Report of the Second Workshop on The Biology and Conservation of ...

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Table 6. Causes <strong>of</strong> anthropogenic loss <strong>of</strong> seagrass in SE Asia.Cause <strong>of</strong> anthropogenic loss <strong>of</strong> seagrassCountries where this is <strong>of</strong> concernCoastal developmentAgricultural land useFishing in seagrass areasIndonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Philippines,Thailand, VietnamIndonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Philippines,Thailand, VietnamCambodia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines,Thailand, Vietnamhundred dugongs per year. Dugongs are alsokilled opportunistically for meat, oil and o<strong>the</strong>rproducts such as tusks and tears in Cambodia,Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, and Vietnam.3.6 By-catchesMarsh et al. (2002) indicated that dugongs arecaught incidentally in fishing gear throughout <strong>the</strong>irrange. Participants in <strong>the</strong> workshop indicated thatdugongs are caught as by-catch in all countries <strong>of</strong>SE Asia with various gear types as summarizedin Table 7. Gill nets are <strong>the</strong> most ubiquitous andserious source <strong>of</strong> dugong mortality, catchingdugongs as by-catch in all countries. Dugongscaught as by-catch are unlikely to be releasedalive in <strong>the</strong> following countries because <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>high value <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir body parts, especially tusks:Cambodia, Indonesia, Malaysia (some areas),Philippines (most areas), Thailand (some areas),and Vietnam. For example, a pair <strong>of</strong> dugongtusks is worth almost half <strong>the</strong> annual income<strong>of</strong> a Thai artisanal fisher. The high value <strong>of</strong>dugong products reduces <strong>the</strong> range <strong>of</strong> mitigatingfactors appropriate to solving <strong>the</strong> dugong bycatchproblem in SE Asia.3.7 Regional Priorities forConservation Action andAssociated ResearchNational research priorities and conservationinitiatives are detailed in Marsh et al.(2002). <strong>Workshop</strong> participants identifieda number <strong>of</strong> conservation objectives and <strong>the</strong>research and o<strong>the</strong>r actions required to address<strong>the</strong>se objectives as <strong>the</strong>ir highest priorities for <strong>the</strong>region (Table 8).Table 7. Details <strong>of</strong> fishing practices that catch dugongs as by-catch invarious SE Asian countries.GearCountries where dugongs are caught as by-catchgill and meshnetsdynamite fishingghost fishingcyanidebamboo fish trap (kelong)trapnetfish corralpushnettrawlAustralia, Cambodia, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, VietnamChina, Indonesia, Cambodia?, Malaysia, Philippines, VietnamMalaysia, Australia?, Cambodia, Indonesia, PhilippinesIndonesiaIndonesia, Malaysia, ThailandJapanPhilippinesThailandMalaysia<strong>Second</strong> <strong>Workshop</strong> on <strong>the</strong> Biology and Conservation <strong>of</strong> Small Cetaceans and Dugongs <strong>of</strong> SE Asia 85
Table 8. Conservation objectives identified by workshop participants as <strong>the</strong>irhighest priorities for <strong>the</strong> dugong in SE Asia, and <strong>the</strong> research ando<strong>the</strong>r actions required to address <strong>the</strong>se objectives.No priorities were developed for Australia in view <strong>of</strong> its developed country status. However,<strong>the</strong> workshop noted with concern <strong>the</strong> overall lack <strong>of</strong> research on marine mammals in <strong>the</strong>Australian waters <strong>of</strong> SE Asia.ObjectivesGeneralImprove understanding <strong>of</strong> stock identityStrategiesDevelop cooperative exchange <strong>of</strong> specimens, DNA andmethodology throughout regionThailand, Cambodia VietnamDevelop and implement series <strong>of</strong>reserves to protect dugongs in <strong>the</strong>Gulf <strong>of</strong> Thailand, Cambodia andVietnam1. Hold technical workshop to investigate and plan logistics anddevelop joint proposal2. Hold discussions with government in each country3. Modify proposal if required by governments4. Seek funding5. Conduct aerial surveys <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> region to 20m depth contourto <strong>the</strong> 20m contour, potentially coordinated by WWFIndochina6. Provide management guidelines to government(s)7. Assist in <strong>the</strong> development <strong>of</strong> education and awareness programsThailand and MalaysiaUpgrade reserves in Trang to Langkawiareas to ensure dugong and seagrassconservation1. Hold bilateral workshop to considerations required to upgradereserves2. Conduct aerial surveys in Langkawi region to identify dugongdistribution and relative abundance3. Advise authorities on requirements to upgrade reserves andresults <strong>of</strong> surveyChinaUpgrade reserves established fordugongs in Hepu area1. Conduct aerial survey in Chinese waters—particularly Hepuwaters to upgrade information on dugong distribution andrelative abundance in Gulf <strong>of</strong> Tonkin2. Advise authorities <strong>of</strong> priorities for upgrading reservesPhilippinesEstablish MPAs particularly for dugong1. Identify critical sites e.g. Calauit Island, Busuanga; Green IslandBay, Palawan;Malita, Davao del Sur; Sarangani Bay, Sarangani;Sulu Archipelago; Hinatuan Bay, Surigao del Sur)2. Educate and involve community in MPA development andimplementation3. Establish protected areas according to nationally establishedprotocols86 CMS Technical Series Publication Nº 9 - 2005
