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Palawan and <strong>the</strong> Sulu Archipelago in 1995 (Perrinet al. 1996).By-catchesFor small cetaceans and <strong>the</strong> dugong, entanglementin fishing gear is <strong>the</strong> predominant threat. Cetaceansand dugongs are by-caught in many kinds <strong>of</strong> fishinggear in both commercial and municipal fisheries,such as baby ringnet, bagnet, beach seine, setgillnet, bottom longline, castnet, crabtrap, driftgillnet (pamo, palaran), drift longline, drivenet,fish corral, flying fish net, stationary liftnet, twoboatlift net, purse-seine, shark net, and troll line;<strong>the</strong>y also die as a result <strong>of</strong> illegal fishing practicessuch as blast fishing (Doc. 14, 19, 28, 29; Alava1995, 1999; Alava and Dolar 1995; Dolar 1999a, b,c; Dolar et al 1997; Calvelo 1995; Dolar 1990, 1994;Dolar et al. 1994; Aragones 1995; Dolar and Wood1993; Alava et al. 1993; Dolar 1990; Lea<strong>the</strong>rwood etal. 1992).There are no total estimates <strong>of</strong> by-catch in all<strong>the</strong>se fisheries. An initial assessment <strong>of</strong> incidentaltakes from purse seining and driftnet operationsin three villages in 1991-92 estimated about 600dolphins killed; and an estimate for commercialand municipal purse seiners in 1990 operatingin <strong>the</strong> eastern Sulu Sea was between 2,000-3,000 dolphins (Dolar 1994). By-catch data fromcommercial tuna purse seining generated by EarthIsland Institute (EII) from 1992-1996 are still to beprocessed. It was noted, however, that EII’s onboardmonitoring program discouraged incidentalkills and thus reported numbers may be lower thanduring normal fishing operations (Doc. 17, andreported by Concepcion).Earth Island Institute (EII) has been involved incetacean conservation in <strong>the</strong> Philippines since1992. Currently, <strong>the</strong>y issue certificates for dolphinfreetuna involving 11 canneries and focus on <strong>the</strong>prevention <strong>of</strong> dolphin by-catch in large purse-seineoperations in <strong>the</strong> Philippines.Most by-catches recorded have been in driftnetsand ringnets (Dolar 1999c). Driftnet by-catch wasreported in Malabuhan, Siaton (Negros Oriental),Bauang and Sto. Tomas (La Union), Jagna (Bohol),Limasawa (sou<strong>the</strong>rn Leyte) (Dolar et al. 1994; Dolarand Wood 1993; Alava et al. 1993). According toAlava, driftnet fisheries have been reported in manyadditional areas in <strong>the</strong> country including fishingvillages in Caramoan and Pasacao (CamarinesSur), Catarman (Camiguin province), Gingoog City,Magsaysay, Medina (Misamis Oriental), SurigaoCity (Surigao del Norte).Preliminary results <strong>of</strong> WWF/BFAR-NSAP’srapid assessments (RAP) in 11 regions showedprevalence <strong>of</strong> cetacean by-catch fisheries in atleast 67% <strong>of</strong> 105 fishing villages visited (Doc. 28,29). With <strong>the</strong> burgeoning shark fishery, by-caughtspecies, as well as strandings, are opportunisticallytargeted for use as bait. Presence <strong>of</strong> fishing gearsdirected at large pelagic sharks (e.g., long line)is taken as an indicator <strong>of</strong> presence <strong>of</strong> cetaceanfisheries in an area. An <strong>of</strong>f-shoot <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> cetaceanby-catch research by WWF Philippines is <strong>the</strong>assessment <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> status <strong>of</strong> cetacean-elasmobranchfisheries interactions in priority sites.By-caught species identified include bottlenose,Risso’s, spinner, pantropical spotted, Fraser’s, andIrrawaddy dolphins (Dolar 1999c; Doc. 28). Whenby-caught alive <strong>the</strong> dolphins were more <strong>of</strong>tenreleased, while dead ones are consumed as food.Despite its prevalence, <strong>the</strong> cetacean by-catchproblem is as yet unquantified because <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>relative absence <strong>of</strong> standardized documentationand <strong>of</strong> accurate data collection on fishing fleetoperational dynamics. This is fur<strong>the</strong>r complicatedby <strong>the</strong> small scale and dispersed nature <strong>of</strong> most<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> fisheries. It is difficult to make a statisticalinference on how many cetaceans and dugongsare targeted and/or taken accidentally by <strong>the</strong>marine capture fishery sector annually (Doc. 29).<strong>Second</strong> <strong>Workshop</strong> on <strong>the</strong> Biology and Conservation <strong>of</strong> Small Cetaceans and Dugongs <strong>of</strong> SE Asia 55
