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2001. Previously sighted near Thai/Cambodianborder by Nelson (1999).(3) Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin: Foursightings during 2001. Sighted around Koh KongIsland, along Koh Kong Province coastline andnor<strong>the</strong>rn Kompong Som Bay. Based on sightingsand interview surveys during 2001, populationappears localized in specific areas <strong>of</strong> Cambodiancoastal waters.(4) Bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus/truncatus): Based on boat surveys during2001, bottlenose dolphins appear to primarilyinhabit <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>fshore waters between Koh Rong/Koh Rong Sam Laem Islands and Koh Tang/Koh Prins archipelagos. During boat surveys in2001, all Tursiops sp. lumped into one category,“bottlenose dolphins”. Although two species <strong>of</strong>bottlenose dolphins have now been recognized(Wang et al. 1999, 2000a, 2000b; Rice 1998),only <strong>the</strong> Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin has beenconfirmed to occur in Cambodian waters. Fur<strong>the</strong>rat-sea observations and collection <strong>of</strong> specimenmaterial required to confirm species occurring inCambodian waters.(5) Pantropical spotted dolphin: Foursightings in 2001. Occurs around <strong>of</strong>fshore islands<strong>of</strong> Koh Tang and Koh Polou Wai. Sighted once inassociation with dwarf spinner dolphins.(6) Spinner dolphin, dwarf form (Stenellalongirostris roseiventris): Three sightings during2001. Sighted around <strong>of</strong>fshore islands <strong>of</strong> KohTang, Koh Prins and Koh Polou Wai.(7) Long-beaked common dolphin, IndianOcean form (Delphinus capensis tropicalis): Onesighting west <strong>of</strong> Koh Polou Wai (45 m waterdepth). Extremely long beaks, characteristic <strong>of</strong>tropicalis type (Rice 1998; Perrin 2002; Jeffersonand Van Waerebeek 2002).(8) False killer whale: One sighting during2001. Large group sighted 5 km west <strong>of</strong> Koh RongSam Laem Island (26 m water depth).(9) Short-finned pilot whale: One specimenfound injured (died three days later) in coastalwaters <strong>of</strong> Kep Province, February 2001.(10) Dugong: Known to occur in Cambodiathrough retrieval <strong>of</strong> by-caught specimens during2001 and interviews with local people. No dugongsyet observed during boat-based surveys. Basedon interview surveys, a small remnant populationis thought to exist, possibly ranging between PhuQuoc Island in Vietnam and <strong>the</strong> Kampot and Kepwaters <strong>of</strong> Cambodia. Previously recorded fromKoh Kong Province in early 1990’s (Nelson 1999),however recent interview surveys indicate thatdugongs no longer occur in this area.Population statusMekong RiverThe population appears to be small and restrictedin distribution during <strong>the</strong> dry season. Fourdedicated surveys were conducted over <strong>the</strong>entire stretch <strong>of</strong> river from Kratie to <strong>the</strong> Laos/Cambodia border (a total <strong>of</strong> 914 km and 82.4hours <strong>of</strong> survey effort). The survey in May, at<strong>the</strong> height <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> dry season, resulted in a directcount <strong>of</strong> 67 dolphins (range 56-88) (<strong>the</strong> highest<strong>of</strong> all four surveys). The total populations maynumber no more than 100 individuals. This is inagreement with results obtained by Baird (1999)in 1997 in independent surveys. He noted that <strong>the</strong>majority <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> population probably spends most<strong>of</strong> its time in <strong>the</strong> Cambodian parts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> MekongBasin. Future surveys will attempt to estimate <strong>the</strong>proportion <strong>of</strong> dolphins missed during surveys, inorder to provide a measure <strong>of</strong> precision and moreaccurately estimate abundance (Beasley and PhaySomany 2002).<strong>Second</strong> <strong>Workshop</strong> on <strong>the</strong> Biology and Conservation <strong>of</strong> Small Cetaceans and Dugongs <strong>of</strong> SE Asia 19
