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tourists reached 200,000 in 2001. There are fourmajor areas for whale watching along <strong>the</strong> eastcoast <strong>of</strong> Taiwan. One to 14 whale watching boatsrun cruises from <strong>the</strong>se areas.Although all cetacean watching tours originatealong <strong>the</strong> east coast, <strong>the</strong>re is a harbor cruise inTaichung Harbour (central western Taiwan) that ispromoted as a dolphin watching tour. However,<strong>the</strong> course taken by <strong>the</strong> tour boat does givetourists a high probability <strong>of</strong> seeing dolphins.Cetacean watching tours in o<strong>the</strong>r regions <strong>of</strong>Taiwan may also be feasible. However, surveysare required to evaluate <strong>the</strong>ir potential.2.1.5 East TimorNo information was available to <strong>the</strong> workshop.(Kreb 2002). The earliest estimates in 1978 by<strong>the</strong> Directorate <strong>of</strong> Forest Protection and NaturalConservation were 125-150 animals for <strong>the</strong> samepopulation. In 1993 <strong>the</strong> population was estimatedto consist <strong>of</strong> only 68 individuals (Priyono1993). Although <strong>the</strong>se numbers cannot be usefor a rigorous trend analysis, <strong>the</strong> extremely smallsize <strong>of</strong> this apparently isolated population wereregarded as sufficient cause for <strong>the</strong> IUCN to list itas “critically endangered” in 2000.Marsh et al. (2002) describe dugongs as rare ordepleted throughout <strong>the</strong>ir original range in <strong>the</strong>Indonesian archipelago, with a rough populationestimate <strong>of</strong> perhaps 1,000 animals in 1994. InIndonesia, declines in dugong abundanceand distribution, including extirpation <strong>of</strong> localpopulations, are likely to continue and may evenaccelerate (see habitat status).2.1.6 IndonesiaSpecies and distributionIndonesian waters have an exceptional cetaceandiversity. A recent and extensive review <strong>of</strong>cetaceans positively identified in Indonesianwaters lists 20 species <strong>of</strong> small cetaceans,provides information on <strong>the</strong>ir distribution andnotes <strong>the</strong> occurrence <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> striped dolphin as stillunconfirmed (Appendix 2; Rudolph et al. 1997).A comprehensive review <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> status <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>dugong in Indonesian waters indicates that <strong>the</strong>reis little information on its distribution, abundance,movements, feeding ecology, or reproduction in<strong>the</strong> region (Marsh et al. 2002).Population statusThere is no information on <strong>the</strong> population status<strong>of</strong> Indonesia’s marine mammals except for <strong>the</strong>Irrawaddy dolphins <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Mahakam River, alsocalled pesut. This population has been decliningrapidly rate and is currently estimated to numberless than 50 animals, possibly only 35 – 42Habitat statusIndonesia’s marine mammal habitats includemajor rivers and mangroves as well as coastal,reef and open-ocean environments. These diversehabitats are <strong>of</strong>ten in close proximity to one ano<strong>the</strong>rbecause <strong>of</strong> Indonesia’s narrow continental shelf,abundant oceanic islands and extreme depthgradients (Kahn 2001).Indonesia has undergone extensive politicalreform since 1997 and currently pursues a policy <strong>of</strong>decentralization and regional autonomy. In manyIndonesian provinces <strong>the</strong>re has been an increasein <strong>the</strong> rates <strong>of</strong> extraction <strong>of</strong> natural resourcesincluding rampant and uncontrolled logging,large- and small-scale mineral mining, expandedcoastal developments and industrialization, andincreased mariculture, toge<strong>the</strong>r with ever-growingcoastal and pelagic fisheries. Hence, it is likelythat in addition to <strong>the</strong> Irrawaddy dolphins (suchas <strong>the</strong> population <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Mahakam River), o<strong>the</strong>rspecies and populations <strong>of</strong> coastal cetaceansand <strong>the</strong> dugong face similar and equally severe<strong>Second</strong> <strong>Workshop</strong> on <strong>the</strong> Biology and Conservation <strong>of</strong> Small Cetaceans and Dugongs <strong>of</strong> SE Asia 37
threats. Many marine mammal populationsthat inhabit Indonesia’s estuaries and coastalwaters may be in decline. For Indonesia’s oceaniccetacean species, fishery by-catch has probablycaused significant reductions in abundance,especially for small cetaceans but possibly als<strong>of</strong>or large cetaceans such as sperm whales andblue whales in <strong>the</strong> eastern provinces.An overview <strong>of</strong> environmental impacts <strong>of</strong> relevanceto Indonesia’s marine mammals is given in Table4 .Table 4. Overview <strong>of</strong> environmental impacts <strong>of</strong> relevance to Indonesia’smarine mammals(from www.apex-environmental.com/IOCPImpacts.html, which includes moredetailed descriptions <strong>of</strong> impacts).ImpactsHabitats affectedRiverine Coastal OceanicHabitat destruction – Forest loggingHabitat destruction – Coastal developmentChemical pollution – Industrial and urban wastes,terrestrial run-<strong>of</strong>fChemical pollution – The discharge <strong>of</strong> mining wastes atsea. The disposal <strong>of</strong> toxins via a procedure termedsubmarine tailings placement (STP) is <strong>of</strong> specialrelevance to Indonesian marine life.Acoustic pollution – Destructive fishing practices suchas reef bombing. This illegal fishing