Youth Employment Programs - Independent Evaluation Group

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ReferencesBegg, David, Stanley Fischer, and Rudiger Dornbusch. 2000. “Economics.” New York:The McGraw-Hill Companies.Bell, David, and David Blanchflower. 2010. Youth Unemployment: “Déjà vu? ” IZA DPNo. 4705. Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit: Bonn, Germany.Bloom, David E., 2011, “7 Billion and Counting,” Science, Vol. 33, No. 6042,pp. 562–69.Chamlou, Nadereh, Silvia Muzi, and Hanane Ahmed. 2011. “The determinants offemale labor force participation in the Middle East and North Africa Region: Therole of education and social norms in Amman, Cairo and Sana’a.” Paper presentedat the Economist Forum, April 18, 2011. Washington, DC: World Bank.Dao, Mai Chi, and Prakash Loungani. 2010. “The Tragedy of Unemployment.” Financeand Development 47(4):22-25.Fasih, Tazeen. 2008. “Linking Education Policy to Labor Market Outcomes.”Washington, DC: World Bank.Fields, Gary. 2007. Labor Market Policy in Developing Countries: A Selective Reviewof the Literature and Needs for the Future. Cornell University and IZA.Fox, Louise, and Thomas Pave Sohnesen. 2012. Household Enterprise in Sub-SaharanAfrica – Why They Matter for Growth, Jobs and Poverty Reduction. The WorldBank.Fox, Louise, and Ana Maria Oviedo. 2008. “Institutions and Labor Market Outcomesin Sub-Saharan Africa.” Policy Research Working Paper 4721. The World Bank.Gregg, Paul, and Emma Tominey. 2005. “The wage scar from male youthunemployment.” Labour Economics 12:487–509.International Finance Corporation. 2011a. “Education for Employment (e4e):Realizing Arab Youth Potential—Executive Summary.” www.e4earabyouth.comInternational Labour Organization. 2011a. Estimates and projections of labor marketindicators. http://www.ilo.org/empelm/projects/WCMS_114246/lang--en/index.htm———. Global Employment Trends for Youth. 2011b. Update.———. 2010. Global Employment Trends for Youth. Special issue on the impact of theglobal economic crisis on youth. Geneva.International Monetary Fund (IMF). 2011. World Economic Outlook Database.September 2011.Kahn, Lisa. 2010. “The long-term labor market consequences of graduating fromcollege in a bad economy.” Labour Economics 17:303–316.8 Youth Employment Programs
Lochner, Lance J., and Enrico Moretti. 2004. “The Effect of Education on Crime:Evidence from Prison Inmates, Arrests, and Self-Reports.” American EconomicReview 94(1): 155–89.Proctor, Felicity, and Valerio Lucchesi. 2012. Small-scale farming and youth in an eraof rapid rural change. IIED. London. http://pubs.iied.org/Rama, Martin. 1999. “The Sri Lanka Unemployment Problem Revisited.” South AsiaRegion. Washington, DC: World Bank.Roma Education Fund. 2007. Country Assessment Roman Education Fund’s StrategicDirection: Advancing Education of Roma in Romania. Bucharest.World Bank. 2012. World Development Report 2013 on Jobs: Preliminary Findings andEmerging Messages. March 15.———. 2008–09. “ADI Africa Development Indicators 2008/09. Youth andEmployment in Africa: The Potential, the Problem, the Promise.” Washington,DC: World Bank.———. 2008. Czech Republic Improving Employment Chances of the Roma. HumanDevelopment Sector Unit Europe and Central Asia. Washington, D.C.———. 2007. World Development Report 2007: Development and the Next Generation.Washington, DC.Why Focus on Youth Employment? 9
Page 5 and 6: Youth EmploymentProgramsAn Evaluati
Page 8 and 9: The Bank’s Impact Evaluations on
Page 10 and 11: LACLICLILMBAMENANEETNGOOECDPADPCRPD
Page 12 and 13: IEG management and colleagues provi
Page 14 and 15: Youth Employment ChallengesIn gener
Page 16 and 17: implemented 12 of the 90 operations
Page 18 and 19: Kenya, entrepreneurship training fo
Page 20 and 21: • Help countries design intervent
Page 22 and 23: support to youth employment program
Page 24 and 25: tive rules on hiring and firing as
Page 26 and 27: Management Action RecordIEG Finding
Page 28 and 29: IEG Findings and ConclusionsIEG Rec
Page 30 and 31: IEG Findings and ConclusionsIEG Rec
Page 33 and 34: Report to the Board from the Commit
Page 35: could have focused more on the lack
Page 38 and 39: • Chapter Highlights• High yout
Page 40 and 41: and can afford to wait for a better
Page 42 and 43: ConsequencesEarly unemployment is s
Page 47 and 48: Chapter 2What Are the World Bank an
Page 49 and 50: The strength and openness of the ec
Page 51 and 52: Interventions to Address Youth Empl
Page 53 and 54: commitments by the International Ba
Page 55: Figure 2.2Top 12 Youth Employment I
Page 58 and 59: • the substitution effect of bett
Page 61 and 62: Chapter 3What Is the Evidence that
Page 63 and 64: school dropouts early. Learning opp
Page 65 and 66: evaluations on what works best to p
Page 67 and 68: Agriculture, Health, Education, Soc
Page 69: Holzmann, Robert. 2007. MILES: Iden
Page 72 and 73: • Chapter Highlights• The Bank
Page 76 and 77: Argentina, Bulgaria, Colombia, and
Page 78 and 79: facilitated 69 foreign work contrac
Page 80 and 81: awarded vouchers to about 1,000 out
Page 82 and 83: • Comparing the interventions ana
Page 84 and 85: Hjort, Jonas, Michael Kremer, Isaac
Page 87 and 88: Chapter 5Recommendations