Coastal speciesThe most frequently sighted cetacean is <strong>the</strong>Irrawaddy dolphin. Nothing is known <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> status<strong>of</strong> coastal cetacean populations. The reportedpresence <strong>of</strong> dugongs is encouraging—although<strong>the</strong> dugong may be Cambodia’s most threatenedmarine mammal.Habitat statusMekong RiverDuring <strong>the</strong> early 1970s, war and political upheavalresulted indirectly in <strong>the</strong> preservation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>majority <strong>of</strong> fish stocks and <strong>the</strong> natural MekongRiver environment. However, stabilization <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>country and economic development are nowresulting in increased pressure on freshwaterresources, with evident threats, such as dynamitefishing and over-fishing. Planned hydro-electricdams and waterway development threatens<strong>the</strong> entire lower Mekong River Basin (sou<strong>the</strong>rnLaos, Cambodia and Vietnam). A Chinese plan todevelop a shipping channel by blasting <strong>the</strong> lowerMekong rapids (sou<strong>the</strong>rn Laos) would severelyaffect fish stocks and disrupt <strong>the</strong> dolphin’s dryseason habitat and deep-water pool refuges(Roberts 2001). In <strong>the</strong> dry low-water season,<strong>the</strong> dolphins are generally found in deep-waterpools (15-20 m deep); increased siltation due todeforestation and development projects is a threatto this critical habitat.Coastal watersAs with <strong>the</strong> Mekong River environment, years <strong>of</strong>war and political upheaval resulted in decreasedfishing effort on coastal resources. However, <strong>the</strong>reare now again significant pressures on <strong>the</strong> coastalecosystem. Poverty and lack <strong>of</strong> infrastructureensure that local people do not fish far from <strong>the</strong>irhomes. They also <strong>of</strong>ten engage in destructivefishing practices. Threats include dynamite fishing,trawl and push-net fishing, which are particularlydestructive to dugong foraging habitat in seagrassareas. There is also increasing pressure fromneighboring countries (Thailand and Vietnam),whose fishermen are able to fish apparentlyunregulated in Cambodian waters using largemodern trawls and vessels.Directed catchesMekong RiverThe Cham people <strong>of</strong> Cambodia and Vietnamformerly hunted dolphins (Baird and Mounsophom1994). There is no known direct catch <strong>of</strong> Irrawaddydolphins in <strong>the</strong> Mekong River in Cambodia atpresent. During <strong>the</strong> Khmer Rouge regime, dolphinswere reportedly killed for <strong>the</strong>ir oil (Perrin et al.1996). Based on information obtained throughinterviews, <strong>the</strong>y were also shot occasionallyfor target practice by <strong>the</strong> Vietnamese after <strong>the</strong>war. However, <strong>the</strong>se activities have now stopped.Coastal speciesBeasley reported that immigrants from inlandprovinces, who confuse dolphins with fish, areknown to have deliberately killed at least sevenIrrawaddy dolphins in 2002. No o<strong>the</strong>r directedcatches are known. The first known live-capture<strong>of</strong> dolphins in Cambodian waters occurred in1994 (Perrin et al. 1996), when eight Irrawaddydolphins were captured and sent to Safari Worldin Thailand. In January 2002, at least eightIrrawaddy and 12 Indo-Pacific humpback dolphinswere captured by local Cambodians for displayat Koh Kong International Resort, a casino on <strong>the</strong>Thailand/Cambodia border. Such catches couldlead to extirpation <strong>of</strong> local populations <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>sespecies.Dugongs caught accidentally in fishing gear (suchas surrounding nets and gillnets) are killed due to<strong>the</strong>ir high monetary value. Tusks, teeth and bonesare used for traditional medicine and aphrodisiacpurposes (with one tusk worth up to US$100) and<strong>the</strong> meat is sold for human consumption.20 CMS Technical Series Publication Nº 9 - 2005
Page 1 and 2: CMS Technical Series Publication N
Page 3 and 4: Published by the U
Page 5 and 6: TABLE OF CONTENTSpage1. Preliminari
Page 7 and 8: AppendicesAppendix 1 - List <strong
Page 9 and 10: 8 CMS Technical Series Publication
Page 11 and 12: 10 CMS Technical Series Publication
Page 13 and 14: The cetacean species reviewed inclu
Page 15 and 16: Table 1. Major commercial Commonwea
Page 17 and 18: (2) State Legislation.In state wate
Page 19: (2) Identification of</stro
Page 23 and 24: Coastal speciesThere are currently
Page 25 and 26: and Guangxi Provinces (Yang et al.
