Youth Employment Programs - Independent Evaluation Group

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tive rules on hiring and firing as well as problems with information andmatching. The ongoing Youth Employment Inventory (YEI) will provide considerableinsight into successful programs across contexts and participants.Experience also suggests some areas for fruitful research, and areas in whichour clients are asking for more guidance. These include the design of comprehensiveprograms, cost-effectiveness, scale and sustainability, and the impactof programs on different groups and in different contexts – such as the poorand non-poor, and urban and rural populations.Specific recommendations. Bank management is in broad agreement withIEG’s recommendations for the Bank. With regard to the regular collectionand reporting of age-disaggregated statistics, management will work withthe Development Data Group (DECDG) to ensure that, to the extent possible,data are made available for public download on the Development Data Platform.This database already includes both the employment-to-population ratioand the unemployment rate for 15-24-year-olds. In addition, for countriesfor which labor market statistics are regularly collected and reported, and inwhich youth employment is regarded as a central concern of national policy,management will advocate the publication of age-disaggregated statistics onemployment and activity. With regard to the design of evidence-based policy,management will continue to collaborate with partners and clients to collect,synthesize and utilize experiences from Bank operations and evaluations, andto assist with the integration of this evidence into project design. Finally,with regard to the design of comprehensive and cross-sectoral programs toenhance youth employment, Management will continue to assist with thedesign of appropriate interventions on the basis of diagnosis and dialogueas well as on the evidence and experience accumulated from other cases.At least two regions with youth employment concerns, the Middle East andNorth Africa (MENA) and Africa, are completing reports on youth and jobs.MENA’s upcoming jobs report “Bread, Freedom and Dignity: Jobs in the MiddleEast and North Africa”, focuses on youth. Africa is completing a flagshipreport on youth employment in FY13.IFC Management CommentsIFC management welcomes this report. We appreciate that the report recognizesthat IFC has a broad approach for employment creation. Since inception,IFC has been supporting financially, economically and sustainably viableprivate sector enterprises that result in private sector development, highergrowth, and provide direct, indirect and induced employment. IFC’s advisoryservices help create an environment conducive to private sector development,provide entrepreneurial training, and enhance job opportunities throughtechnical advice on access to finance, sustainable business, and private-publicpartnerships. In addition to this broad approach, as the report shows, IFC hasundertaken youth employment targeted interventions in both investmentsand advisory services, including 50 education investment projects with totalIFC commitments of $500 million. In advisory services, the report lists 110xxiiYouth Employment Programs
projects since FY11 with objectives linked to job creation and 18 projectsaimed specifically at youth employment.IFC’s engagement in skills development and education for youth focuses onthe post-secondary level. The goal is to develop youth skills that are relevantto employer needs, and to facilitate the engagement of youth with companiesfor training and employment opportunities. IFC work in this area falls underthe following programs and activities:a. Technical Vocational Education and Training Programs and Tertiary EducationProjects—IFC’s work program in the education sector targets youth andemployability, whether directly, as evidenced by 90 percent of our investmentsin higher education; or indirectly, mainly through investments insecondary education.b. e4e Initiative for Arab Youth (e4e)—This program was launched in 2010-2011 in partnership with the Islamic Development Bank (IDB) to helprestructure education systems and strengthen linkages with employers toensure better employment opportunities for youth.c. Entrepreneurship and Employee Skills Building Advisory Work—IFC has twokey products in this area: Business Edge and Small and Medium Enterprise(SME) Toolkit. IFC has also a specialized program called Farmer andSME Training (FAST).In FY2012, IFC updated its strategy for education with the objective of prioritizingefforts to increase impact in the sector. The new strategy explicitlystates that IFC will continue to focus on improving access to high qualityand affordable education, especially at the levels that directly lead to youthemployment. IFC’s strategy is aligned with the World Bank Group’s EducationStrategy 2020 as it supports private providers that can step in to fill gaps ineducation systems. The thrust of IFC’s education strategy is defined by threemain strategic directions: (i) financing education service providers with a focuson quality and scalable business models, especially those directly linked toemployability; (ii) bringing together key stakeholders involved in strengtheningeducation systems, and continuing to build thought leadership by sharingknowledge about successful business models and by contributing to createenabling environments for private education in partnership with the WorldBank; (iii) testing innovative business models, both in service delivery and inother subsectors of the education market, to push the frontier of the sectorand find solutions to the challenges of access, quality and relevance.IFC also recognizes that SMEs are a very important component of employmentand job creation in most developing countries. They account for over 80 percentof net job creation and 67 percent of employment in developing countries.Extending finance to a broader group of companies and SMEs is associatedwith greater growth and poverty reduction and leads to a more inclusivebusiness environment. Thus, providing finance and advice to help the SMEsector is an important part of IFC’s activities that provide youth employment.Management Response xxiii
Page 5 and 6: Youth EmploymentProgramsAn Evaluati
Page 8 and 9: The Bank’s Impact Evaluations on
Page 10 and 11: LACLICLILMBAMENANEETNGOOECDPADPCRPD
Page 12 and 13: IEG management and colleagues provi
Page 14 and 15: Youth Employment ChallengesIn gener
Page 16 and 17: implemented 12 of the 90 operations
Page 18 and 19: Kenya, entrepreneurship training fo
Page 20 and 21: • Help countries design intervent
Page 22 and 23: support to youth employment program
Page 26 and 27: Management Action RecordIEG Finding
Page 28 and 29: IEG Findings and ConclusionsIEG Rec
