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MacaoIn 1999, <strong>the</strong> Portuguese dependent territory <strong>of</strong>Macao became a Special Administrative Region(SAR) within <strong>the</strong> People’s Republic <strong>of</strong> China. Macaohas no territorial waters; its waters are under <strong>the</strong>jurisdiction <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> mainland PRC. Hung noted that<strong>the</strong>re have been some strandings <strong>of</strong> humpbackdolphins on Macao shores.TaiwanSpecies and distributionChanges to <strong>the</strong> list <strong>of</strong> cetaceans occurring inTaiwanese waters since <strong>the</strong> list in <strong>the</strong> 1995workshop report include: 1) deletion <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> dugongdue to a lack <strong>of</strong> evidence <strong>of</strong> its existence in Taiwanwaters, and 2) addition <strong>of</strong> striped, dwarf spinner(Stenella longirostris roseiventris) and Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins and melon-headed,Blaineville’s beaked and tropical bottlenose whale(also known as Longman’s beaked whale).In 1999/2000, <strong>the</strong> taxonomic status <strong>of</strong> twosympatric forms <strong>of</strong> bottlenose dolphins in Chinesewaters was clarified by Wang et al. (1999, 2000a,2000b). Consistent genetic (mtDNA), externalmorphological and osteological differencesbetween <strong>the</strong> two forms strongly support <strong>the</strong>existence <strong>of</strong> two species <strong>of</strong> bottlenose dolphinsin Chinese waters, <strong>the</strong> common bottlenosedolphin (Tursiops truncatus) and <strong>the</strong> Indo-Pacificbottlenose dolphin (T. aduncus).Population statusField surveys <strong>of</strong> small cetaceans in Taiwan’ssouthwestern waters were conducted by T. G.Chen’s group in 1994-1999 and in nor<strong>the</strong>asternand sou<strong>the</strong>astern waters by L. S. Chou’s group in1997-2000. Huang (1996) reported <strong>the</strong> abundanceestimates for common bottlenose dolphins (N=672)and Risso’s dolphins (N=153) in southwesternwaters. However, <strong>the</strong>se estimates were not basedon systematic line-transect methodology and are<strong>of</strong> unknown accuracy and precision. Fur<strong>the</strong>r, <strong>the</strong>geographical limits <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> populations with regardto <strong>the</strong> surveyed area are not known. In addition, it isnot clear whe<strong>the</strong>r some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> bottlenose dolphinsmight have been T. aduncus. These factorsmake <strong>the</strong> estimates <strong>of</strong> questionable reliabilityand usefulness. Y.-A. Chen (2001) reported <strong>the</strong>population estimates for Risso’s dolphin (N=218,CV=29%), spinner dolphin (N=1490, CV=253%),pantropical spotted dolphin (N=1280, CV=38%),and common bottlenose dolphin (N=193, CV=53%)from <strong>the</strong> same surveys. The same problems <strong>of</strong>unknown population boundaries relative to <strong>the</strong>survey area and questions <strong>of</strong> species identity applyto <strong>the</strong>se estimates. Estimates for sou<strong>the</strong>asternwaters will be made in <strong>the</strong> near future based ondata collected during 1997-1999.A small group <strong>of</strong> T. aduncus was observedin Nan Wan and adjacent waters <strong>of</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rnTaiwan. Because many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> photo-identifiedindividuals were observed toge<strong>the</strong>r over threeconsecutive summers, <strong>the</strong>se dolphins likelyrepresent a functional or family group. Apreliminary estimate <strong>of</strong> abundance was only about24 individuals in <strong>the</strong> study area <strong>of</strong> about 85 km2(Doc. 6, 8).Habitat statusCoastal development <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> west coast <strong>of</strong> Taiwancontinues at a rapid pace. All major rivers draininginto <strong>the</strong> Taiwan Strait are controlled upstream bydams and reservoirs. There is still no sewagetreatment before discharge. Little monitoring<strong>of</strong> water quality and seafood contaminationoccurs. While analyses <strong>of</strong> tissues from pelagiccetaceans <strong>of</strong>f Taiwan have shown that nei<strong>the</strong>rchlorine nor heavy metal accumulations arevery high relative to o<strong>the</strong>r countries in <strong>the</strong>world (Chen 1998, Shih 2001, 2002, Chen etal. 2002), concentrations in coastal animals areunknown, and factors <strong>of</strong> age and sex in relation to<strong>Second</strong> <strong>Workshop</strong> on <strong>the</strong> Biology and Conservation <strong>of</strong> Small Cetaceans and Dugongs <strong>of</strong> SE Asia 31