Page 27 and 28: Table 3. Records of</strong
Page 29 and 30: can be viewed as the</stron
Page 31 and 32: Workshop participa
Page 33 and 34: ioaccumulation have not yet been ex
Page 35 and 36: of fishermen who h
Page 37 and 38: are supplied to scholars and organi
Page 39 and 40: threats. Many marine mammal populat
Page 42: waters or recognize important inter
Page 47 and 48: James Cook University (Queensland,
Page 49 and 50: the last ten years
Page 51 and 52: proactive in engaging more staff an
Page 53 and 54: of SE Asia. Two sp
Page 55 and 56: San Francisco (Negros Oriental); Li
Page 57 and 58: Legal status and present management
Page 59 and 60: within 15 kilometers from t
Page 61 and 62: US, has actively participated in ce
Page 63 and 64: the project was su
Page 65 and 66: Recently, the camp
Page 67 and 68: Mekong River downstream of<
Page 69 and 70: porpoises in tropical waters <stron
Page 71 and 72:
species in the Ind
Page 73 and 74:
Population/stock structureNo new in
Page 75 and 76:
Needs for additional researchStock
Page 77 and 78:
waters of SE Asia,
Page 79 and 80:
caused mortality is certainly large
Page 81 and 82:
Needs for additional researchProper
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from SE Asia, it is known to occur
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3.1.7 AustraliaDugongs occur all al
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Table 8. Conservation objectives id
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3) Monitoring and assessment <stron
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Table 10. Outline of</stron
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The group agreed that this set <str
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6. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONSThe works
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96 CMS Technical Series Publication
Page 99 and 100:
Bank, E. 1931. A popular account <s
Page 101 and 102:
Dalebout, M. L., J. G. Mead, C. Sco
Page 103 and 104:
Jaaman, S. A., E. Tangon, I. Isnain
Page 105 and 106:
Lin, Y.-J. 1997. Mitochondrial DNA
Page 107 and 108:
Smith, B.D., T. A. Jefferson, D. Ho
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Yang, W.-C. 2000. Morbillivirus inf
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CHOU Lien-SiangDepartment o
Page 113 and 114:
Brian D. SMITHWildlife Conservation
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APPENDIX 3Agenda1. Preliminaries2.
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Doc. 22 Dugong conservation activit
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AreaDatesSurveyTypeEffortSpeciesNo.
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Page 123 and 124:
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Phase ofActionPlan
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[Small cetaceans are defined to inc
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f) recognizing that by-catch in fis
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130 CMS Technical Series Publicatio
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APPENDIX 9Abstracts of</str
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The (IUCN Critically Endangered) Du
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Status of
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Cetacean Habitats in the</s
Page 141 and 142:
Conservation of <s
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Summary of Current
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Indonesia’s Cetacean Migration Co
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Conservation Effort to Protect <str
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The Status of <str
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Can the Developing
Page 153 and 154:
Status and Conservation of<
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Legal Hunting of C
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Indo-Pacific Bottlenose Dolphins (T
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Feasibility Study of</stron
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Songs of a Humpbac
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