Youth Employment Programs - Independent Evaluation Group

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Note1. The Technical and Vocational Vouchers Program was launched in late 2008.Approximately 20 percent of participants chose courses that lasted a year or less,whereas close to 78 percent chose courses that were at least two years long. Thismeans that the majority of voucher winners were still in school until December2011 when the evaluations were done. Thus, the evaluated program impacts arenot for the full sample, but rather form suggestive evidence of the short-runimpacts of the program on the labor market outcomes, based on a representativesubset of program participants.ReferencesAlcazar, Lorena, Raul Andrade and Miguel Jaramillo. 2011. “Panel Tracer Study onthe Impact of Business Facilitation Processes on Enterprises and Identificationof Priorities for Future Business Enabling Environment Projects in Lima, Peru.”Report 6. Impact Evaluation After the Fourth Round. Prepared for IFC.Attanasio, Orazio, Adriana Kugler, and Costas Meghir. 2011. “Subsidizing VocationalTraining for Disadvantaged Youth in Colombia: Evidence from a RandomizedTrial.” American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 3(3): 188–220.Benus, Jacob, James Rude and Satyendra Patrabansh. 2001. “Impact of theEmergency Demobilization and Reintegration Project in Bosnia andHerzegovina.” Department of Labor Bureau of International Affairs. DevelopmentImpact Evaluation (DIME).Betcherman, Gordon, Martin Godfrey, Susana Puerto, Friederike Rother, andAntoneta Stavreska. 2007. “A Review of Interventions to Support Young Workers:Findings of the Youth Employment Inventory.” Social Protection DiscussionPaper No. 0715. Washington, DC: World Bank.Blattman, Christopher, Nathan Fiala, and Sebastian Martinez. 2011. “CanEmployment Programs Reduce Poverty and Social Instability ExperimentalEvidence from a Ugandan Aid Program.” World Bank Policy Research WorkingPaper series.Blundell, Richard, Monica Costa Dias, Costas Meghir, and John Van Reenen. 2004.“Evaluating the Employment Impact of a Mandatory Job Search AssistanceProgram.” Journal of the European Economic Association 2(4): 569–606.Bruhn, Miriam. 2008. “License to Sell: The Effect of Business Registration Reform onEntrepreneurial Activity in Mexico.” Policy Research Working Paper 4538. WorldBank, Washington, DC.Bruhn, Miriam and Bilal Zia. 2011. “Stimulating Managerial Capital in EmergingMarkets – The Impact of Business and Financial Literacy for YoungEntrepreneurs,” World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 5642.158 Youth Employment Programs
Canagarajah, Sudharshan, and Matin Kholmatov. 2010. “Migration and Remittancesin CIS Countries during the Global Economic Crisis.” World Bank ECA KnowledgeBrief. Volume 16.Card, David, Pablo Ibarrarán, Ferdinando Regalia, David Rosas, and Yuri Soares.2011. “The Labor Market Impacts of Youth Training in the Dominican Republic.”Journal of Labor Economics 29(2): 267–300.Cardoso, Ana Rute. (2009). “Long-Term Impact of Youth Minimum Wages: Evidencefrom Two Decades of Individual Longitudinal Data.” IZA Discussion Paper No.4236.Castañeda, Carlos, José González, and Norberto Rojas. 2010. “Evaluación de Impactodel Programa Jóvenes Rurales Emprendedores del SENA.” Fedesarrollo WorkingPaper No. 53 de 2012–2, Bogotá, Colombia.de Mel, Suresh, David McKenzie, and Christopher Woodruff. (2010). “Wage Subsidiesfor Microenterprises.” American Economic Review: Papers & Proceedings 100 (2):614-18.Delajara, Marcelo, Samuel Freije, and Isidro Soloaga. 2006. “An Evaluation of Trainingfor the Unemployed in Mexico.” Working Paper: OVE/WP-09/06. Inter-AmericanDevelopment Bank, Office of Evaluation and Oversight.Dutz, Mark, Ioannis Kessides, Stephen O’Connell and Robert Willig. 2011.“Competition and Innovation-Driven Inclusive Growth.” World Bank PolicyResearch Working Paper 5852.Fairlie, Robert W., Dean Karlan, and Jonathan Zinman. 2012. “Behind theGATE Experiment: Evidence on Effects of and Rationales for SubsidizedEntrepreneurship Training.” NBER Working Paper No. 17804.Fares, Jean, and Susana Puerto. 2009. “Towards Comprehensive Training.” SocialProtection Discussion Papers 52188. World Bank.Fields, Gary, and Ravi Kanbur. 2007. “Minimum Wage and Poverty with Income-Sharing.” Articles & Chapters. Paper 116.Gruber, Jonathan. 1997. “The Incidence of Payroll Taxation: Evidence from Chile,”Journal of Labor Economics 15(3) S72–101.Heckman, James and Carmen Pagés-Serra. (2000). “The Cost of Job SecurityRegulation: Evidence from Latin American Labor Markets.” Economia 1(1) 109-144.Hicks, Joan Hamory, Michael Kremer, Isaac Mbiti, and Edward Miguel. 2011.“Vocational Education Voucher Delivery and Labor Market Returns: ARandomized Evaluation among Kenyan Youth, Report for Spanish ImpactEvaluation Fund (SIEF) Phase II.” Policy Note Human Development Network.World Bank.Appendix F: Lessons from Impact Evaluations and World Bank Group Operations 159
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Youth EmploymentProgramsAn Evaluati
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The Bank’s Impact Evaluations on
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LACLICLILMBAMENANEETNGOOECDPADPCRPD
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IEG management and colleagues provi
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Youth Employment ChallengesIn gener
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implemented 12 of the 90 operations
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Kenya, entrepreneurship training fo
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• Help countries design intervent
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support to youth employment program
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tive rules on hiring and firing as
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Management Action RecordIEG Finding
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IEG Findings and ConclusionsIEG Rec
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IEG Findings and ConclusionsIEG Rec
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Report to the Board from the Commit
