<strong>The</strong> Present Status <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Populati<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> Protecti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Dug<strong>on</strong>gs in ChineseWatersHan, Jiabo; Wang, PeilieMarine Fisheries Research Institute <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Lia<strong>on</strong>ing Province, No.50, Heishijiao Road, Dalian, 116023, PRC;e-mail: Jbhan@sina.com<strong>The</strong> dug<strong>on</strong>gs <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>f coastal <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> China are c<strong>on</strong>sidered as <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> original geographic populati<strong>on</strong>. Dug<strong>on</strong>gsare primarily distributed al<strong>on</strong>g <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> coastal waters <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Hainan Province <strong>and</strong> Guangxi ZhuangAut<strong>on</strong>omous Regi<strong>on</strong> (GZAR) <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> China, <strong>and</strong> historical records also showed occasi<strong>on</strong>al occurrencesin western Guangd<strong>on</strong>g Province <strong>and</strong> sou<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>rn waters <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Taiwan. Due to massive hunt al<strong>on</strong>g<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> coast by fishermen from 1958 to 1962, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> resource <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> dug<strong>on</strong>gs was seriously diminishedclose to local extincti<strong>on</strong> level. <strong>The</strong> Chinese government listed <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> dug<strong>on</strong>g as “Grade 1 Nati<strong>on</strong>alProtected Species” in 1983 <strong>and</strong> prohibited any direct hunt, but <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> protecti<strong>on</strong> acti<strong>on</strong> did notsucceed efficiently. In 1988 <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Chinese government listed <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> dug<strong>on</strong>g am<strong>on</strong>g <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> importantprotective wild animals <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> first order. In additi<strong>on</strong>, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Nati<strong>on</strong>al Hepu State Dug<strong>on</strong>g NaturalReserve was established in GZAR in 1991. However, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re was no evidence <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> dug<strong>on</strong>g populati<strong>on</strong>recovery. In 1996 <strong>and</strong> 1997, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re were occurrences <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> dug<strong>on</strong>g death in GZAR. According to recentinformati<strong>on</strong>, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re were sighting <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> dug<strong>on</strong>gs in small group in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> coastal waters <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Hepu <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> GZAR<strong>and</strong> D<strong>on</strong>gfang <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Hainan Province in 1998 <strong>and</strong> 2000 respectively, which provides pro<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>s that <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>dug<strong>on</strong>gs are not locally extinct yet in Chinese waters. <strong>The</strong> threats to this species are mainly from<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> human activities <strong>and</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> habitat reducti<strong>on</strong> causing by envir<strong>on</strong>mental deteriorati<strong>on</strong>. In orderto prevent <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> dug<strong>on</strong>gs from disappearing <strong>and</strong> locally extinct in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Chinese waters, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> fur<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>rprotective measures are urgently needed. <strong>The</strong>refore, it is recommended that <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> establishment<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Dug<strong>on</strong>g Natural Reserve should be sought in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> immediate future.<str<strong>on</strong>g>Sec<strong>on</strong>d</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Workshop</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>Biology</strong> <strong>and</strong> C<strong>on</strong>servati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Small Cetaceans <strong>and</strong> Dug<strong>on</strong>gs <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> SE Asia 139