ioaccumulation have not yet been examined for<strong>the</strong> pelagic species.Fish stocks <strong>of</strong>f <strong>the</strong> west coast are seriously depleted,and fishing vessels from Mainland China are addingto <strong>the</strong> fishing pressure <strong>the</strong>re. Illegal fishing methods(e.g. with explosives, electricity and toxins) arereportedly still employed, but this has not beenconfirmed. The Penghu County government banned<strong>the</strong> use <strong>of</strong> trammel nets in 1999 and has supportedprograms to remove fishing nets discarded orentangled on rocks and coral in <strong>the</strong> Penghu area. Thistype <strong>of</strong> fishing gear is still used widely in <strong>the</strong> coastalwaters <strong>of</strong> western Taiwan.Along <strong>the</strong> east coast <strong>of</strong> Taiwan, <strong>the</strong> main problemsfor <strong>the</strong> oceanic species are entanglement in driftgillnets (see below) and illegal harpooning (seebelow). Over-fishing <strong>of</strong> prey species may be aproblem for <strong>the</strong> coastal cetacean species that forageon <strong>the</strong> narrow continental shelf.Directed catchesHarpooning <strong>of</strong> small cetaceans continuesillegally. One kill <strong>of</strong> two Risso’s dolphins byNanfang Ao (nor<strong>the</strong>ast coast) fishermen and threeinstances <strong>of</strong> illegal frozen storage <strong>of</strong> cetaceanmeat have resulted in prosecutions during <strong>the</strong>last two years. However, <strong>the</strong> defendants wereacquitted in <strong>the</strong> latter cases. Wang reported arough estimate <strong>of</strong> 600 cetaceans per year takenby harpoon in local waters and landed at NanfangAo in 1993-1995. The harpooned dolphins weremainly pantropical spotted dolphins (~70%),common bottlenose dolphins (~15%), spinnerdolphins (~7%) and Fraser’s dolphins (~3%).Wang also reported that comparable numbers <strong>of</strong>harpooned cetaceans have been observed at <strong>the</strong>Tungkang fishing port (located in southwesternTaiwan) but that <strong>the</strong> data are awaitinganalysis. Given that numerous distant-water tunalongliners are based at this fishing port, <strong>the</strong>origins <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> cetaceans are unknown. Becausemany <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se vessels fish in or just outsidePhilippine waters, some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> animals may havecome from <strong>the</strong>re.Cetaceans are now landed covertly and in pieces,usually in bags. Several recent confiscations <strong>of</strong>large amounts <strong>of</strong> cetacean parts suggest that<strong>the</strong>re may still be substantial illegal harpooning<strong>of</strong> cetaceans.The main outlets for cetacean products are inYunlin and Chiayi counties with a small localmarket at Nanfang Ao. Before <strong>the</strong> price <strong>of</strong> cetaceanmeat increased (due to scarcity as a result <strong>of</strong> legalprotection <strong>of</strong> cetaceans), it was used as a beefor pork substitute in <strong>the</strong> dried-meat market (e.g.,jerky). Presently much <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> cetacean meat islikely consumed fresh.By-catchesThese are described separately for coastal and farseasfisheries:Coastal fisheriesWang reported on incidental catches at <strong>the</strong>fishing ports <strong>of</strong> Nanfang Ao, Hualien, Shihti andChengkung along <strong>the</strong> east coast, based on surveys<strong>of</strong> carcasses at <strong>the</strong>se ports <strong>of</strong> landing between<strong>the</strong> end <strong>of</strong> 1993 and mid-1995. At Nanfang Ao,about 30% <strong>of</strong> landed cetaceans [n = 69] werejudged to be incidental catches (note: “incidental”catches refer to animals that were not clearlyharpooned; incidental and directed takes with netsare not distinguishable at present). Although itwas not possible to associate most carcasses withparticular fishing vessels, Wang determined that~30% <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> incidental catch had been taken bypelagic longlines, ~22% by large purse seines, and<strong>the</strong> rest (~48%) by gear <strong>of</strong> uncertain type. From<strong>the</strong>se data, a catch rate <strong>of</strong> 2.9 cetaceans per daywas estimated for Nanfang Ao and assumingthat fisheries that caught cetaceans operated32 CMS Technical Series Publication Nº 9 - 2005
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Page 5 and 6: TABLE OF CONTENTSpage1. Preliminari
Page 7 and 8: AppendicesAppendix 1 - List <strong
Page 9 and 10: 8 CMS Technical Series Publication
Page 11 and 12: 10 CMS Technical Series Publication
Page 13 and 14: The cetacean species reviewed inclu
Page 15 and 16: Table 1. Major commercial Commonwea
Page 17 and 18: (2) State Legislation.In state wate
Page 19 and 20: (2) Identification of</stro
Page 21 and 22: Coastal speciesThe most frequently
Page 23 and 24: Coastal speciesThere are currently
Page 25 and 26: and Guangxi Provinces (Yang et al.