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could have focused more on the lack
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• Chapter Highlights• High yout
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and can afford to wait for a better
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ConsequencesEarly unemployment is s
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ReferencesBegg, David, Stanley Fisc
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Chapter 2What Are the World Bank an
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The strength and openness of the ec
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Interventions to Address Youth Empl
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commitments by the International Ba
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Figure 2.2Top 12 Youth Employment I
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• the substitution effect of bett
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Chapter 3What Is the Evidence that
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school dropouts early. Learning opp
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evaluations on what works best to p
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Agriculture, Health, Education, Soc
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Holzmann, Robert. 2007. MILES: Iden
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• Chapter Highlights• The Bank
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Argentina, Bulgaria, Colombia, and
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facilitated 69 foreign work contrac
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awarded vouchers to about 1,000 out
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• Comparing the interventions ana
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Hjort, Jonas, Michael Kremer, Isaac
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Chapter 5Recommendations
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farm self-employment and employment
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This appendix presents the factors
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Organization for Standardization (I
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Box A.3Youth as a Demographic Divid
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Table A.1Types of Youth Employment
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Notes1. This phenomenon could be le
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Appendix BEvaluation Data Sources a
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Identification and Analysis of the
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• Making the labor market work be
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Table B.3ApprovalFYList of Projects
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Table B.3ApprovalFYList of Projects
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Table B.4(I)nvestmentClimate(L)abor
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Table B.6List of Economic Sector Wo
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ment, Private Sector Development, a
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Other evaluations with outcome meas
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Table B.8CountryFranceKenyaMexicoPa
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Table B.8CountryUnitedStatesYouth E
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Table B.8CountryEuropeancountriesLa
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Bidani, Benu, Niels-Hugo Blunch, Ch
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Training Replication Sites.” Manp
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Appendix C provides additional info
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Box C.2Global Partnership for Youth
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ReferencesAedo, Cristian, and Ian W
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This appendix provides additional i
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The number of projects and total le
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Figure D.2World Bank Youth Employme
Page 144 and 145: Table D.5Intervention categoryYouth
Page 146 and 147: Table D.7Prevalence of Project Obje
Page 148 and 149: Table D.9Target Groups of Project O
Page 150 and 151: Table D.11Type of Interventions Sup
Page 152 and 153: Table D.13 Frequently Used Youth Em
Page 154 and 155: In sum, this portfolio review chapt
Page 156 and 157: approach in Turkey and Sierra Leone
Page 158 and 159: This appendix presents a detailed a
Page 160 and 161: to Finance business line, over a si
Page 162 and 163: entrepreneurship projects. Investme
Page 164 and 165: IFC has three types of investments
Page 166 and 167: Box E.1Africa Schools ProgramIFC su
Page 168 and 169: Box E.2e4e Initiative for Arab Yout
Page 170 and 171: 3. IFC’s Advisory Services corpor
Page 172 and 173: This appendix presents lessons for
Page 174 and 175: Labor Market RegulationsLabor marke
Page 176 and 177: to the definition of unemployment b
Page 178 and 179: In post-conflict zones with small f
Page 180 and 181: Public works programs in Bank proje
Page 182 and 183: marginal impact of school-to-work t
Page 184 and 185: of the program. However, results fo
Page 186 and 187: • Weak results frameworks on the
Page 188 and 189: sustainability. Zambia’s TEVET pr
Page 190 and 191: unemployed youth registered with th
Page 192 and 193: for Employment and Entrepreneurship
Page 196 and 197: Ibarraran, Pablo, and David Rosas.
Page 198 and 199: World Bank. 2012a. “World Bank an
Page 200 and 201: IEG’s Youth Employment Evaluation
Page 202 and 203: Figure G.1 Facebook Demographics Ba
Page 204 and 205: Figure G.3Results on Rural Employme
Page 207 and 208: BibliographyBarrera, Felipe, Paul G
Page 209 and 210: ———. 2011b. Migration and Rem
Page 211 and 212: The World Bank GroupWorking for a W
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