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Tebas and Tanjung Po in Sarawak (Jaaman et al.2000a, 2001b) and <strong>the</strong> bay <strong>of</strong> Sandakan, Labuk(Jaaman et al. 2000b) and Cowei in Sabah (Anyiand Jaaman in press). In addition, small numbers<strong>of</strong> bottlenose dolphins and Indo-Pacific humpbackdolphins are known to be present in Cowei Bay,Sabah and within Talang-Satang National Park,Sarawak. Recent reports by Nadarajah (2000) andJaaman et al. (2001a) have confirmed, throughsighting and stranding records, <strong>the</strong> commonoccurrence <strong>of</strong> inshore cetaceans in PeninsularMalaysia, particularly around Langkawi Island andin some o<strong>the</strong>r marine parks.Table 5. Currently known distribution <strong>of</strong> small cetaceans and <strong>the</strong> dugong inMalaysian watersSpeciesPeninsularMalaysiaSabahSarawakRemarks1234567891011121314151617Delphinus sp.Dugong dugonGlobicephala zacrorhynchusGrampus griseusKogia brevicepsLagenodelphis hoseiNeophocaena phocaenoidesOrcaella brevirostrisOrcinus orcaPeponocephala electraPseudorca crassidensSousa chinensisStenella attenuataStenella longirostrisTursiops aduncusTursiops truncatusZiphius cavirostrisxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxLayang-Layang AtollAlso at Layang-Layang AtollAlso at Layang-Layang AtollAlso at Layang-Layang AtollAlso at Layang-Layang AtollPopulation statusThere are no estimates <strong>of</strong> marine mammalpopulations and little is known about <strong>the</strong>ir currentstatus in Malaysia. According to Jaaman and Anyi(2002a), <strong>the</strong> dugong population in <strong>the</strong> coastalwaters <strong>of</strong> Sabah is resident and probably makeslocal movements only. The population may beshared in <strong>the</strong> north with <strong>the</strong> Island <strong>of</strong> Palawan andin <strong>the</strong> east with Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Sulu (Philippines) andKalimantan, Indonesia. They concluded that <strong>the</strong>population consists <strong>of</strong> only 200 animals or less,occurring in low densities and constantly facinganthropogenic threats.Habitat statusThere has been little assessment <strong>of</strong> marinemammals, <strong>the</strong>ir habitats and problems relatingto <strong>the</strong>ir environment in Malaysia (Jaaman et al.2001a). In Peninsular Malaysia, areas <strong>of</strong> alreadyhigh human population and intensive coastaldevelopment, such as <strong>the</strong> south coast <strong>of</strong> Johore,Kelang and Penang, suffer direct impacts fromsedimentation and pollution. Untreated wastedisposal and o<strong>the</strong>r human activities have severelydegraded important habitats (e.g., seagrass beds,coral reefs, and mangroves) on which manymarine organisms depend directly or indirectly. In<strong>Second</strong> <strong>Workshop</strong> on <strong>the</strong> Biology and Conservation <strong>of</strong> Small Cetaceans and Dugongs <strong>of</strong> SE Asia 47
<strong>the</strong> last ten years, many rain forests along andupstream <strong>of</strong> main rivers and bays in Sabah andSarawak have been logged and transformed intocultivation lands, such as large-scale palm oilplantations (Jaaman 2000b; Jaaman et al. 2000a,b). Effluents from <strong>the</strong>se areas are polluted asa result <strong>of</strong> excessive use <strong>of</strong> insecticides andfertilizers; <strong>the</strong>y also contain many drifting logsand o<strong>the</strong>r debris, especially during <strong>the</strong> rainyseason (November – February) Jaaman (2002). Insome areas that are left cleared, <strong>the</strong> rain depositssediment into <strong>the</strong> rivers and bays and increases<strong>the</strong> turbidity <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> water, <strong>the</strong>reby decreasingwater quality. The development <strong>of</strong> Sandakanand Tawau in Sabah, and <strong>of</strong> Tanjung Manisand Muara Tebas in Sarawak, into some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>most industrialized regions in East Malaysiamay affect <strong>the</strong> natural habitat <strong>of</strong> Irrawaddydolphins. Fur<strong>the</strong>rmore, a causeway across <strong>the</strong>Santubong River completely cuts its flows to<strong>the</strong> ocean, and a barrage in Pending limits <strong>the</strong>flows <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Sarawak River to <strong>the</strong> ocean (throughMuara Tebas). Such impediments interrupt <strong>the</strong>natural movements <strong>of</strong> estuarine cetaceans intoand out <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Kuching River system. Althoughlittle documentation exists regarding fish stocksthroughout Malaysia, <strong>the</strong>y are believed to bedeclining due to cumulative effects <strong>of</strong> pollution,poor recruitment, and overfishing. Many inshorefishermen and local villagers interviewed in Sabahand Sarawak have expressed concern over <strong>the</strong>poor quality <strong>of</strong> water and lack <strong>of</strong> fish in traditionalfishing areas (Jaaman 2000b; Jaaman et al. 2000a,b).Directed catchesExcept for one record <strong>of</strong> dugong hunting atKampung (village) Pendas Laut, Johore in <strong>the</strong>1970’s (Mansor et al. 2000), no direct exploitation <strong>of</strong>marine mammals is known to occur in PeninsularMalaysia. In Sabah, dugongs have been huntedtraditionally (Jaaman 2000b). The local BajauLaut community has long regarded <strong>the</strong> dugongas a traditional food item (Jaaman and Anyi2002b). The animals are hunted using speciallymade harpoons and usually with <strong>the</strong> help <strong>of</strong>indigenous medicine men called pawang. Besidesfamily consumption, dugong meat is sold too<strong>the</strong>r villagers in secrecy. A kilogram <strong>of</strong> dugongmeat is reported to fetch between RM5 and RM10(US$2.63), and a whole dugong can be sold for upto RM400 (US$105). Several dugong parts, suchas <strong>the</strong> teardrops and tusks, are also highly soughtafter for <strong>the</strong>ir traditionally held medicinal value. InSarawak, dugongs were hunted in <strong>the</strong> Limbang,Lawas, and probably Sematan areas by localsbefore <strong>the</strong> 1980s (Jaaman et al. 2000a). Dolphins,on <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r hand, are reportedly hunted for foodonly by <strong>the</strong> Bajau Pelauh (immigrant Bajau Laut) inSemporna, Sabah (Jaaman and Anyi 2002b). Thetwo main dolphin species that are hunted are <strong>the</strong>bung saelo (bottlenose dolphin, species unknown)and bung saeso (probably spinner dolphin). Atwo-inch cube <strong>of</strong> dolphin meat costs about RM2(US$0.53). According to Jaaman (2000b), mostfishermen and local villagers interviewed inSabah admitted that <strong>the</strong> numbers <strong>of</strong> dugongs anddolphins have declined significantly over <strong>the</strong> yearsand almost all catches nowadays are accidental,although some fishermen probably continue to goafter dugongs opportunistically.By-catchesGillnets, which include set, drift and trammel nets,are widely used by traditional fishermen in shallowcoastal waters <strong>of</strong> Malaysia. Incidental catches<strong>of</strong> dugongs and small cetaceans, particularlyIrrawaddy dolphins and finless porpoises, areknown to occur regularly in gillnets and kelong(fish traps), and to a lesser extent in trawls(Jaaman 2000b; Jaaman et al. 2000a, b; Jaamanet al. 2001a). According to Jaaman (2002), aconsiderable number <strong>of</strong> cases have been reportedannually since 1996. Usually <strong>the</strong> caught animalshave died. In <strong>the</strong> case <strong>of</strong> dugongs on <strong>the</strong> eastcoast <strong>of</strong> Sabah, <strong>the</strong>y have been slaughtered for48 CMS Technical Series Publication Nº 9 - 2005
Page 1 and 2: CMS Technical Series Publication N
Page 3 and 4: Published by the U
Page 5 and 6: TABLE OF CONTENTSpage1. Preliminari
Page 7 and 8: AppendicesAppendix 1 - List <strong
Page 9 and 10: 8 CMS Technical Series Publication
Page 13 and 14: The cetacean species reviewed inclu
Page 15 and 16: Table 1. Major commercial Commonwea
Page 17 and 18: (2) State Legislation.In state wate
Page 19 and 20: (2) Identification of</stro
Page 21 and 22: Coastal speciesThe most frequently
Page 23 and 24: Coastal speciesThere are currently
Page 25 and 26: and Guangxi Provinces (Yang et al.
