Dug<strong>on</strong>g C<strong>on</strong>servati<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> Carcasses in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Great Barrier Reef Marine Park,Queensl<strong>and</strong>, AustraliaStokes, T<strong>on</strong>y; Dobbs, KirstinSpecies C<strong>on</strong>servati<strong>on</strong> Program, Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, PO Box 1379, TOWNSVILLE,Queensl<strong>and</strong> 4810, Australia; e-mail: t.stokes@gbrmpa.gov.auDug<strong>on</strong>g numbers have declined by over 90% since <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> 1960s <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> urban coast <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Queensl<strong>and</strong>,Australia, a coastal distance <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> about 2000 km. Since <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> 1980s, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Great Barrier Reef Marine ParkAuthority has funded aerial surveys to assess numbers remaining in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Great Barrier Reef MarinePark (GBRMP). Widespread public <strong>and</strong> government c<strong>on</strong>cern about <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> decline has resulted inhigh priority management acti<strong>on</strong>s including establishment <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a chain <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Dug<strong>on</strong>g Protecti<strong>on</strong> Areas,buy-out <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> large-mesh net fishers displaced by <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> DPAs, voluntary boating c<strong>on</strong>trols, enhancedsurveillance <strong>and</strong> enforcement, <strong>and</strong> improved systems to retrieve <strong>and</strong> necropsy str<strong>and</strong>ed liveanimals <strong>and</strong> carcasses. This presentati<strong>on</strong> will report <strong>on</strong> Australian Government initiatives over<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> past two decades for dug<strong>on</strong>g c<strong>on</strong>servati<strong>on</strong> in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> GBRMP, current directi<strong>on</strong>s <strong>and</strong> c<strong>on</strong>clusi<strong>on</strong>sderived from <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> enhanced str<strong>and</strong>ed animal inspecti<strong>on</strong> program.<str<strong>on</strong>g>Sec<strong>on</strong>d</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Workshop</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>Biology</strong> <strong>and</strong> C<strong>on</strong>servati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Small Cetaceans <strong>and</strong> Dug<strong>on</strong>gs <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> SE Asia 153
Legal Hunting <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Cetaceans in Ind<strong>on</strong>esiaSuwelo, Ismu Sutanto 1 ; Priy<strong>on</strong>o, Agus 2(1) Foundati<strong>on</strong> for Nati<strong>on</strong>al Ocean Development, Jakarta, Ind<strong>on</strong>esia(2) Department <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Nature C<strong>on</strong>servati<strong>on</strong>, Faculty <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Forestry, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor,Ind<strong>on</strong>esiaFor marine mammals, Ind<strong>on</strong>esia remains <strong>and</strong> important refuge for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> dug<strong>on</strong>g <strong>and</strong> cetaceansin Sou<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ast Asia. Little scientific informati<strong>on</strong> is available <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> abundance, distributi<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong>behavior <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> marine mammals in Ind<strong>on</strong>esia waters. <strong>The</strong> size <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> dug<strong>on</strong>g populati<strong>on</strong> is unknown.In <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> 1970’s, it was estimated to be around 10,000.<strong>The</strong>re are some 31 species <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> cetaceans <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> which seven are baleen whales <strong>and</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> rest dolphins<strong>and</strong> relatives (IUCN, 1991). Some <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>se evidently have restricted ranges while o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>rs arewidely distributed, found in all seas under <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> nati<strong>on</strong>al jurisdicti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Ind<strong>on</strong>esia <strong>and</strong> shared with<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Indian <strong>and</strong> Pacific Oceans south to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Antarctic. Whales breed <strong>and</strong> calve in warmer waters,but it is not known whe<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r this occurs in Ind<strong>on</strong>esia.<strong>The</strong> hunting <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> cetaceans is traditi<strong>on</strong>ally prescribed in many regi<strong>on</strong>s. <strong>The</strong>re are <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> whalingvillages <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Lamalera <strong>and</strong> Lamakera in East Nusatenggara. Whale hunting is usually d<strong>on</strong>e fromMay to August. <strong>The</strong> people <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Lamalera hunt sperm whale, Physeter catod<strong>on</strong>, while <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> people<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Lamakera hunt sei whlaes, Balaenoptera borealis. Although this is small-scale traditi<strong>on</strong>alsubsistence hunting, it needs to be regulated by <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> government in line development <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> tourism<strong>and</strong> whale watching.No data are available <strong>on</strong> incidental catches <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> cetacean in fishing nets by Ind<strong>on</strong>esia-flag vessels.For purposes <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> dolphin shows, some delphinariums <strong>and</strong> oceanariums have been permittedto catch dolphins. During 1990-2001, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Directorate General <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Forest Protecti<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> NatureC<strong>on</strong>servati<strong>on</strong> (PHKA) issued permits to four delphinariums (Batam, Bogor, Jakarta <strong>and</strong> Solo) forcatching about 65 bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops sp.). <strong>The</strong> local government <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Kutai, Kalimantanalso has a plan to capture pesut or Irrawaddy dolphins from <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Mahakam River, in spite <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>fact that <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> populati<strong>on</strong> is in critical c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>.