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evelation 175Content:Keys to the understandingof the definite andambivalent verses, of theprocesses of inz§l andtanzÊl, and of the contentof the Book.Revelation:– directly revealed from– Allah;simultaneous inz§l andtanzÊl;– no transformationnecessaryCircumstances ofRevelation:Responding to historicalcontext; dependent on‘causes of revelation’, butnot subject to abrogationsPostrevelationarydevelopment:Neither definite norambiguous, but studiedwith increasing understandingas a commentaryon the definite andambiguous verses of theBookContent:The material existence andits general laws; objective,absolute, universal laws thatgovern the cosmos, nature,and society (= kalim§t All§h)Revelation:– takes place in the sphereof philosophy (themother of all sciences)– from the ‘tabletpreserved’, the fixed–part of the qur"§n;constitutes the ‘gloriousqur"§n’ ( al-qur"§nal-majÊd);– inz §l and tanzÊl occurredseparately withprecedingtransformationCircumstances of Revelation:Independent of ‘causes ofrevelation’; inabrogatable;do not respond to humanactivityPostrevelationarydevelopment:Contains ‘ambiguity’(tash§buh); studied byphilosophers; subject toincreased access by evergrowingknowledge in allsciencesContent:The laws of naturalevolution and change; therecord of events in natureand human history aftertheir occurrences; notpredestined but withingeneral laws of nature andhistory (= §y§t All§h)Revelation:– not eternallypredetermined;– correspond to humanknowledge andbehaviour;– takes place in thespheres of all sciencesexcept philosophy andhistoriography– from a ‘clear book’(kit§b mubÊn), anotherchangeable part of thequr"§nCircumstances ofRevelation:Response to human activity(e.g., prayer); God interferesthrough His signs either forour welfare or against itPostrevelationarydevelopment:Contains ‘ambiguity’(tash§buh); studied by social,natural, and humanscientists (except philosophersand historians);knowledge of themincreases through thegrowth of scientificknowledgeContent:Most complete method ofnarrating the course ofhuman history and theevolution of knowledgeand legislationRevelation:– from a ‘clear record’–[im§m mubÊn], thechangeable part of thequr"§npart of the ‘clearbook’ ( al-kit§bal-mubÊn)– inz §l and tanzÊloccurred separatelywith precedingtransformationCircumstances ofRevelation:Independent of ‘causes ofrevelation’; inabrogatablePostrevelationarydevelopment:Contains ‘ambiguity’(tash§buh); studied byhistorians, sociologists,anthropologists, et al.;subject to better accesswith increased knowledgein the humanities, socialand historical sciencesContent:Keys to the understanding ofthe invisible world; sounds ofthe human voice; do notrepresent lexemes of anyspecific human languageRevelation:– directly revealed fromAllah;– from the ‘throne’, theseat of His power;– simultaneous inz§l andtanzÊl;– no transformationnecessaryCircumstances of Revelation:Independent of ‘causes ofrevelation’; inabrogatablePostrevelationarydevelopment:Contains ‘ambiguity’(tash§buh); studied bytheoretical mathematicians;subject to better access withincreased knowledgeContent:Legislation; practicalinstructions; personal lifesituations of MuÈammad(ß); general/universalethical guidance in theform of the ten commandments;specific moralguidance for MuÈammad(ß)Revelation:– directly revealed fromAllah;– from the ‘throne’, theseat of His power;– simultaneous inz§l andtanzÊl;– no transformationnecessaryCircumstances ofRevelation:Responding to historicalcontext; dependent on‘causes of revelation’;subject to abrogationsPostrevelationarydevelopment:Underwent changes andreceived emendations;successive replacements bylater messengerhoods