Report of the Second Workshop on The Biology and Conservation of ...

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Dugong Conservation and Carcasses in <strong>the</strong> Great Barrier Reef Marine Park,Queensland, AustraliaStokes, Tony; Dobbs, KirstinSpecies Conservation Program, Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, PO Box 1379, TOWNSVILLE,Queensland 4810, Australia; e-mail: t.stokes@gbrmpa.gov.auDugong numbers have declined by over 90% since <strong>the</strong> 1960s on <strong>the</strong> urban coast <strong>of</strong> Queensland,Australia, a coastal distance <strong>of</strong> about 2000 km. Since <strong>the</strong> 1980s, <strong>the</strong> Great Barrier Reef Marine ParkAuthority has funded aerial surveys to assess numbers remaining in <strong>the</strong> Great Barrier Reef MarinePark (GBRMP). Widespread public and government concern about <strong>the</strong> decline has resulted inhigh priority management actions including establishment <strong>of</strong> a chain <strong>of</strong> Dugong Protection Areas,buy-out <strong>of</strong> large-mesh net fishers displaced by <strong>the</strong> DPAs, voluntary boating controls, enhancedsurveillance and enforcement, and improved systems to retrieve and necropsy stranded liveanimals and carcasses. This presentation will report on Australian Government initiatives over<strong>the</strong> past two decades for dugong conservation in <strong>the</strong> GBRMP, current directions and conclusionsderived from <strong>the</strong> enhanced stranded animal inspection program.<strong>Second</strong> <strong>Workshop</strong> on <strong>the</strong> Biology and Conservation <strong>of</strong> Small Cetaceans and Dugongs <strong>of</strong> SE Asia 153
Legal Hunting <strong>of</strong> Cetaceans in IndonesiaSuwelo, Ismu Sutanto 1 ; Priyono, Agus 2(1) Foundation for National Ocean Development, Jakarta, Indonesia(2) Department <strong>of</strong> Nature Conservation, Faculty <strong>of</strong> Forestry, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor,IndonesiaFor marine mammals, Indonesia remains and important refuge for <strong>the</strong> dugong and cetaceansin Sou<strong>the</strong>ast Asia. Little scientific information is available on <strong>the</strong> abundance, distribution andbehavior <strong>of</strong> marine mammals in Indonesia waters. The size <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> dugong population is unknown.In <strong>the</strong> 1970’s, it was estimated to be around 10,000.There are some 31 species <strong>of</strong> cetaceans <strong>of</strong> which seven are baleen whales and <strong>the</strong> rest dolphinsand relatives (IUCN, 1991). Some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se evidently have restricted ranges while o<strong>the</strong>rs arewidely distributed, found in all seas under <strong>the</strong> national jurisdiction <strong>of</strong> Indonesia and shared with<strong>the</strong> Indian and Pacific Oceans south to <strong>the</strong> Antarctic. Whales breed and calve in warmer waters,but it is not known whe<strong>the</strong>r this occurs in Indonesia.The hunting <strong>of</strong> cetaceans is traditionally prescribed in many regions. There are <strong>the</strong> whalingvillages <strong>of</strong> Lamalera and Lamakera in East Nusatenggara. Whale hunting is usually done fromMay to August. The people <strong>of</strong> Lamalera hunt sperm whale, Physeter catodon, while <strong>the</strong> people<strong>of</strong> Lamakera hunt sei whlaes, Balaenoptera borealis. Although this is small-scale traditionalsubsistence hunting, it needs to be regulated by <strong>the</strong> government in line development <strong>of</strong> tourismand whale watching.No data are available on incidental catches <strong>of</strong> cetacean in fishing nets by Indonesia-flag vessels.For purposes <strong>of</strong> dolphin shows, some delphinariums and oceanariums have been permittedto catch dolphins. During 1990-2001, <strong>the</strong> Directorate General <strong>of</strong> Forest Protection and NatureConservation (PHKA) issued permits to four delphinariums (Batam, Bogor, Jakarta and Solo) forcatching about 65 bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops sp.). The local government <strong>of</strong> Kutai, Kalimantanalso has a plan to capture pesut or Irrawaddy dolphins from <strong>the</strong> Mahakam River, in spite <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>fact that <strong>the</strong> population is in critical condition.The Indonesia Cetacean Specialists Group has made a suggestion to <strong>the</strong> government to limit <strong>the</strong>capture <strong>of</strong> marine dolphins as well as freshwater dolphins. Indonesia is a party to <strong>the</strong> Conventionon <strong>the</strong> Law <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Sea, which establishes <strong>the</strong> territorial sea and <strong>the</strong> 200-mile Exclusive EconomicZone. As whales and dolphins are already protected, Indonesia should become a party to <strong>the</strong>Whaling Convention and join <strong>the</strong> International Whaling Commission.The migration route <strong>of</strong> whales entering or leaving <strong>the</strong> Indian Ocean from or to <strong>the</strong> Pacific Oceanlives exclusively in Indonesian waters. The government has not recognized <strong>the</strong> Indian OceanWhale Sanctuary, which extends over <strong>the</strong> entire Indian Ocean. The Indonesian Cetacean SpecialistGroup in this case has also proposed that <strong>the</strong> government declare all Indonesian seas as a whalesanctuary, referring to <strong>the</strong> Act on Conservation <strong>of</strong> Biodiversity and its Ecosystem <strong>of</strong> 1990 and <strong>the</strong>Act on Fisheries <strong>of</strong> 1985.Ratification <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> whaling Conservation and declaration <strong>of</strong> a whale sanctuary would demonstrateIndonesia’s commitment to collaboration with neighboring states in regional and global efforts toconserves shared marine resources.154 CMS Technical Series Publication Nº 9 - 2005