Page 30 and 31: IEG Findings and ConclusionsIEG Rec
Page 33 and 34: Report to the Board from the Commit
Page 35: could have focused more on the lack
Page 38 and 39: • Chapter Highlights• High yout
Page 40 and 41: and can afford to wait for a better
Page 42 and 43: ConsequencesEarly unemployment is s
Page 44 and 45: ReferencesBegg, David, Stanley Fisc
Page 47 and 48: Chapter 2What Are the World Bank an
Page 49 and 50: The strength and openness of the ec
Page 51 and 52: Interventions to Address Youth Empl
Page 53 and 54: commitments by the International Ba
Page 55: Figure 2.2Top 12 Youth Employment I
Page 58 and 59: • the substitution effect of bett
Page 61 and 62: Chapter 3What Is the Evidence that
Page 63 and 64: school dropouts early. Learning opp
Page 65 and 66: evaluations on what works best to p
Page 67 and 68: Agriculture, Health, Education, Soc
Page 69: Holzmann, Robert. 2007. MILES: Iden
Page 72 and 73: • Chapter Highlights• The Bank
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Argentina, Bulgaria, Colombia, and
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facilitated 69 foreign work contrac
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awarded vouchers to about 1,000 out
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• Comparing the interventions ana
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Hjort, Jonas, Michael Kremer, Isaac
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Chapter 5Recommendations
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farm self-employment and employment
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This appendix presents the factors
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Organization for Standardization (I
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Box A.3Youth as a Demographic Divid
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Table A.1Types of Youth Employment
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Notes1. This phenomenon could be le
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Appendix BEvaluation Data Sources a
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Identification and Analysis of the
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• Making the labor market work be
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Table B.3ApprovalFYList of Projects
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Table B.3ApprovalFYList of Projects
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Table B.4(I)nvestmentClimate(L)abor
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Table B.6List of Economic Sector Wo
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ment, Private Sector Development, a
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Other evaluations with outcome meas
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Table B.8CountryFranceKenyaMexicoPa
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Table B.8CountryUnitedStatesYouth E
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Table B.8CountryEuropeancountriesLa
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Bidani, Benu, Niels-Hugo Blunch, Ch
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Training Replication Sites.” Manp
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Appendix C provides additional info
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Box C.2Global Partnership for Youth
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ReferencesAedo, Cristian, and Ian W
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This appendix provides additional i
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The number of projects and total le
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Figure D.2World Bank Youth Employme
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Table D.5Intervention categoryYouth
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Table D.7Prevalence of Project Obje
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Table D.9Target Groups of Project O
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Table D.11Type of Interventions Sup
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Table D.13 Frequently Used Youth Em
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In sum, this portfolio review chapt
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approach in Turkey and Sierra Leone
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This appendix presents a detailed a
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to Finance business line, over a si
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entrepreneurship projects. Investme
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IFC has three types of investments
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Box E.1Africa Schools ProgramIFC su
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Box E.2e4e Initiative for Arab Yout
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3. IFC’s Advisory Services corpor
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This appendix presents lessons for
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Labor Market RegulationsLabor marke
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to the definition of unemployment b
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In post-conflict zones with small f
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Public works programs in Bank proje
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marginal impact of school-to-work t
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of the program. However, results fo
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• Weak results frameworks on the
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sustainability. Zambia’s TEVET pr
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unemployed youth registered with th
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for Employment and Entrepreneurship
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Note1. The Technical and Vocational
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Ibarraran, Pablo, and David Rosas.
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World Bank. 2012a. “World Bank an
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IEG’s Youth Employment Evaluation
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Figure G.1 Facebook Demographics Ba
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Figure G.3Results on Rural Employme
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BibliographyBarrera, Felipe, Paul G
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———. 2011b. Migration and Rem
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The World Bank GroupWorking for a W
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