C<strong>on</strong>servati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Dug<strong>on</strong>g (Dug<strong>on</strong>g dug<strong>on</strong>) in Thail<strong>and</strong>Hines, Ellen 1 ; Adulyanukosol, Kanjana 2(1) Department <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Geography <strong>and</strong> Human Envir<strong>on</strong>mental Studies, San Francisco State University, 1600Holloway Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94132 USA; e-mail: ehines@sfsu.edu(2) Phuket Marine Biological Center, PO Box 60, Phuket 83000 Thail<strong>and</strong>Once comm<strong>on</strong>ly seen al<strong>on</strong>g tropical coasts from East Africa to Australia, dug<strong>on</strong>gs are currentlyc<strong>on</strong>sidered rare over most <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> this range. <strong>The</strong> IUCN classifies <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> dug<strong>on</strong>g as vulnerable <strong>on</strong> aglobal scale based <strong>on</strong> declines in occurrence <strong>and</strong> quality <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> habitat, <strong>and</strong> human exploitati<strong>on</strong>. <strong>The</strong>C<strong>on</strong>venti<strong>on</strong> <strong>on</strong> Internati<strong>on</strong>al Trade in Endangered Species <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Wild Flora <strong>and</strong> Fauna (CITES) hasbanned internati<strong>on</strong>al trade in dug<strong>on</strong>g products.In Thail<strong>and</strong>, dug<strong>on</strong>gs used to be seen regularly al<strong>on</strong>g <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Andaman <strong>and</strong> Gulf <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Thail<strong>and</strong> coasts,but are now largely c<strong>on</strong>fined to isl<strong>and</strong>s <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>f <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Andaman coast. <strong>The</strong> dug<strong>on</strong>g in Thail<strong>and</strong> hasbeen declares a reserved <strong>and</strong> protected marine species un <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Thai Fisheries Act since 1947. Weestimate <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> number <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> dug<strong>on</strong>gs remaining in Thail<strong>and</strong> to be approximately 200. Trang Province,al<strong>on</strong>g <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Andaman coast in sou<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>rn Thail<strong>and</strong>, is a primary feeding site for dug<strong>on</strong>gs, <strong>and</strong> has<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> largest populati<strong>on</strong> group <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> dug<strong>on</strong>gs remaining in Thail<strong>and</strong>. One <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> largest threats for<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> dug<strong>on</strong>g in coastal Thail<strong>and</strong> is that <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> being caught in stati<strong>on</strong>ary nets, gillnets, <strong>and</strong> pushnettrawlers. It is also believed that dug<strong>on</strong>gs are being actively hunted in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> eastern Gulf. <strong>The</strong> meat<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> dug<strong>on</strong>g is c<strong>on</strong>sidered delicious. Dug<strong>on</strong>g oil, teeth, tusks, <strong>and</strong> b<strong>on</strong>es are c<strong>on</strong>sidered tohave valuable medicinal properties, <strong>and</strong> are also comm<strong>on</strong>ly used as protective amulets. A pair<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> tusks can be sold for as much as 15,000 Thai baht (approximately US$320). Dug<strong>on</strong>g tears,a mucous secreti<strong>on</strong> that protects <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> eyes, are comm<strong>on</strong>ly c<strong>on</strong>sidered a powerful aphrodisiac.However, incidental catch <strong>and</strong> entanglement in fishing gears is <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> largest threat to dug<strong>on</strong>gs.Am<strong>on</strong>g various types <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> gears, gillnets are c<strong>on</strong>sidered to be <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> main cause <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> death for dug<strong>on</strong>gs.While most incidents <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> entanglement are not reported, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> numbers <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> by-catch deaths that arereported place <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> dug<strong>on</strong>g populati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Thail<strong>and</strong> in imminent danger <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> extirpati<strong>on</strong>.140 CMS Technical Series Publicati<strong>on</strong> Nº 9 - 2005
- Page 1 and 2:
CMS Technical Series Publication N
- Page 3 and 4:
Published by the U
- Page 5 and 6:
TABLE OF CONTENTSpage1. Preliminari
- Page 7 and 8:
AppendicesAppendix 1 - List <strong
- Page 9 and 10:
8 CMS Technical Series Publication
- Page 11 and 12:
10 CMS Technical Series Publication
- Page 13 and 14:
The cetacean species reviewed inclu
- Page 15 and 16:
Table 1. Major commercial Commonwea
- Page 17 and 18:
(2) State Legislation.In state wate
- Page 19 and 20:
(2) Identification of</stro
- Page 21 and 22:
Coastal speciesThe most frequently
- Page 23 and 24:
Coastal speciesThere are currently
- Page 25 and 26:
and Guangxi Provinces (Yang et al.