method can haveregional impacts, especially in <strong>the</strong> vicinity <strong>of</strong> sensitivemarine areas for cetaceans such as preferred feedingand breeding areas as well as migration passages.Acoustic pollution – Seismic surveying for oil and gas by<strong>of</strong>fshore industries.Acoustic pollution – Military and scientific experimentsGill netting in sensitive marine areas for cetaceans.Traditional hunting, especially in <strong>the</strong> waters <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> EastFlores islands.Discarded plastics and fishing gear.By-catch in local and regional fisheries.Directed catchesDirected catches <strong>of</strong> several species are knownto occur in <strong>the</strong> whaling villages <strong>of</strong> Lamalera onLembata and to a lesser extent Lamakera onSolor (Barnes 1996, Kahn 2002c). The extentand impact <strong>of</strong> directed takes <strong>of</strong> cetaceans and38 CMS Technical Series Publication Nº 9 - 2005
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Page 5 and 6: TABLE OF CONTENTSpage1. Preliminari
Page 7 and 8: AppendicesAppendix 1 - List <strong
Page 9 and 10: 8 CMS Technical Series Publication
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Page 13 and 14: The cetacean species reviewed inclu
Page 15 and 16: Table 1. Major commercial Commonwea
Page 17 and 18: (2) State Legislation.In state wate
Page 19 and 20: (2) Identification of</stro
Page 21 and 22: Coastal speciesThe most frequently
Page 23 and 24: Coastal speciesThere are currently
Page 25 and 26: and Guangxi Provinces (Yang et al.
Page 27 and 28: Table 3. Records of</strong
Page 29 and 30: can be viewed as the</stron
Page 31 and 32: Workshop participa
Page 33 and 34: ioaccumulation have not yet been ex
Page 35 and 36: of fishermen who h
Page 37: are supplied to scholars and organi
Page 42: waters or recognize important inter
Page 47 and 48: James Cook University (Queensland,
Page 49 and 50: the last ten years
Page 51 and 52: proactive in engaging more staff an
Page 53 and 54: of SE Asia. Two sp
Page 55 and 56: San Francisco (Negros Oriental); Li
Page 57 and 58: Legal status and present management
Page 59 and 60: within 15 kilometers from t
Page 61 and 62: US, has actively participated in ce
Page 63 and 64: the project was su
Page 65 and 66: Recently, the camp
Page 67 and 68: Mekong River downstream of<
Page 69 and 70: porpoises in tropical waters <stron
Page 71 and 72: species in the Ind
Page 73 and 74: Population/stock structureNo new in
Page 75 and 76: Needs for additional researchStock
Page 77 and 78: waters of SE Asia,
Page 79 and 80: caused mortality is certainly large
Page 81 and 82: Needs for additional researchProper
Page 83 and 84: from SE Asia, it is known to occur
Page 85 and 86: 3.1.7 AustraliaDugongs occur all al
Page 87 and 88: Table 8. Conservation objectives id
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3) Monitoring and assessment <stron
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Table 10. Outline of</stron
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The group agreed that this set <str
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6. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONSThe works
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96 CMS Technical Series Publication
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Bank, E. 1931. A popular account <s
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Dalebout, M. L., J. G. Mead, C. Sco
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Jaaman, S. A., E. Tangon, I. Isnain
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Lin, Y.-J. 1997. Mitochondrial DNA
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Smith, B.D., T. A. Jefferson, D. Ho
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Yang, W.-C. 2000. Morbillivirus inf
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CHOU Lien-SiangDepartment o
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Brian D. SMITHWildlife Conservation
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APPENDIX 3Agenda1. Preliminaries2.
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Doc. 22 Dugong conservation activit
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AreaDatesSurveyTypeEffortSpeciesNo.
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Phase ofActionPlan
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[Small cetaceans are defined to inc
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f) recognizing that by-catch in fis
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130 CMS Technical Series Publicatio
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APPENDIX 9Abstracts of</str
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The (IUCN Critically Endangered) Du
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Status of
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Cetacean Habitats in the</s
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Conservation of <s
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Summary of Current
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Indonesia’s Cetacean Migration Co
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Conservation Effort to Protect <str
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The Status of <str
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Can the Developing
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Status and Conservation of<
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Legal Hunting of C
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Indo-Pacific Bottlenose Dolphins (T
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Feasibility Study of</stron
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Songs of a Humpbac
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