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TABLE OF CONTENTSpage1. Preliminari
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AppendicesAppendix 1 - List <strong
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8 CMS Technical Series Publication
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10 CMS Technical Series Publication
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The cetacean species reviewed inclu
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Table 1. Major commercial Commonwea
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(2) State Legislation.In state wate
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(2) Identification of</stro
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Coastal speciesThe most frequently
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Coastal speciesThere are currently
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and Guangxi Provinces (Yang et al.
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Table 3. Records of</strong
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can be viewed as the</stron
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Workshop participa
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ioaccumulation have not yet been ex
Page 35 and 36: of fishermen who h
Page 37 and 38: are supplied to scholars and organi
Page 39 and 40: threats. Many marine mammal populat
Page 42: waters or recognize important inter
Page 47 and 48: James Cook University (Queensland,
Page 49 and 50: the last ten years
Page 51 and 52: proactive in engaging more staff an
Page 53 and 54: of SE Asia. Two sp
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Page 57 and 58: Legal status and present management
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Page 61 and 62: US, has actively participated in ce
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Page 65 and 66: Recently, the camp
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Page 73 and 74: Population/stock structureNo new in
Page 75 and 76: Needs for additional researchStock
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Page 79 and 80: caused mortality is certainly large
Page 81 and 82: Needs for additional researchProper
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Page 85: 3.1.7 AustraliaDugongs occur all al
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Page 93 and 94: The group agreed that this set <str
Page 95 and 96: 6. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONSThe works
Page 97 and 98: 96 CMS Technical Series Publication
Page 99 and 100: Bank, E. 1931. A popular account <s
Page 101 and 102: Dalebout, M. L., J. G. Mead, C. Sco
Page 103 and 104: Jaaman, S. A., E. Tangon, I. Isnain
Page 105 and 106: Lin, Y.-J. 1997. Mitochondrial DNA
Page 107 and 108: Smith, B.D., T. A. Jefferson, D. Ho
Page 109 and 110: Yang, W.-C. 2000. Morbillivirus inf
Page 111 and 112: CHOU Lien-SiangDepartment o
Page 113 and 114: Brian D. SMITHWildlife Conservation
Page 115 and 116: APPENDIX 3Agenda1. Preliminaries2.
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Page 129 and 130: f) recognizing that by-catch in fis
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Page 133 and 134: APPENDIX 9Abstracts of</str
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Status of
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Cetacean Habitats in the</s
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Conservation of <s
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Summary of Current
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Indonesia’s Cetacean Migration Co
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Conservation Effort to Protect <str
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The Status of <str
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Can the Developing
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Status and Conservation of<
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Legal Hunting of C
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Indo-Pacific Bottlenose Dolphins (T
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Feasibility Study of</stron
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Songs of a Humpbac
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