Youth Employment Programs - Independent Evaluation Group

More documents

Recommendations

Info

implemented 12 of the 90 operations, and 6 percent of total youth employmentlending.Bank teams prepared 34 pieces of economic and sector work, and carried out25 technical assistance activities related to “improving labor market outcomes.”There are also a small but growing number of impact evaluations ofyouth employment interventions. This IEG evaluation reviewed 21 economicand sector work products with a youth employment focus, and all impactevaluations of Bank projects. The Bank spent $4.4 million on 18 of thesereports.Most Bank projects include interventions in skills development (82 percent)and school-to-work transition (79 percent). Fifty-four percent include interventionsto foster job creation and work opportunities for youth. However,projects are not designed comprehensively, meaning that interventions fromthe three categories are not complementing each other. Similarly, the 18country studies identified a number of areas where the Bank Group contributed;however, the studies suggest a comprehensive approach was missing ona country level.While IFC has taken a broad approach to job creation, it has supported youththrough investment and advisory services in education, and 10 youth employmentprojects. Between FY01 and FY11, IFC invested in 50 education sectorprojects, committing around $500 million through loan, equity, and guaranteefacilities. More than half (68 percent) were in tertiary education, and 6 projectsincluded components for technical and vocational training. Since FY06, 100advisory service projects had objectives linked to job creation. However, in allcases the employment data have not been categorized by age group.What Is the Evidence that the Bank Group Supports PriorityCountry Needs in Youth Employment?Although the Bank Group does not have a youth employment strategy,corporate thinking on youth employment issues is conveyed in the sectorstrategies on education, social protection, and labor. It is also highlightedin several World Development Reports, as well as regional Bank reports andanalytical frameworks.In addition, the Bank Group is participating in relevant international initiatives,including the Youth Employment Network, the Adolescent Girls Initiatives,and the Global Agenda Council on Youth Employment at the WorldEconomic Forum.IFC has a broad approach for employment creation. It is based on the premisethat investments result in private sector development, higher growth, andgreater employment opportunities. Youth employment has not been identifiedas a priority in IFC strategies, except for the Middle East and North Africa(the FY12–14 strategy).xivYouth Employment Programs
Most country strategies only briefly mention youth employment with limitedor no follow-up. In addition, country strategy indicators rarely collectage-specific labor market outcome data. Fragmentation across ministriesand government levels are additional challenges to multisectoral programs.Similarly, within the Bank, few youth employment project teams include stafffrom other relevant sectors. No collaboration between the Bank and IFC wasreported, except a few efforts including planned joint work on the e4e Initiativefor Arab Youth in the Middle East and North Africa.What Is the Evidence on the Effectiveness of Bank GroupSupport to Youth Employment?The international literature on youth employment programs suggests acomprehensive approach works best. A “comprehensive approach” is a multiprongedstrategy that includes complementary interventions aimed atremoving key constraints to youth employment across multiple elements ofthe youth employment spectrum, namely: influencing the job creation andwork opportunities for youth (both demand for youth by firms and selfemployment),labor markets characteristics, and labor supply (skills and laborattributes). In a comprehensive approach, Bank-supported interventions areunderpinned by solid analysis within the given country context.The IEG systematic review of 38 impact evaluations found factors that increasethe probability of success include participation of the private sector,personal monitoring and follow up of individual participants, and a combinationof complementary interventions, such as training with job searchand placement assistance, rather than isolated interventions. Programs thatcombine smoothing the transition from school to work with work-based skillsdevelopment appear to be most effective for youth employment and earningsin countries with a formal sector.In rural low-income areas, where most youth are active in agriculture andnon-farm employment or self-employment, stimulating the market environmentfor growth of farms and rural agribusinesses is essential for youthemployment.There is little evidence of the impact on youth employment-targeted interventionsin labor-abundant, low-income countries with weak institutions,such as those found in Sub-Saharan Africa and parts of South Asia. Circumstantialevidence suggests they are less likely to be effective, and interventionstargeting formal employment may be regressive.The paucity of project data limits the ability to make any statements on theimpact of Bank Group support on labor market outcomes. The majority ofBank projects (55 percent) provide no information on youth as a beneficiarygroup. The rest mainly report input and output indicators. The seven impactevaluations of six Bank projects cannot be generalized. Rather, they focuson specific interventions, such as vouchers for formal vocational training inOverview xv