<strong>The</strong> Ind<strong>on</strong>esia Cetacean Specialists Group has made a suggesti<strong>on</strong> to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> government to limit <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>capture <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> marine dolphins as well as freshwater dolphins. Ind<strong>on</strong>esia is a party to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> C<strong>on</strong>venti<strong>on</strong><strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Law <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Sea, which establishes <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> territorial sea <strong>and</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> 200-mile Exclusive Ec<strong>on</strong>omicZ<strong>on</strong>e. As whales <strong>and</strong> dolphins are already protected, Ind<strong>on</strong>esia should become a party to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>Whaling C<strong>on</strong>venti<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> join <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Internati<strong>on</strong>al Whaling Commissi<strong>on</strong>.<strong>The</strong> migrati<strong>on</strong> route <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> whales entering or leaving <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Indian Ocean from or to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Pacific Oceanlives exclusively in Ind<strong>on</strong>esian waters. <strong>The</strong> government has not recognized <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Indian OceanWhale Sanctuary, which extends over <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> entire Indian Ocean. <strong>The</strong> Ind<strong>on</strong>esian Cetacean SpecialistGroup in this case has also proposed that <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> government declare all Ind<strong>on</strong>esian seas as a whalesanctuary, referring to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Act <strong>on</strong> C<strong>on</strong>servati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Biodiversity <strong>and</strong> its Ecosystem <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> 1990 <strong>and</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>Act <strong>on</strong> Fisheries <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> 1985.Ratificati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> whaling C<strong>on</strong>servati<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> declarati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a whale sanctuary would dem<strong>on</strong>strateInd<strong>on</strong>esia’s commitment to collaborati<strong>on</strong> with neighboring states in regi<strong>on</strong>al <strong>and</strong> global efforts toc<strong>on</strong>serves shared marine resources.154 CMS Technical Series Publicati<strong>on</strong> Nº 9 - 2005
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CMS Technical Series Publication N
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Published by the U
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TABLE OF CONTENTSpage1. Preliminari
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AppendicesAppendix 1 - List <strong
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8 CMS Technical Series Publication
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10 CMS Technical Series Publication
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The cetacean species reviewed inclu
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Table 1. Major commercial Commonwea
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(2) State Legislation.In state wate
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(2) Identification of</stro
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Coastal speciesThe most frequently
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Coastal speciesThere are currently
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and Guangxi Provinces (Yang et al.
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Table 3. Records of</strong
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can be viewed as the</stron
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Workshop participa
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ioaccumulation have not yet been ex
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of fishermen who h
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are supplied to scholars and organi
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threats. Many marine mammal populat
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waters or recognize important inter
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James Cook University (Queensland,
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the last ten years
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proactive in engaging more staff an
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of SE Asia. Two sp
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San Francisco (Negros Oriental); Li
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Legal status and present management
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within 15 kilometers from t
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US, has actively participated in ce
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the project was su
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Recently, the camp
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Mekong River downstream of<
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porpoises in tropical waters <stron
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species in the Ind
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Population/stock structureNo new in
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Needs for additional researchStock
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waters of SE Asia,
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caused mortality is certainly large
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Needs for additional researchProper
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from SE Asia, it is known to occur
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3.1.7 AustraliaDugongs occur all al
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Table 8. Conservation objectives id
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3) Monitoring and assessment <stron
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Table 10. Outline of</stron
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The group agreed that this set <str
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6. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONSThe works
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96 CMS Technical Series Publication
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Bank, E. 1931. A popular account <s
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Dalebout, M. L., J. G. Mead, C. Sco
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- Page 105 and 106: Lin, Y.-J. 1997. Mitochondrial DNA
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