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operations. The animals are <strong>the</strong>refore susceptibleto by-catch in both commercial and artisanalfishing. The degradation <strong>of</strong> marine habitats is acontinuing problem as reported earlier. Coastalareas are dumping grounds for industrial andagricultural run-<strong>of</strong>f. This situation is worsenedby <strong>the</strong> growing human population in <strong>the</strong> coastalzone, which leads to increased dumping anddischarge <strong>of</strong> domestic waste—e.g. in Tañon Strait,which is bordered by an intensive agro-industrialarea. Tañon Strait, considered an importanthabitat for at least nine species <strong>of</strong> dolphins andwhales, was declared a Protected Seascape in1998 under <strong>the</strong> Presidential Proclamation 1234. It,however, is still threatened by a number <strong>of</strong> factorssuch as <strong>the</strong> overexploitation <strong>of</strong> fishery stocks,conversion <strong>of</strong> coastal habitats (e.g., mangroves),and <strong>the</strong> disturbance from inter-island travel.In Nor<strong>the</strong>rn Luzon, illegal fishing methods(dynamite and cyanide fishing) are rampantin <strong>the</strong> Babuyan Islands and coastal areas <strong>of</strong>Cagayan province. Non-selective fishing gear andTaiwanese fishing within <strong>the</strong> waters <strong>of</strong> nor<strong>the</strong>rnLuzon are evident (Doc. 33). The Babuyan group<strong>of</strong> islands, possibly <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rnmost breedingarea <strong>of</strong> humpback whales in <strong>the</strong> western NorthPacific, records 11 cetacean species including <strong>the</strong>humpback and sperm whales, <strong>the</strong> most cetaceandiverseare surveyed to date (Doc.33; Acebes 2001;Acebes et al. 2000; Yaptinchay 1999). It is beingrecommended as a humpback whale sanctuary.Malampaya Sound was declared a protectedlandscape and seascape in July 2000. Although amanagement board has been created, <strong>the</strong> generalmanagement plan for <strong>the</strong> area has not yet beenimplemented. The increasing fishing activitiesare beginning to take <strong>the</strong>ir toll on <strong>the</strong> productivity<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> area. Pesticides and fertilizers used insurrounding agricultural lands may becomeconcentrated in <strong>the</strong> inner Sound. It should befur<strong>the</strong>r noted that, based on an ecological studyconducted in 2001, sedimentation is apparentlynot yet a problem in <strong>the</strong> area. In contrast, <strong>the</strong>most important threats to <strong>the</strong> dugong habitat inPalawan are siltation and sedimentation fromdeforestation.Directed catchesBoth historically and currently, at least 29 fishingvillages have been reported to hunt cetaceans(Doc. 28 and below). In <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn parts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>Philippines, a group <strong>of</strong> indigenous people knownas badjaos are known to consume dolphins as part<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir traditional diet. A diminishing number <strong>of</strong>small-scale directed hunts still occur in a fewfishing villages. The meat <strong>of</strong> cetaceans (mainlydolphins) was formerly used chiefly as bait tocatch sharks and chambered nautilus, Nautiluspompilius (Dolar et al. 1994, Dolar et al. 1997). Ataste for dolphin meat eventually developedamong <strong>the</strong> local people and <strong>the</strong> fishermen nowcatch dolphins for local human consumption(Dolar 1999c).In <strong>the</strong> 1995 <strong>Workshop</strong> <strong>Report</strong> (Perrin et al. 1996),five sites were listed as having directed catches <strong>of</strong>small cetaceans: San Francisco, Negros Oriental(=200—300 per fishing season); Selinog Island inDapitan, Mindanao; Pamilacan Island in Baclayon,Bohol (in conjunction with a hunt for pygmyBryde’s whales, Balaenoptera edeni); Catarmanin Camiguin Island, Mindanao; and Limasawa,sou<strong>the</strong>rn Leyte (Dolar and Wood 1993; Dolar et al.1994; Alava 1995. Except in San Francisco, dolphincatches were considered low. The directed fisheryin San Francisco has been stopped due to FAO185-1 (Dolar, 1999c). Gaudiano reported that <strong>of</strong><strong>the</strong> rest, only <strong>the</strong> Selinog fishery is active atpresent.Surveys around <strong>the</strong> Sulu Sea from 1996-1998revealed at least 11 more sites which directly takecetaceans: Brooke’s point (Palawan); BulalacaoIs (Coron, in <strong>the</strong> Calamian Group <strong>of</strong> islands);<strong>Second</strong> <strong>Workshop</strong> on <strong>the</strong> Biology and Conservation <strong>of</strong> Small Cetaceans and Dugongs <strong>of</strong> SE Asia 53