Page 27 and 28: Table 3. Records of</strong
Page 29 and 30: can be viewed as the</stron
Page 31 and 32: Workshop participa
Page 33 and 34: ioaccumulation have not yet been ex
Page 35 and 36: of fishermen who h
Page 37 and 38: are supplied to scholars and organi
Page 39 and 40: threats. Many marine mammal populat
Page 42: waters or recognize important inter
Page 47: James Cook University (Queensland,
Page 51 and 52: proactive in engaging more staff an
Page 53 and 54: of SE Asia. Two sp
Page 55 and 56: San Francisco (Negros Oriental); Li
Page 57 and 58: Legal status and present management
Page 59 and 60: within 15 kilometers from t
Page 61 and 62: US, has actively participated in ce
Page 63 and 64: the project was su
Page 65 and 66: Recently, the camp
Page 67 and 68: Mekong River downstream of<
Page 69 and 70: porpoises in tropical waters <stron
Page 71 and 72: species in the Ind
Page 73 and 74: Population/stock structureNo new in
Page 75 and 76: Needs for additional researchStock
Page 77 and 78: waters of SE Asia,
Page 79 and 80: caused mortality is certainly large
Page 81 and 82: Needs for additional researchProper
Page 83 and 84: from SE Asia, it is known to occur
Page 85 and 86: 3.1.7 AustraliaDugongs occur all al
Page 87 and 88: Table 8. Conservation objectives id
Page 89 and 90: 3) Monitoring and assessment <stron
Page 91 and 92: Table 10. Outline of</stron
Page 93 and 94: The group agreed that this set <str
Page 95 and 96: 6. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONSThe works
Page 99 and 100:
Bank, E. 1931. A popular account <s
Page 101 and 102:
Dalebout, M. L., J. G. Mead, C. Sco
Page 103 and 104:
Jaaman, S. A., E. Tangon, I. Isnain
Page 105 and 106:
Lin, Y.-J. 1997. Mitochondrial DNA
Page 107 and 108:
Smith, B.D., T. A. Jefferson, D. Ho
Page 109 and 110:
Yang, W.-C. 2000. Morbillivirus inf
Page 111 and 112:
CHOU Lien-SiangDepartment o
Page 113 and 114:
Brian D. SMITHWildlife Conservation
Page 115 and 116:
APPENDIX 3Agenda1. Preliminaries2.
Page 117 and 118:
Doc. 22 Dugong conservation activit
Page 119 and 120:
AreaDatesSurveyTypeEffortSpeciesNo.
Page 121 and 122:
Page 123 and 124:
Page 125 and 126:
Phase ofActionPlan
Page 127 and 128:
[Small cetaceans are defined to inc
Page 129 and 130:
f) recognizing that by-catch in fis
Page 131 and 132:
130 CMS Technical Series Publicatio
Page 133 and 134:
APPENDIX 9Abstracts of</str
Page 135 and 136:
The (IUCN Critically Endangered) Du
Page 137 and 138:
Status of
Page 139 and 140:
Cetacean Habitats in the</s
Page 141 and 142:
Conservation of <s
Page 143 and 144:
Summary of Current
Page 145 and 146:
Indonesia’s Cetacean Migration Co
Page 147 and 148:
Conservation Effort to Protect <str
Page 149 and 150:
The Status of <str
Page 151 and 152:
Can the Developing
Page 153 and 154:
Status and Conservation of<
Page 155 and 156:
Legal Hunting of C
Page 157 and 158:
Indo-Pacific Bottlenose Dolphins (T
Page 159 and 160:
Feasibility Study of</stron
Page 161 and 162:
Songs of a Humpbac
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