Legal status and present managementarrangementsRepublic Act 8550 was enacted by congress toupdate fishery management and development in<strong>the</strong> country. It is also known as <strong>the</strong> Fisheries Act <strong>of</strong>1998 (Doc. 26). By virtue <strong>of</strong> this law, <strong>the</strong> mandatefor cetacean management and conservation wasaccorded to <strong>the</strong> Department <strong>of</strong> Agriculture-Bureau<strong>of</strong> Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (DA-BFAR). Themandate and jurisdiction on cetacean conservationwere explicitly defined with <strong>the</strong> issuance <strong>of</strong>Fisheries Administrative Order (FAO) 208, listingrare, threatened and endangered fishery species.The Order classified <strong>the</strong> 20 species <strong>of</strong> cetaceansrecorded in <strong>the</strong> Philippines as endangeredspecies. This law updates FAO 185 <strong>of</strong> 1992, whichwas limited to species in <strong>the</strong> family Dephinidae,and FAO 185-1 <strong>of</strong> 1997, an amendment to includeall cetaceans. However, <strong>the</strong> Irrawaddy dolphin,found only in Malampaya Sound and probably <strong>the</strong>most critically endangered species among all <strong>the</strong>cetaceans found in <strong>the</strong> Philippines, was not listedin FAO 208. As a corollary to <strong>the</strong> Fisheries Act, <strong>the</strong>Wildlife Conservation Policy was updated through<strong>the</strong> Wildlife Act <strong>of</strong> 2001 (Doc. 26). Consistentwith <strong>the</strong> Fisheries Act <strong>of</strong> 1998 this law specificallystipulates that marine mammal species except<strong>the</strong> dugong shall be under <strong>the</strong> jurisdiction <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>Department <strong>of</strong> Agriculture’s Bureau <strong>of</strong> Fisheriesand Aquatic Resources. The dugong is under <strong>the</strong>jurisdiction <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Department <strong>of</strong> Environment andNatural Resources. Ano<strong>the</strong>r feature <strong>of</strong> this policyis <strong>the</strong> acknowledgement <strong>of</strong> Palawan’s StrategicEnvironmental Plan for Palawan, wherebyresponsibility for wildlife resources in Palawan,whe<strong>the</strong>r aquatic or terrestrial, was devolved to<strong>the</strong> Palawan Council for Sustainable Development(PCSD) (Doc. 26). The three designatedmanagement authorities, DENR, DA-BFAR andPCSD, are presently in <strong>the</strong> process <strong>of</strong> updating<strong>the</strong> list for critical, endangered, vulnerable andthreatened species as well as developing anOrder implementing rules and regulations for <strong>the</strong>Wildlife Act.Prior to enactment <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Fisheries Act <strong>of</strong> 1998,<strong>the</strong> Inter-agency Task Force on Marine MammalConservation (IATFMMC) was created by <strong>the</strong> DENR,through Special Order 1636, to undertake surveyand assessment <strong>of</strong> marine mammal resources in<strong>the</strong> Philippines. Aside from its mandate to conductassessments, <strong>the</strong> Task Force, composed <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>DENR, BFAR, Department <strong>of</strong> Tourism, UPMSI,SUML, WWF-Philippines, and Bookmark Inc.,identified <strong>the</strong> need for a national marine mammalconservation program. To achieve this, <strong>the</strong> firstsymposium workshop on marine mammals in <strong>the</strong>Philippines was convened in April <strong>of</strong> 1994.The national conservation plan has four majorcomponents: Survey and Research; Habitatand Resource Management; Policy; and PublicInformation, Education, and Capacity Building. Thefollowing activities have been initiated orcompleted under <strong>the</strong> plan (Doc. 26):1) Survey and Research: surveys conducted in<strong>the</strong> following areas: Malampaya Sound, HondaBay, Babuyan Channel, Balayan Bay, Sogod Bay,Ragay Gulf, San Bernardino Strait, Masbate Pass,Burias Pass, Ticao Pass, Lingayan Gulf, Sulu Sea(including Sabah, Malaysia).2) Habitat and Resource Management:Pamilacan Island Whale Watching Village Project,incorporation <strong>of</strong> whale/dolphin watching as apriority activity in <strong>the</strong> Ecotourism Plan <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>Philippines, establishment <strong>of</strong> stranding andrescue network in six general areas around <strong>the</strong>Philippines (Palawan, Negros, Batangas, Cagayan-Babuyan Channel, Nor<strong>the</strong>rn Mindanao; Bohol).3) Policy: Common position against a proposedcaptive cetacean breeding and dolphinariumfacility in 1995; inputs and advocacy for <strong>the</strong>56 CMS Technical Series Publication Nº 9 - 2005
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CMS Technical Series Publication N
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Published by the U
Page 5 and 6: TABLE OF CONTENTSpage1. Preliminari
Page 7 and 8: AppendicesAppendix 1 - List <strong
Page 9 and 10: 8 CMS Technical Series Publication
Page 13 and 14: The cetacean species reviewed inclu
Page 15 and 16: Table 1. Major commercial Commonwea
Page 17 and 18: (2) State Legislation.In state wate
Page 19 and 20: (2) Identification of</stro
Page 21 and 22: Coastal speciesThe most frequently
Page 23 and 24: Coastal speciesThere are currently
Page 25 and 26: and Guangxi Provinces (Yang et al.