Page 89: farm self-employment and employment
Page 92 and 93: This appendix presents the factors
Page 94 and 95:
Organization for Standardization (I
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Box A.3Youth as a Demographic Divid
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Table A.1Types of Youth Employment
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Notes1. This phenomenon could be le
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Appendix BEvaluation Data Sources a
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Identification and Analysis of the
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• Making the labor market work be
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Table B.3ApprovalFYList of Projects
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Table B.3ApprovalFYList of Projects
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Table B.4(I)nvestmentClimate(L)abor
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Table B.6List of Economic Sector Wo
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ment, Private Sector Development, a
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Other evaluations with outcome meas
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Table B.8CountryFranceKenyaMexicoPa
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Table B.8CountryUnitedStatesYouth E
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Table B.8CountryEuropeancountriesLa
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Bidani, Benu, Niels-Hugo Blunch, Ch
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Training Replication Sites.” Manp
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Appendix C provides additional info
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Box C.2Global Partnership for Youth
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ReferencesAedo, Cristian, and Ian W
Page 138 and 139:
This appendix provides additional i
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The number of projects and total le
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Figure D.2World Bank Youth Employme
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Table D.5Intervention categoryYouth
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Table D.7Prevalence of Project Obje
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Table D.9Target Groups of Project O
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Table D.11Type of Interventions Sup
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Table D.13 Frequently Used Youth Em
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In sum, this portfolio review chapt
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approach in Turkey and Sierra Leone
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This appendix presents a detailed a
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to Finance business line, over a si
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entrepreneurship projects. Investme
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IFC has three types of investments
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Box E.1Africa Schools ProgramIFC su
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Box E.2e4e Initiative for Arab Yout
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3. IFC’s Advisory Services corpor
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This appendix presents lessons for
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Labor Market RegulationsLabor marke
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to the definition of unemployment b
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In post-conflict zones with small f
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Public works programs in Bank proje
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marginal impact of school-to-work t
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of the program. However, results fo
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• Weak results frameworks on the
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sustainability. Zambia’s TEVET pr
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unemployed youth registered with th
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for Employment and Entrepreneurship
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Note1. The Technical and Vocational
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Ibarraran, Pablo, and David Rosas.
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World Bank. 2012a. “World Bank an
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IEG’s Youth Employment Evaluation
Page 202 and 203:
Figure G.1 Facebook Demographics Ba
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Figure G.3Results on Rural Employme
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BibliographyBarrera, Felipe, Paul G
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———. 2011b. Migration and Rem
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The World Bank GroupWorking for a W
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