Report of the Second Workshop on The Biology and Conservation of ...

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<strong>the</strong> population <strong>of</strong> any species <strong>of</strong> marine mammalsin <strong>the</strong> Australian waters <strong>of</strong> SE Asia is increasing,decreasing or stable.Habitat statusThe tropical SE Asian Australian coastline isremote and largely uninhabited. Although <strong>the</strong>marine habitat is predominately intact, coastaldevelopment and trawling in <strong>the</strong> region may havesignificant, localized impacts, especially throughtrawl damage to benthos, dredging, noise, heavymetal pollution and boat traffic associated withresorts. In addition to <strong>the</strong> habitat loss caused byhuman activities, seagrasses in <strong>the</strong> area are subjectto large-scale dieback associated with extremewea<strong>the</strong>r events, such as tropical cyclones.Directed catchesDirect killing <strong>of</strong> any cetacean species in Australianwaters is prohibited under <strong>the</strong> EnvironmentProtection and Biodiversity Conservation Act <strong>of</strong>1999 (EPBC) and state/territory laws. The EPBC Actprohibition also applies to all Australian nationalsand Australian-registered vessels outside <strong>the</strong>Australian Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). Thereis no evidence <strong>of</strong> direct killing <strong>of</strong> cetaceans inAustralian waters in SE Asia, and catching wildmarine mammals for display is prohibited.Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples, whoare recognized as Native Title right holders, arepermitted to hunt dugongs. The legal situtationis less clear for indigenous people who arenot Native Title holders. In Australian waters <strong>of</strong>SE Asia dugong hunting occurs mainly in <strong>the</strong>vicinity <strong>of</strong> isolated communities between CapeYork and Broome (Marsh et al. 2002). There areno quantitative data on <strong>the</strong> catches <strong>of</strong> dugongs inmost communities.By-catchesIncidental capture <strong>of</strong> marine mammals occurs insome <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Commonwealth and state fisheriesoperating in <strong>the</strong> SE Asian waters <strong>of</strong> Australia(Table 1). There is concern for <strong>the</strong> unknownbut potentially high take <strong>of</strong> marine mammals in‘ghost’ nets fishing adrift in Australian waters inSE Asia (pers. comm. to Stokes from J. Miller,Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service).Legal status and present managementarrangementsSeveral bodies <strong>of</strong> legislation are relevant:(1) Commonwealth (National) Legislation.Since <strong>the</strong> 1995 SEAMAM workshop, <strong>the</strong> NationalParks and Wildlife Conservation Act 1975,Whale Protection Act 1980, Endangered SpeciesProtection Act 1992, and <strong>the</strong> Wildlife Protection(Regulation <strong>of</strong> Export and Imports) Act 1982 havebeen repealed by <strong>the</strong> EPBC Act. Australia’s nationaljurisdiction over marine mammals applies within<strong>the</strong> EEZ. The Great Barrier Reef Marine ParkAct 1975 also protects marine mammals in thatmarine park. State/territory laws apply to threenautical miles <strong>of</strong>fshore.The EPBC Act establishes <strong>the</strong> Australian WhaleSanctuary, in Commonwealth waters, withinwhich it is an <strong>of</strong>fence for a person to kill, injure,take, trade, keep, move or interfere with a whaleor o<strong>the</strong>r cetaceans. Significant penalties apply tobreaches <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se provisions. Fur<strong>the</strong>r, <strong>the</strong> whaleand o<strong>the</strong>r cetacean protection provisions also applyto Australian nationals and Australian-registeredvessels operating outside <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Australian WhaleSanctuary on <strong>the</strong> high seas.The EPBC Act also provides for <strong>the</strong> protection <strong>of</strong>critical habitat, <strong>the</strong> identification <strong>of</strong> key threateningprocesses and <strong>the</strong> preparation <strong>of</strong> recovery plans,threat abatement plans, <strong>the</strong> issuing <strong>of</strong> conservationorders and wildlife conservation plans. A nationalrecovery plan for <strong>the</strong> blue whale was completedin 2001.<strong>Second</strong> <strong>Workshop</strong> on <strong>the</strong> Biology and Conservation <strong>of</strong> Small Cetaceans and Dugongs <strong>of</strong> SE Asia 13
Table 1. Major commercial Commonwealth and state fisheries found in <strong>the</strong>Australian waters <strong>of</strong> Sou<strong>the</strong>ast Asia (Doc. 16)Marine DomainManagementFisheryNor<strong>the</strong>rn Prawn Fishery 1CommonwealthWestern Tuna and billfish 1Nor<strong>the</strong>rnCommonwealth/StateStateGulf <strong>of</strong> Carpentaria net Fishery 2Shark Fishery 3Timor Reef Fishery 3Spanish Mackerel 3Finfish trawl Fishery 3Barramundi and Threadfin Salmon 3Commonwealth/StateNor<strong>the</strong>rn West Slope Trawl 1North Coast Shark Fishery 4WA Prawn Fishery 4North WesternStateNor<strong>the</strong>rn Demersal Scalefish Fishery 4Pilbara Demersal Finfish Fisheries 4Kimberley Gill net and Barramundi 4Spanish Mackerel 414 CMS Technical Series Publication Nº 9 - 2005