Page 5 and 6: Youth EmploymentProgramsAn Evaluati
Page 8 and 9: The Bank’s Impact Evaluations on
Page 10 and 11: LACLICLILMBAMENANEETNGOOECDPADPCRPD
Page 12 and 13: IEG management and colleagues provi
Page 14 and 15: Youth Employment ChallengesIn gener
Page 18 and 19: Kenya, entrepreneurship training fo
Page 20 and 21: • Help countries design intervent
Page 22 and 23: support to youth employment program
Page 24 and 25: tive rules on hiring and firing as
Page 26 and 27: Management Action RecordIEG Finding
Page 28 and 29: IEG Findings and ConclusionsIEG Rec
Page 30 and 31: IEG Findings and ConclusionsIEG Rec
Page 33 and 34: Report to the Board from the Commit
Page 35: could have focused more on the lack
Page 38 and 39: • Chapter Highlights• High yout
Page 40 and 41: and can afford to wait for a better
Page 42 and 43: ConsequencesEarly unemployment is s
Page 44 and 45: ReferencesBegg, David, Stanley Fisc
Page 47 and 48: Chapter 2What Are the World Bank an
Page 49 and 50: The strength and openness of the ec
Page 51 and 52: Interventions to Address Youth Empl
Page 53 and 54: commitments by the International Ba
Page 55: Figure 2.2Top 12 Youth Employment I
Page 58 and 59: • the substitution effect of bett
Page 61 and 62: Chapter 3What Is the Evidence that
Page 63 and 64: school dropouts early. Learning opp
Page 65 and 66: evaluations on what works best to p
Page 67 and 68:
Agriculture, Health, Education, Soc
Page 69:
Holzmann, Robert. 2007. MILES: Iden
Page 72 and 73:
• Chapter Highlights• The Bank
Page 76 and 77:
Argentina, Bulgaria, Colombia, and
Page 78 and 79:
facilitated 69 foreign work contrac
Page 80 and 81:
awarded vouchers to about 1,000 out
Page 82 and 83:
• Comparing the interventions ana
Page 84 and 85:
Hjort, Jonas, Michael Kremer, Isaac
Page 87 and 88:
Chapter 5Recommendations
Page 89:
farm self-employment and employment
Page 92 and 93:
This appendix presents the factors
Page 94 and 95:
Organization for Standardization (I
Page 96 and 97:
Box A.3Youth as a Demographic Divid
Page 98 and 99:
Table A.1Types of Youth Employment
Page 100 and 101:
Notes1. This phenomenon could be le
Page 103 and 104:
Appendix BEvaluation Data Sources a
Page 105 and 106:
Identification and Analysis of the
Page 107 and 108:
• Making the labor market work be
Page 109 and 110:
Table B.3ApprovalFYList of Projects
Page 111 and 112:
Table B.3ApprovalFYList of Projects
Page 113 and 114:
Table B.4(I)nvestmentClimate(L)abor
Page 115 and 116:
Table B.6List of Economic Sector Wo
Page 117 and 118:
ment, Private Sector Development, a
Page 119 and 120:
Other evaluations with outcome meas
Page 121 and 122:
Table B.8CountryFranceKenyaMexicoPa
Page 123 and 124:
Table B.8CountryUnitedStatesYouth E
Page 125 and 126:
Table B.8CountryEuropeancountriesLa
Page 127 and 128:
Bidani, Benu, Niels-Hugo Blunch, Ch
Page 129:
Training Replication Sites.” Manp
Page 132 and 133:
Appendix C provides additional info
Page 134 and 135:
Box C.2Global Partnership for Youth
Page 136 and 137:
ReferencesAedo, Cristian, and Ian W
Page 138 and 139:
This appendix provides additional i
Page 140 and 141:
The number of projects and total le
Page 142 and 143:
Figure D.2World Bank Youth Employme
Page 144 and 145:
Table D.5Intervention categoryYouth
Page 146 and 147:
Table D.7Prevalence of Project Obje
Page 148 and 149:
Table D.9Target Groups of Project O
Page 150 and 151:
Table D.11Type of Interventions Sup
Page 152 and 153:
Table D.13 Frequently Used Youth Em
Page 154 and 155:
In sum, this portfolio review chapt
Page 156 and 157:
approach in Turkey and Sierra Leone
Page 158 and 159:
This appendix presents a detailed a
Page 160 and 161:
to Finance business line, over a si
Page 162 and 163:
entrepreneurship projects. Investme
Page 164 and 165:
IFC has three types of investments
Page 166 and 167:
Box E.1Africa Schools ProgramIFC su
Page 168 and 169:
Box E.2e4e Initiative for Arab Yout
Page 170 and 171:
3. IFC’s Advisory Services corpor
Page 172 and 173:
This appendix presents lessons for
Page 174 and 175:
Labor Market RegulationsLabor marke
Page 176 and 177:
to the definition of unemployment b
Page 178 and 179:
In post-conflict zones with small f
Page 180 and 181:
Public works programs in Bank proje
Page 182 and 183:
marginal impact of school-to-work t
Page 184 and 185:
of the program. However, results fo
Page 186 and 187:
• Weak results frameworks on the
Page 188 and 189:
sustainability. Zambia’s TEVET pr
Page 190 and 191:
unemployed youth registered with th
Page 192 and 193:
for Employment and Entrepreneurship
Page 194 and 195:
Note1. The Technical and Vocational
Page 196 and 197:
Ibarraran, Pablo, and David Rosas.
Page 198 and 199:
World Bank. 2012a. “World Bank an
Page 200 and 201:
IEG’s Youth Employment Evaluation
Page 202 and 203:
Figure G.1 Facebook Demographics Ba
Page 204 and 205:
Figure G.3Results on Rural Employme
Page 207 and 208:
BibliographyBarrera, Felipe, Paul G
Page 209 and 210:
———. 2011b. Migration and Rem
Page 211 and 212:
The World Bank GroupWorking for a W
show all

Youth Employment Programs - Independent Evaluation Group

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?