- Page 27 and 28:
Table 3. Records of</strong
- Page 29 and 30:
can be viewed as the</stron
- Page 31 and 32:
Workshop participa
- Page 33 and 34:
ioaccumulation have not yet been ex
- Page 35 and 36:
of fishermen who h
- Page 37 and 38:
are supplied to scholars and organi
- Page 39 and 40:
threats. Many marine mammal populat
- Page 42:
waters or recognize important inter
- Page 47 and 48:
James Cook University (Queensland,
- Page 49 and 50:
the last ten years
- Page 51 and 52:
proactive in engaging more staff an
- Page 53 and 54:
of SE Asia. Two sp
- Page 55 and 56:
San Francisco (Negros Oriental); Li
- Page 57 and 58:
Legal status and present management
- Page 59 and 60:
within 15 kilometers from t
- Page 61 and 62:
US, has actively participated in ce
- Page 63 and 64:
the project was su
- Page 65 and 66:
Recently, the camp
- Page 67 and 68:
Mekong River downstream of<
- Page 69 and 70:
porpoises in tropical waters <stron
- Page 71 and 72:
species in the Ind
- Page 73 and 74:
Population/stock structureNo new in
- Page 75 and 76:
Needs for additional researchStock
- Page 77 and 78:
waters of SE Asia,
- Page 79 and 80:
caused mortality is certainly large
- Page 81 and 82:
Needs for additional researchProper
- Page 83 and 84:
from SE Asia, it is known to occur
- Page 85 and 86:
3.1.7 AustraliaDugongs occur all al
- Page 87 and 88:
Table 8. Conservation objectives id
- Page 89 and 90: 3) Monitoring and assessment <stron
- Page 91 and 92: Table 10. Outline of</stron
- Page 93 and 94: The group agreed that this set <str
- Page 95 and 96: 6. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONSThe works
- Page 97 and 98: 96 CMS Technical Series Publication
- Page 99 and 100: Bank, E. 1931. A popular account <s
- Page 101 and 102: Dalebout, M. L., J. G. Mead, C. Sco
- Page 103 and 104: Jaaman, S. A., E. Tangon, I. Isnain
- Page 105 and 106: Lin, Y.-J. 1997. Mitochondrial DNA
- Page 107 and 108: Smith, B.D., T. A. Jefferson, D. Ho
- Page 109 and 110: Yang, W.-C. 2000. Morbillivirus inf
- Page 111 and 112: CHOU Lien-SiangDepartment o
- Page 113 and 114: Brian D. SMITHWildlife Conservation
- Page 115 and 116: APPENDIX 3Agenda1. Preliminaries2.
- Page 117 and 118: Doc. 22 Dugong conservation activit
- Page 119 and 120: AreaDatesSurveyTypeEffortSpeciesNo.
- Page 121 and 122: AreaDatesSurveyTypeEffortSpeciesNo.
- Page 123 and 124: AreaDatesSurveyTypeEffortSpeciesNo.
- Page 125 and 126: Phase ofActionPlan
- Page 127 and 128: [Small cetaceans are defined to inc
- Page 129 and 130: f) recognizing that by-catch in fis
- Page 131 and 132: 130 CMS Technical Series Publicatio
- Page 133 and 134: APPENDIX 9Abstracts of</str
- Page 135 and 136: The (IUCN Critically Endangered) Du
- Page 137 and 138: Status of
- Page 139: Cetacean Habitats in the</s
- Page 143 and 144: Summary of Current
- Page 145 and 146: Indonesia’s Cetacean Migration Co
- Page 147 and 148: Conservation Effort to Protect <str
- Page 149 and 150: The Status of <str
- Page 151 and 152: Can the Developing
- Page 153 and 154: Status and Conservation of<
- Page 155 and 156: Legal Hunting of C
- Page 157 and 158: Indo-Pacific Bottlenose Dolphins (T
- Page 159 and 160: Feasibility Study of</stron
- Page 161 and 162: Songs of a Humpbac