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Page 5 and 6: TABLE OF CONTENTSpage1. Preliminari
Page 7 and 8: AppendicesAppendix 1 - List <strong
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Page 13: The cetacean species reviewed inclu
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Page 19 and 20: (2) Identification of</stro
Page 21 and 22: Coastal speciesThe most frequently
Page 23 and 24: Coastal speciesThere are currently
Page 25 and 26: and Guangxi Provinces (Yang et al.
Page 27 and 28: Table 3. Records of</strong
Page 29 and 30: can be viewed as the</stron
Page 31 and 32: Workshop participa
Page 33 and 34: ioaccumulation have not yet been ex
Page 35 and 36: of fishermen who h
Page 37 and 38: are supplied to scholars and organi
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Page 42: waters or recognize important inter
Page 47 and 48: James Cook University (Queensland,
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Page 51 and 52: proactive in engaging more staff an
Page 53 and 54: of SE Asia. Two sp
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Page 57 and 58: Legal status and present management
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Recently, the camp
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Mekong River downstream of<
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porpoises in tropical waters <stron
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species in the Ind
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Population/stock structureNo new in
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Needs for additional researchStock
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waters of SE Asia,
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caused mortality is certainly large
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Needs for additional researchProper
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from SE Asia, it is known to occur
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3.1.7 AustraliaDugongs occur all al
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Table 8. Conservation objectives id
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3) Monitoring and assessment <stron
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Table 10. Outline of</stron
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The group agreed that this set <str
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6. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONSThe works
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96 CMS Technical Series Publication
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Bank, E. 1931. A popular account <s
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Dalebout, M. L., J. G. Mead, C. Sco
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Jaaman, S. A., E. Tangon, I. Isnain
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Lin, Y.-J. 1997. Mitochondrial DNA
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Smith, B.D., T. A. Jefferson, D. Ho
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Yang, W.-C. 2000. Morbillivirus inf
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CHOU Lien-SiangDepartment o
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Brian D. SMITHWildlife Conservation
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APPENDIX 3Agenda1. Preliminaries2.
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Doc. 22 Dugong conservation activit
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AreaDatesSurveyTypeEffortSpeciesNo.
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Phase ofActionPlan
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[Small cetaceans are defined to inc
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f) recognizing that by-catch in fis
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130 CMS Technical Series Publicatio
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APPENDIX 9Abstracts of</str
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The (IUCN Critically Endangered) Du
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Status of
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Cetacean Habitats in the</s
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Conservation of <s
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Summary of Current
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Indonesia’s Cetacean Migration Co
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Conservation Effort to Protect <str
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The Status of <str
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Can the Developing
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Status and Conservation of<
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Legal Hunting of C
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Indo-Pacific Bottlenose Dolphins (T
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Feasibility Study of</stron
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Songs of a Humpbac
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