San Francisco (Negros Oriental); Lintub in Basay(Negros Occidental); San Jose in Panay; Dalipi andCulasi in Antique (Panay); Selinog Island (MisamisOccidental); Mapun Booan and Kinapusan Islands(Tawi-tawi) (Dolar 1999b, c; Dolar et al. 1997; Alavaand Dolar 1995; Dolar et al. 1994). Dolphins weretaken in Lintub, Basay using purse seines for <strong>the</strong>live-aquarium trade, instigated by a foreign vessel;at <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r sites dynamite, gillnets or driftnetswere used with harpoons to take <strong>the</strong> animals(Dolar, 1999c).At least ten additional fishing villages have nowbeen reported to have directed takes: Region I(Brgy Poblacion 1 in Pagudpud , Ilocos Norte),Region II (Brgy Tangatan in Sta Ana; Brgy Centro9 and Sitio La Union, Brgy Macanya in Aparri),Region IX (Brgy Silaway in General Santos) andRegion X (Misamis Oriental: Brgys Poblacionand San Jose in Talisayan, Brgys Poblacion andNorth Poblacion in Medina; and Brgy Punta-putiin Camiguin Island, nor<strong>the</strong>rn Mindanao) (Doc. 28,29). Hunting gears used include harpoon (inIlocos Norte), gaff hook (in San Jose, MisamisOriental), lasso (in Silaway, Aparri), and/or spearor speargun. Alava reported that direct taking<strong>of</strong> dolphins reportedly happens when fish catchis minimal or nonexistent, to recoup fishingexpenses.Additional towns where directed takes <strong>of</strong> dolphinshave been reported include Baleno in Masbate,Barangay Wawa in Nasugbu, Batangas andin <strong>the</strong> island <strong>of</strong> Sibuyan. Dynamite is used inMasbate, while spear guns are used in Batangasand Sibuyan. In Baleno, grilled dolphin meaton barbecue sticks was found being sold in <strong>the</strong>public market during a fiesta for PhP40.00/kilo(US$0.80).Species taken include <strong>the</strong> common bottlenose,Fraser’s, spinner, pantropical spotted, and Risso’sdolphins and <strong>the</strong> Blainville’s beaked, melon-headed,short-finned pilot, and dwarf sperm whales (Alava1999; Alava and Dolar 1995; Dolar 1999a, b, c; Dolaret al. 1997; Alava 1995; Dolar et al., 1994; Dolarand Wood 1993; Aragones 1995; Lea<strong>the</strong>rwood etal. 1992). Torres reported that <strong>the</strong>re is anecdotalinformation about a directed take <strong>of</strong> an unknowndolphin species in Region IV (Laguna), sold at <strong>the</strong>Alaminos Public Market in April 2002.In two separate interviews in <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn Luzonarea, a preference for specific dolphin specieshas been expressed. The fishermen say that <strong>the</strong>longer <strong>the</strong> snout <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> dolphin, <strong>the</strong> more tender<strong>the</strong> meat. In Sibuyan, animals described as largeranimals with spots but without a beak (possiblyRisso’s dolphins) are not caught because <strong>of</strong> thisperception.Shark fisheries are reportedly expanding,primarily because <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> shark fin trade, and thishas increased <strong>the</strong> pressure to take cetaceansto use as bait for large pelagic sharks (Doc. 28,29). Alava reported that according to partialreturns <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Rapid Assessment Project fromWWF/BFAR-NSAP, at least 13 fishing villagesuse cetaceans as shark bait. This study doesnot, however, provide estimates <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> number<strong>of</strong> dolphins taken for use as bait in variousfisheries. Dolar et al. (1994) estimated that 117dolphins were killed for bait in a shark fisheryconducted from a single village.Small cetaceans are caught deliberately for sharkbait in <strong>the</strong> following coastal municipalities <strong>of</strong>Cagayan province: Aparri, Claveria, Sta Ana andGonzaga (Doc. 28, 33). There is concern about<strong>the</strong> killing <strong>of</strong> cetaceans for <strong>the</strong> benefit <strong>of</strong> sharkfisheries. The directed catch <strong>of</strong> dugongs hasbeen documented throughout its range in <strong>the</strong>Philippines. Despite <strong>the</strong>ir protected status dugongsare opportunistically hunted today. There are noestimates <strong>of</strong> such takes but <strong>the</strong>y have been reportedfrom Zambales, <strong>the</strong> Bicol region, Isabela, Quezon,54 CMS Technical Series Publication Nº 9 - 2005
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CMS Technical Series Publication N
Page 3 and 4: Published by the U
Page 5 and 6: TABLE OF CONTENTSpage1. Preliminari
Page 7 and 8: AppendicesAppendix 1 - List <strong
Page 9 and 10: 8 CMS Technical Series Publication
Page 13 and 14: The cetacean species reviewed inclu
Page 15 and 16: Table 1. Major commercial Commonwea
Page 17 and 18: (2) State Legislation.In state wate
Page 19 and 20: (2) Identification of</stro
Page 21 and 22: Coastal speciesThe most frequently
Page 23 and 24: Coastal speciesThere are currently
Page 25 and 26: and Guangxi Provinces (Yang et al.