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CMS Technical Series Publication N
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Published by the U
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TABLE OF CONTENTSpage1. Preliminari
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AppendicesAppendix 1 - List <strong
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8 CMS Technical Series Publication
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The cetacean species reviewed inclu
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Table 1. Major commercial Commonwea
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(2) State Legislation.In state wate
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(2) Identification of</stro
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Coastal speciesThe most frequently
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Coastal speciesThere are currently
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and Guangxi Provinces (Yang et al.
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Table 3. Records of</strong
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can be viewed as the</stron
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Workshop participa
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ioaccumulation have not yet been ex
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of fishermen who h
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are supplied to scholars and organi
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threats. Many marine mammal populat
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waters or recognize important inter
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James Cook University (Queensland,
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the last ten years
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proactive in engaging more staff an
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of SE Asia. Two sp
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San Francisco (Negros Oriental); Li
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Legal status and present management
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within 15 kilometers from t
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US, has actively participated in ce
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the project was su
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Recently, the camp
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Mekong River downstream of<
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porpoises in tropical waters <stron
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species in the Ind
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Population/stock structureNo new in
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Needs for additional researchStock
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waters of SE Asia,
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caused mortality is certainly large
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Needs for additional researchProper
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from SE Asia, it is known to occur
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3.1.7 AustraliaDugongs occur all al
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Table 8. Conservation objectives id
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3) Monitoring and assessment <stron
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Table 10. Outline of</stron
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The group agreed that this set <str
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6. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONSThe works
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Bank, E. 1931. A popular account <s
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Dalebout, M. L., J. G. Mead, C. Sco
Page 103 and 104: Jaaman, S. A., E. Tangon, I. Isnain
Page 105 and 106: Lin, Y.-J. 1997. Mitochondrial DNA
Page 107 and 108: Smith, B.D., T. A. Jefferson, D. Ho
Page 109 and 110: Yang, W.-C. 2000. Morbillivirus inf
Page 111 and 112: CHOU Lien-SiangDepartment o
Page 113 and 114: Brian D. SMITHWildlife Conservation
Page 115 and 116: APPENDIX 3Agenda1. Preliminaries2.
Page 117 and 118: Doc. 22 Dugong conservation activit
Page 119 and 120: AreaDatesSurveyTypeEffortSpeciesNo.
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Page 129 and 130: f) recognizing that by-catch in fis
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Page 133 and 134: APPENDIX 9Abstracts of</str
Page 135 and 136: The (IUCN Critically Endangered) Du
Page 137 and 138: Status of
Page 139 and 140: Cetacean Habitats in the</s
Page 141 and 142: Conservation of <s
Page 143 and 144: Summary of Current
Page 145 and 146: Indonesia’s Cetacean Migration Co
Page 147 and 148: Conservation Effort to Protect <str
Page 149 and 150: The Status of <str
Page 151 and 152: Can the Developing
Page 153: Status and Conservation of<
Page 157 and 158: Indo-Pacific Bottlenose Dolphins (T
Page 159 and 160: Feasibility Study of</stron
Page 161 and 162: Songs of a Humpbac
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