page 178 and 179: In post-conflict zones with small f
Page 180 and 181: Public works programs in Bank proje
Page 182 and 183: marginal impact of school-to-work t
Page 184 and 185: of the program. However, results fo
Page 186 and 187: • Weak results frameworks on the
Page 188 and 189: sustainability. Zambia’s TEVET pr
Page 190 and 191: unemployed youth registered with th
Page 192 and 193: for Employment and Entrepreneurship
Page 194 and 195: Note1. The Technical and Vocational
Page 196 and 197: Ibarraran, Pablo, and David Rosas.
Page 198 and 199: World Bank. 2012a. “World Bank an
Page 200 and 201: IEG’s Youth Employment Evaluation
Page 202 and 203: Figure G.1 Facebook Demographics Ba
Page 204 and 205: Figure G.3Results on Rural Employme
Page 207 and 208: BibliographyBarrera, Felipe, Paul G
Page 209 and 210: ———. 2011b. Migration and Rem
Page 211 and 212: The World Bank GroupWorking for a W
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