Page 27 and 28: Table 3. Records of</strong
Page 29 and 30: can be viewed as the</stron
Page 31 and 32: Workshop participa
Page 33 and 34: ioaccumulation have not yet been ex
Page 35 and 36: of fishermen who h
Page 37 and 38: are supplied to scholars and organi
Page 39 and 40: threats. Many marine mammal populat
Page 42: waters or recognize important inter
Page 47 and 48: James Cook University (Queensland,
Page 49 and 50: the last ten years
Page 51 and 52: proactive in engaging more staff an
Page 53 and 54: of SE Asia. Two sp
Page 55: San Francisco (Negros Oriental); Li
Page 59 and 60: within 15 kilometers from t
Page 61 and 62: US, has actively participated in ce
Page 63 and 64: the project was su
Page 65 and 66: Recently, the camp
Page 67 and 68: Mekong River downstream of<
Page 69 and 70: porpoises in tropical waters <stron
Page 71 and 72: species in the Ind
Page 73 and 74: Population/stock structureNo new in
Page 75 and 76: Needs for additional researchStock
Page 77 and 78: waters of SE Asia,
Page 79 and 80: caused mortality is certainly large
Page 81 and 82: Needs for additional researchProper
Page 83 and 84: from SE Asia, it is known to occur
Page 85 and 86: 3.1.7 AustraliaDugongs occur all al
Page 87 and 88: Table 8. Conservation objectives id
Page 89 and 90: 3) Monitoring and assessment <stron
Page 91 and 92: Table 10. Outline of</stron
Page 93 and 94: The group agreed that this set <str
Page 95 and 96: 6. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONSThe works
Page 99 and 100: Bank, E. 1931. A popular account <s
Page 101 and 102: Dalebout, M. L., J. G. Mead, C. Sco
Page 103 and 104: Jaaman, S. A., E. Tangon, I. Isnain
Page 105 and 106: Lin, Y.-J. 1997. Mitochondrial DNA
Page 107 and 108:
Smith, B.D., T. A. Jefferson, D. Ho
Page 109 and 110:
Yang, W.-C. 2000. Morbillivirus inf
Page 111 and 112:
CHOU Lien-SiangDepartment o
Page 113 and 114:
Brian D. SMITHWildlife Conservation
Page 115 and 116:
APPENDIX 3Agenda1. Preliminaries2.
Page 117 and 118:
Doc. 22 Dugong conservation activit
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AreaDatesSurveyTypeEffortSpeciesNo.
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Page 123 and 124:
Page 125 and 126:
Phase ofActionPlan
Page 127 and 128:
[Small cetaceans are defined to inc
Page 129 and 130:
f) recognizing that by-catch in fis
Page 131 and 132:
130 CMS Technical Series Publicatio
Page 133 and 134:
APPENDIX 9Abstracts of</str
Page 135 and 136:
The (IUCN Critically Endangered) Du
Page 137 and 138:
Status of
Page 139 and 140:
Cetacean Habitats in the</s
Page 141 and 142:
Conservation of <s
Page 143 and 144:
Summary of Current
Page 145 and 146:
Indonesia’s Cetacean Migration Co
Page 147 and 148:
Conservation Effort to Protect <str
Page 149 and 150:
The Status of <str
Page 151 and 152:
Can the Developing
Page 153 and 154:
Status and Conservation of<
Page 155 and 156:
Legal Hunting of C
Page 157 and 158:
Indo-Pacific Bottlenose Dolphins (T
Page 159 and 160:
Feasibility Study of</stron
Page 161 and 162:
Songs of a Humpbac
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