Report of the Second Workshop on The Biology and Conservation of ...

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INTRODUCTIONThis document is <strong>the</strong> report <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Second</strong><strong>Workshop</strong> on <strong>the</strong> Biology and Conservation <strong>of</strong>Small Cetaceans and Dugongs <strong>of</strong> Sou<strong>the</strong>ast Asia,held in <strong>the</strong> Philippines at Silliman University inDumaguete City, Negros Oriental, 24-26 July,2002. The first workshop was held in 1995,also at Silliman University; it was sponsoredby <strong>the</strong> United Nations Environment Programme(Perrin et al. 1996). The second workshop wassponsored by <strong>the</strong> Convention on MigratorySpecies <strong>of</strong> Wild Animals (CMS), also knownas <strong>the</strong> Bonn Convention. Additional support forparticipants was provided by <strong>the</strong> Ocean ParkConservation Foundation in Hong Kong, WWF-US,and WWF-Philippines. Content and participationwere organized by <strong>the</strong> Southwest FisheriesScience Center <strong>of</strong> U.S. NOAA Fisheries and <strong>the</strong>consulting firm Tropical Marine Research. Traveland local arrangements were organized by<strong>the</strong> Marine Laboratory <strong>of</strong> Silliman University(SUML). Scientists and conservationists werepresent from Australia, Cambodia, Canada,China (Mainland, Taiwan and Hong Kong),Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, U.S.and Vietnam. A list <strong>of</strong> participants is given inAppendix 1.1. PRELIMINARIESPerrin convened and chaired <strong>the</strong> meeting. Theterms <strong>of</strong> reference were reviewed:(1) Update <strong>the</strong> 1995 review <strong>of</strong> general biology<strong>of</strong> marine small cetaceans and dugongs in SEAsia, including distribution and ecology and wi<strong>the</strong>mphasis on by-catch.(2) Update <strong>the</strong> 1995 review <strong>of</strong> existing conservationmeasures and legislation at a regional and nationallevel.(3) Identify remaining significant gaps in scientificknowledge and assess <strong>the</strong> threats that must bemet to ensure effective conservation.(4) Develop recommendations and priorities forresearch and conservation action at <strong>the</strong> regionaland national levels to address <strong>the</strong> problem <strong>of</strong> bycatchin fisheries, and consider a draft regionalaction plan.(5) Consider <strong>the</strong> potential for development <strong>of</strong>formal regional cooperation, including review <strong>of</strong> adraft CMS regional agreement.The geographic area considered included <strong>the</strong>waters <strong>of</strong> most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> nations usually thought<strong>of</strong> as comprising Sou<strong>the</strong>ast Asia (Brunei,Cambodia, East Timor, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia,Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam),<strong>the</strong> marine waters <strong>of</strong> China from <strong>the</strong> YangtzeRiver south (including Taiwan, Hong Kong andMacao), and <strong>the</strong> nor<strong>the</strong>rn waters <strong>of</strong> Australiafrom Torres Strait west to Broome in WesternAustralia (approximately 122 o E longitude). It wasrecognized that <strong>the</strong> boundaries <strong>of</strong> this area arearbitrary (as would be <strong>the</strong> boundaries <strong>of</strong> any area)but that it none<strong>the</strong>less has some faunistic andbiogeographic coherence. For example, inclusion<strong>of</strong> Myanmar would be questionable because itscoast is entirely in <strong>the</strong> Indian Ocean. Similarly,inclusion <strong>of</strong> Papua New Guinea would bring ina coastline entirely in <strong>the</strong> Pacific. The goal indefining <strong>the</strong> study area was to limit <strong>the</strong> review toa manageable size.<strong>Second</strong> <strong>Workshop</strong> on <strong>the</strong> Biology and Conservation <strong>of</strong> Small Cetaceans and Dugongs <strong>of</strong> SE Asia 11
The cetacean species reviewed included all <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>marine odontocetes with exception <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> spermwhale (Physeter macrocephalus), including thosewith both marine and freshwater populations/distribution. Common and scientific names aregiven in Appendix 2. The strictly freshwater baiji<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Yangzi River was not reviewed.The draft agenda was adopted (Appendix 3). Itwas agreed that <strong>the</strong> cetacean species reviews(item 2.2) and <strong>the</strong> review <strong>of</strong> dugong conservationand research (item 3) would be carried out bysubgroups in concurrent sessions. Reeves, Dolar,Jefferson, Marsh and Wang agreed to act asrapporteurs. A list <strong>of</strong> documents submitted to <strong>the</strong>workshop is given in Appendix 4. Also availablewere <strong>the</strong> abstracts <strong>of</strong> papers presented in <strong>the</strong> twodaysymposium that preceded <strong>the</strong> workshop, anda collection <strong>of</strong> relevant references provided bySUML and <strong>the</strong> participants.Stokes drew <strong>the</strong> group’s attention to <strong>the</strong> SeoulOcean Declaration issued by <strong>the</strong> first APEC OceanrelatedMinisterial Meeting in Seoul in April2002. The meeting was intended to set <strong>the</strong> futuredirection for ocean conservation and managementin <strong>the</strong> Asia-Pacific region. It was noted that fully athird <strong>of</strong> SE Asia’s coral reefs have already beenlost. The Seoul Ocean Declaration acknowledges<strong>the</strong> importance <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ocean environment for foodsecurity, economic prosperity, and social andenvironmental well-being, and calls on nations<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> region to address <strong>the</strong> continuing alarmingtrends on an urgent basis. The workshopparticipants expressed strong endorsement <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>thrust <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> declaration.2. UPDATE OF 1995 REVIEWS2.1 National Reviews <strong>of</strong> Status,Research, By-catch, Conservationand Legislation2.1.1 AustraliaFor <strong>the</strong> purposes <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> workshop, Australianwaters in SE Asia were defined to extend fromNorthwest Cape in <strong>the</strong> west (21° 47’S, 114° 09’E)to <strong>the</strong> tip <strong>of</strong> Cape York Peninsula in <strong>the</strong> east (10°47’S, 142° 30’ E) excluding Torres Strait. The areacomprises three Australian state jurisdictions:Western Australia, Nor<strong>the</strong>rn Territory andQueensland.Marsh provided an update since <strong>the</strong> 1995 workshopon species and <strong>the</strong>ir distribution, populationand habitat status, by-catch and folk attitudestoward marine mammals (Doc. 16). Additionalinformation was provided by Stokes and Dengate(Doc. 13).Species and distribution nnnnnnnnnnnnnSixteen species <strong>of</strong> small cetaceans and <strong>the</strong> dugongare known to occur in Australian waters <strong>of</strong> SE Asia(Appendix 2). The most recent genetic studiesindicate that coastal bottlenose dolphins fromsou<strong>the</strong>astern Australia are T. aduncus (Möller andBeheregaray 2001), like those <strong>of</strong> West Australia(Connors et al. 2000). There are no geneticallyconfirmed records <strong>of</strong> T. truncatus from Australia.Population statusThe IUCN lists <strong>the</strong> dugong as threatened(Vulnerable) at a global scale. Under <strong>the</strong> ActionPlan for Australian Cetaceans (Bannister et al.1996), <strong>the</strong> Irrawaddy dolphin, Indo-Pacifichumpback dolphin and spinner dolphin are listedas Insufficiently Known. It is not known whe<strong>the</strong>r12 CMS Technical Series Publication Nº 9 - 2005
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Page 5 and 6: TABLE OF CONTENTSpage1. Preliminari
Page 7 and 8: AppendicesAppendix 1 - List <strong
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Page 15 and 16: Table 1. Major commercial Commonwea
Page 17 and 18: (2) State Legislation.In state wate
Page 19 and 20: (2) Identification of</stro
Page 21 and 22: Coastal speciesThe most frequently
Page 23 and 24: Coastal speciesThere are currently
Page 25 and 26: and Guangxi Provinces (Yang et al.
Page 27 and 28: Table 3. Records of</strong
Page 29 and 30: can be viewed as the</stron
Page 31 and 32: Workshop participa
Page 33 and 34: ioaccumulation have not yet been ex
Page 35 and 36: of fishermen who h
Page 37 and 38: are supplied to scholars and organi
Page 39 and 40: threats. Many marine mammal populat
Page 42: waters or recognize important inter
Page 47 and 48: James Cook University (Queensland,
Page 49 and 50: the last ten years
Page 51 and 52: proactive in engaging more staff an
Page 53 and 54: of SE Asia. Two sp
Page 55 and 56: San Francisco (Negros Oriental); Li
Page 57 and 58: Legal status and present management
Page 59 and 60: within 15 kilometers from t
Page 61 and 62: US, has actively participated in ce
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the project was su
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Recently, the camp
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Mekong River downstream of<
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porpoises in tropical waters <stron
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species in the Ind
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Population/stock structureNo new in
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Needs for additional researchStock
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waters of SE Asia,
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caused mortality is certainly large
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Needs for additional researchProper
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from SE Asia, it is known to occur
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3.1.7 AustraliaDugongs occur all al
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Table 8. Conservation objectives id
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3) Monitoring and assessment <stron
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Table 10. Outline of</stron
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The group agreed that this set <str
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6. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONSThe works
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96 CMS Technical Series Publication
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Bank, E. 1931. A popular account <s
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Dalebout, M. L., J. G. Mead, C. Sco
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Jaaman, S. A., E. Tangon, I. Isnain
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Lin, Y.-J. 1997. Mitochondrial DNA
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Smith, B.D., T. A. Jefferson, D. Ho
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Yang, W.-C. 2000. Morbillivirus inf
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CHOU Lien-SiangDepartment o
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Brian D. SMITHWildlife Conservation
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APPENDIX 3Agenda1. Preliminaries2.
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Doc. 22 Dugong conservation activit
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AreaDatesSurveyTypeEffortSpeciesNo.
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Phase ofActionPlan
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[Small cetaceans are defined to inc
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f) recognizing that by-catch in fis
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130 CMS Technical Series Publicatio
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APPENDIX 9Abstracts of</str
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The (IUCN Critically Endangered) Du
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Status of
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Cetacean Habitats in the</s
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Conservation of <s
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Summary of Current
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Indonesia’s Cetacean Migration Co
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Conservation Effort to Protect <str
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The Status of <str
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Can the Developing
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Status and Conservation of<
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Legal Hunting of C
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Indo-Pacific Bottlenose Dolphins (T
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Feasibility Study of</stron
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Songs of a Humpbac
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