Page 27 and 28: Table 3. Records of</strong
Page 29 and 30: can be viewed as the</stron
Page 31: Workshop participa
Page 35 and 36: of fishermen who h
Page 37 and 38: are supplied to scholars and organi
Page 39 and 40: threats. Many marine mammal populat
Page 42: waters or recognize important inter
Page 47 and 48: James Cook University (Queensland,
Page 49 and 50: the last ten years
Page 51 and 52: proactive in engaging more staff an
Page 53 and 54: of SE Asia. Two sp
Page 55 and 56: San Francisco (Negros Oriental); Li
Page 57 and 58: Legal status and present management
Page 59 and 60: within 15 kilometers from t
Page 61 and 62: US, has actively participated in ce
Page 63 and 64: the project was su
Page 65 and 66: Recently, the camp
Page 67 and 68: Mekong River downstream of<
Page 69 and 70: porpoises in tropical waters <stron
Page 71 and 72: species in the Ind
Page 73 and 74: Population/stock structureNo new in
Page 75 and 76: Needs for additional researchStock
Page 77 and 78: waters of SE Asia,
Page 79 and 80: caused mortality is certainly large
Page 81 and 82: Needs for additional researchProper
Page 83 and 84:
from SE Asia, it is known to occur
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3.1.7 AustraliaDugongs occur all al
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Table 8. Conservation objectives id
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3) Monitoring and assessment <stron
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Table 10. Outline of</stron
Page 93 and 94:
The group agreed that this set <str
Page 95 and 96:
6. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONSThe works
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96 CMS Technical Series Publication
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Bank, E. 1931. A popular account <s
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Dalebout, M. L., J. G. Mead, C. Sco
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Jaaman, S. A., E. Tangon, I. Isnain
Page 105 and 106:
Lin, Y.-J. 1997. Mitochondrial DNA
Page 107 and 108:
Smith, B.D., T. A. Jefferson, D. Ho
Page 109 and 110:
Yang, W.-C. 2000. Morbillivirus inf
Page 111 and 112:
CHOU Lien-SiangDepartment o
Page 113 and 114:
Brian D. SMITHWildlife Conservation
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APPENDIX 3Agenda1. Preliminaries2.
Page 117 and 118:
Doc. 22 Dugong conservation activit
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AreaDatesSurveyTypeEffortSpeciesNo.
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Page 123 and 124:
Page 125 and 126:
Phase ofActionPlan
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[Small cetaceans are defined to inc
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f) recognizing that by-catch in fis
Page 131 and 132:
130 CMS Technical Series Publicatio
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APPENDIX 9Abstracts of</str
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The (IUCN Critically Endangered) Du
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Status of
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Cetacean Habitats in the</s
Page 141 and 142:
Conservation of <s
Page 143 and 144:
Summary of Current
Page 145 and 146:
Indonesia’s Cetacean Migration Co
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Conservation Effort to Protect <str
Page 149 and 150:
The Status of <str
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Can the Developing
Page 153 and 154:
Status and Conservation of<
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Legal Hunting of C
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Indo-Pacific Bottlenose Dolphins (T
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Feasibility Study of</stron
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Songs of a Humpbac
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