Page 27 and 28: Table 3. Records of</strong
Page 29 and 30: can be viewed as the</stron
Page 31 and 32: Workshop participa
Page 33 and 34: ioaccumulation have not yet been ex
Page 35 and 36: of fishermen who h
Page 37 and 38: are supplied to scholars and organi
Page 39 and 40: threats. Many marine mammal populat
Page 42: waters or recognize important inter
Page 47 and 48: James Cook University (Queensland,
Page 49 and 50: the last ten years
Page 51 and 52: proactive in engaging more staff an
Page 53: of SE Asia. Two sp
Page 57 and 58: Legal status and present management
Page 59 and 60: within 15 kilometers from t
Page 61 and 62: US, has actively participated in ce
Page 63 and 64: the project was su
Page 65 and 66: Recently, the camp
Page 67 and 68: Mekong River downstream of<
Page 69 and 70: porpoises in tropical waters <stron
Page 71 and 72: species in the Ind
Page 73 and 74: Population/stock structureNo new in
Page 75 and 76: Needs for additional researchStock
Page 77 and 78: waters of SE Asia,
Page 79 and 80: caused mortality is certainly large
Page 81 and 82: Needs for additional researchProper
Page 83 and 84: from SE Asia, it is known to occur
Page 85 and 86: 3.1.7 AustraliaDugongs occur all al
Page 87 and 88: Table 8. Conservation objectives id
Page 89 and 90: 3) Monitoring and assessment <stron
Page 91 and 92: Table 10. Outline of</stron
Page 93 and 94: The group agreed that this set <str
Page 95 and 96: 6. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONSThe works
Page 99 and 100: Bank, E. 1931. A popular account <s
Page 101 and 102: Dalebout, M. L., J. G. Mead, C. Sco
Page 103 and 104: Jaaman, S. A., E. Tangon, I. Isnain
Page 105 and 106:
Lin, Y.-J. 1997. Mitochondrial DNA
Page 107 and 108:
Smith, B.D., T. A. Jefferson, D. Ho
Page 109 and 110:
Yang, W.-C. 2000. Morbillivirus inf
Page 111 and 112:
CHOU Lien-SiangDepartment o
Page 113 and 114:
Brian D. SMITHWildlife Conservation
Page 115 and 116:
APPENDIX 3Agenda1. Preliminaries2.
Page 117 and 118:
Doc. 22 Dugong conservation activit
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AreaDatesSurveyTypeEffortSpeciesNo.
Page 121 and 122:
Page 123 and 124:
Page 125 and 126:
Phase ofActionPlan
Page 127 and 128:
[Small cetaceans are defined to inc
Page 129 and 130:
f) recognizing that by-catch in fis
Page 131 and 132:
130 CMS Technical Series Publicatio
Page 133 and 134:
APPENDIX 9Abstracts of</str
Page 135 and 136:
The (IUCN Critically Endangered) Du
Page 137 and 138:
Status of
Page 139 and 140:
Cetacean Habitats in the</s
Page 141 and 142:
Conservation of <s
Page 143 and 144:
Summary of Current
Page 145 and 146:
Indonesia’s Cetacean Migration Co
Page 147 and 148:
Conservation Effort to Protect <str
Page 149 and 150:
The Status of <str
Page 151 and 152:
Can the Developing
Page 153 and 154:
Status and Conservation of<
Page 155 and 156:
Legal Hunting of C
Page 157 and 158:
Indo-Pacific Bottlenose Dolphins (T
Page 159 and 160:
Feasibility Study of</stron
Page 161 and 162:
Songs of a Humpbac
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