Youth Employment Programs - Independent Evaluation Group

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Figure 2.1 Actual World Bank Support to Youth Employment, 2001–2011(US$ millions)US$ millions7006005004003002001000Youth unemployment rateWorld Development Reporton YouthSource: IEG project portfolio. ILO 2012.Note: Appendix A describes identification of Bank support to youth employment.Global crisis2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011Fiscal year of approvalIBRD actual IDA actual Youth unemployment rate13.51312.51211.511Youth unemployment rate (%)percent include interventions to foster job creation and work opportunitiesfor youth. This share is lower because other Bank operations provide supportto foster job creation and investment climate reforms, and not just youthemployment projects. The distribution of project objectives and interventionsby sector and region is presented in appendix D, tables D.7–D.14.Bank projects most often include interventions to improve “information onthe labor market,” and “quality of formal vocational education” (figure 2.2).Interventions in the area of labor market information generally consist ofsetting up a government management information system to report labordata and building monitoring and evaluation capacity. Interventions relatedto formal vocational education with recognition of skills and work-basedTVET are gaining new traction amid shortages in skilled employees. Lessthan 30 percent of operations support job-creation interventions, such asentrepreneurship training or business startups, access to credit, and publicworks programs. Public works programs for youth are most prominent infragile settings where they rank second (appendix D and box 3.2).Bank lending and nonlending equally target young women and men, or rurallow-income groups, but little is known about how women, rural and lowincomeyouth in informal sectors are benefiting from this support. Projectinterventions were fairly equally targeted to women and men and to rurallow-income areas. However, the monitoring framework used in the 90 projects18 Youth Employment Programs
Figure 2.2Top 12 Youth Employment Interventions in 90 Bank ProjectsImprove labor market informationImprove quality formal TVETInformation on training and outreachSkills recognition and certificationCounseling, job search assistanceExpanding work-based TVETRemedial nonformal TVETTraining subsidies and vouchersDirect job creation and public worksTraining in entrepreneurshipSupport business start up and access to creditIncentivize firms hire youths0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80Percent of projects with interventionSource: IEG portfolio review based on World Bank data.Note: TVET=technical and vocational education and training.is weak in identifying benefits by gender, socioeconomic groups, geographicareas, and the informal sector. Similarly, the Bank’s analytical workexamines employment for young women, but rarely provides gender-specificrecommendations. Employment and earnings issues could be systematicallydiscussed and policy options identified for young women, youth in rural areasand the informal sector, and low-income youth.IFC Has a Broad Approach to Employment CreationAt IFC, few specific youth employment programs or projects have beendeveloped. Except in the education sector, youth have not been specificallytargeted as beneficiaries. Job creation and increasing job opportunities for allage groups has been a focus for IFC. Investment and advisory operations havesupported projects that have created overall jobs, including those for youth.For example, in 2010 IFC clients directly employed 2.4 million individuals,which included “youth-friendly” sectors such as agribusiness, informationtechnology, and services. Since FY06, approximately 100 advisory serviceprojects have had objectives that were linked to job creation. However, youthemployment has not been a specific objective, with the recent exceptionof special initiatives in a few countries. Appendix E provides a detaileddiscussion of IFC support as relevant to youth employment.IFC has supported 10 advisory services projects, worth $6 million (reflecting0.5 percent of the total IFC portfolio), with a youth employment objective.What Are the World Bank and IFC Doing in Youth Employment? 19
Page 5 and 6: Youth EmploymentProgramsAn Evaluati
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Page 26 and 27: Management Action RecordIEG Finding
Page 28 and 29: IEG Findings and ConclusionsIEG Rec
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Page 35: could have focused more on the lack
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Page 44 and 45: ReferencesBegg, David, Stanley Fisc
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Page 63 and 64: school dropouts early. Learning opp
Page 65 and 66: evaluations on what works best to p
Page 67 and 68: Agriculture, Health, Education, Soc
Page 69: Holzmann, Robert. 2007. MILES: Iden
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Page 78 and 79: facilitated 69 foreign work contrac
Page 80 and 81: awarded vouchers to about 1,000 out
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Page 87 and 88: Chapter 5Recommendations
Page 89: farm self-employment and employment
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Identification and Analysis of the
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• Making the labor market work be
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Table B.3ApprovalFYList of Projects
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Table B.3ApprovalFYList of Projects
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Table B.4(I)nvestmentClimate(L)abor
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Table B.6List of Economic Sector Wo
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ment, Private Sector Development, a
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Other evaluations with outcome meas
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Table B.8CountryFranceKenyaMexicoPa
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Table B.8CountryUnitedStatesYouth E
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Table B.8CountryEuropeancountriesLa
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Bidani, Benu, Niels-Hugo Blunch, Ch
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Training Replication Sites.” Manp
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Appendix C provides additional info
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Box C.2Global Partnership for Youth
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ReferencesAedo, Cristian, and Ian W
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This appendix provides additional i
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The number of projects and total le
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Figure D.2World Bank Youth Employme
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Table D.5Intervention categoryYouth
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Table D.7Prevalence of Project Obje
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Table D.9Target Groups of Project O
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Table D.11Type of Interventions Sup
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Table D.13 Frequently Used Youth Em
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In sum, this portfolio review chapt
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approach in Turkey and Sierra Leone
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This appendix presents a detailed a
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to Finance business line, over a si
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entrepreneurship projects. Investme
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IFC has three types of investments
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Box E.1Africa Schools ProgramIFC su
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Box E.2e4e Initiative for Arab Yout
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3. IFC’s Advisory Services corpor
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This appendix presents lessons for
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Labor Market RegulationsLabor marke
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to the definition of unemployment b
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In post-conflict zones with small f
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Public works programs in Bank proje
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marginal impact of school-to-work t
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of the program. However, results fo
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• Weak results frameworks on the
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sustainability. Zambia’s TEVET pr
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unemployed youth registered with th
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for Employment and Entrepreneurship
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Note1. The Technical and Vocational
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Ibarraran, Pablo, and David Rosas.
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World Bank. 2012a. “World Bank an
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IEG’s Youth Employment Evaluation
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Figure G.1 Facebook Demographics Ba
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Figure G.3Results on Rural Employme
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BibliographyBarrera, Felipe, Paul G
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———. 2011b. Migration and Rem
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The World Bank GroupWorking for a W
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Youth Employment Programs - Independent Evaluation Group

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