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political islam 431In the context of 9:40 and 2:216 we notice that the ultimate aimof any fight is to establish God’s word in the world. The words ofGod (kalim§t) yield all the distinctive marks that God has providedfor us, rational human beings, since they represent all the laws ofobjective reality that nobody can remove or undo. Allah has explainedthese laws in their totality, and because of this His words havebecome reality. God has given His words to men and jinn who perceivethem as the ultimate expression of freedom. Free will, a selfdeterminedquest for a better life, and the choice of religion andideological conviction are the most important features of the freedomthat lies in God’s words. By their predisposition to act like free men,people will (naturally) implement justice and equality; and yet in asociety where personal freedom and the notion of free will are absent,the intuitive inclination towards justice and equality will be inhumanelyblocked. We understand justice as legal fairness in the spiritof verse 4:58, 106 and equality as equality before the law. This equalitydoes not mean absolute equality where everyone possesses the sameamount of money or property. Such was the futile dream of communismthat is as utopian and unrealistic as it is counterproductiveto all the natural urges to work that human beings possess.Our notion of justice is different from the notion of a just despot—so much cherished in the Arab-Muslim world—a notion which, tosay the least, is illusionary and in the realm of politics reflects aninexcusable naivety. The Book’s position is clear on this since it defines‘fight in God’s way’ ( al-qit§l fÊ sabÊl All§h) as a struggle against tyrannyand despotism:Those who believe fight in the cause of God [yuq§tilån fÊ sabÊl All§h],and those who reject faith fight in the cause of evil [yuq§tilån fÊ sabÊlal-ã§ghåt]. 107 So fight you against the friends of Satan; feeble indeed is thecunning of Satan. ( Al-Nis§" 4:76)For a believer, any fight in God’s way is a fight against what thosewho reject faith represent: al-ã§ghåt, the cause of evil, that is, tyrannyand despotism. This implies that any other category of fight, if it isnot directed against tyranny and despotism, is—by definition—not afight in God’s way.106‘And when you judge between man and man, that you judge with justice…’( Al-Nis§" 4:58).107AA: ‘in the idols’ way’; MP: ‘for the cause of idols’; AhA: ‘for the powers ofevil’; MF: ‘on behalf of the Devil’; AB: ‘in the way of false gods’; closest to MS’sinterpretation of al-ã§ghåt is AH: ‘for an unjust cause’.
432chapter sixOne decisive feature of any fight in God’s way is that it does nottolerate any form of compulsion in questions of religion. We hear inthe Book:Let there be no compulsion in religion [l§ ikr§h fi’l-dÊn]. Truth standsout clear from error; whoever rejects evil [fa-man yakfur bi"-l-ã§ghåt] andbelieves in God has grasped the most trustworthy hand-hold that neverbreaks. And God hears and knows all things. ( Al-Baqara 2:256)The verse identifies ‘no compulsion in religion’ as an essential partof people’s faith in God, while at the same time it associates compulsionand force with those who allow tyranny and despotic rule. TheArabic term for tyranny ( al-ã§ghåt) expresses, like other nouns of thef§#ål group such as ‘cleaver’ (s§ãår) or ‘counter’ (È§såb), the notion ofa prolonged and oft-repeated activity; a counter, for example, repeatedlycarries out arithmetical operations, a cleaver repeatedly cutsthrough wood or meat—both things are done more than just once.The same applies to tyranny, which is not just an isolated event inhistory but a frequent phenomenon of political absolutism throughoutthe entire human history. And yet, we learn that the ultimateaim of humankind is #ib§diyya (the worship of God), not #ubådiyya (thelife of slaves): ‘I have only created Jinns and men, that they may serveMe’ ( Al-Dh§riyy§t 51:56). The phrase ‘that they may serve Me’means ‘that they worship Me’, not ‘that they may be slaves’! Toworship God means to obey Him freely or to disobey Him freely. Incontrast to the much-too-narrow understanding of worship by thefuqah§" only as performance of rituals (prayer, fasting, pilgrimage,zak§h, etc.), #ib§diyya (the worship of God) is a much wider conceptand includes many activities of people’s daily life. Worship of Godin no way means just servitude symbolised in one’s outward (ritualistic)expression of slavish submission (e.g., through prostration inprayers) since that would turn worshippers ( al-#ubb§d) into slaves( al-#abÊd). This would, linguistically and theologically, be a graveerror.The Arabic term #ubb§d is the plural of #§bid (worshipper) whichhas a second plural: #§bidån, for example, ‘Nor will you worship(#§bidån) that which I worship’ ( Al-K§firån 109:3). 108 The Arabic term#abÊd, in contrast, is the plural of #abd (slave) which implies captivity,108See also ‘Verily in this (qur"an) is a message for people who would (truly) worshipGod [#§bidÊn]’ ( Al-Anbiy§" 21:106).
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The Qur"an, Morality and Critical R
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The Qur"an, Moralityand Critical Re
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table of contentsvTABLE OF CONTENTS
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foreword by dale f. eickelmanviiFOR
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foreword by dale f. eickelmanixdeve
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foreword by dale f. eickelmanxilike
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foreword by dale f. eickelmanxiiiAC
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abbreviationsxvUSED TRANSLATIONS AN
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muhammad shahrur’s life and workx
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introduction by muhammad shahrur 1I
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introduction by muhammad shahrur 3I
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introduction by muhammad shahrur 5d
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introduction by muhammad shahrur 7a
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introduction by muhammad shahrur 9a
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introduction by muhammad shahrur 11
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al-isl§m and al-Êm§n 21CHAPTER O
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al-isl§m and al-Êm§n 23Disprovin
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al-isl§m and al-Êm§n 256. To int
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al-isl§m and al-Êm§n 27(muslimå
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al-isl§m and al-Êm§n 29natural r
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al-isl§m and al-Êm§n 31‘the re
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al-isl§m and al-Êm§n 33indigent
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al-isl§m and al-Êm§n 35belief in
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al-isl§m and al-Êm§n 37From Mose
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al-isl§m and al-Êm§n 39and 46:15
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al-isl§m and al-Êm§n 41they shou
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4.al-isl§m and al-Êm§n 43Do not
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al-isl§m and al-Êm§n 45- This re
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al-isl§m and al-Êm§n 47despicabl
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al-isl§m and al-Êm§n 49The tradi
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al-isl§m and al-Êm§n 51Those who
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al-isl§m and al-Êm§n 53what is r
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al-isl§m and al-Êm§n 55between t
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al-isl§m and al-Êm§n 57let him w
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al-isl§m and al-Êm§n 59As for th
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al-isl§m and al-Êm§n 61fair and
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al-isl§m and al-Êm§n 63The same
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al-isl§m and al-Êm§n 65The two v
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al-isl§m and al-Êm§n 67Until now
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al-isl§m and al-Êm§n 693. An inc
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the sunna of the prophet 71CHAPTER
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the sunna of the prophet 73These tw
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the sunna of the prophet 75nessed t
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the sunna of the prophet 77the bene
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the sunna of the prophet 79not as a
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the sunna of the prophet 81The trut
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the sunna of the prophet 832. The s
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the sunna of the prophet 85Sunna ov
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the sunna of the prophet 87When we
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the sunna of the prophet 89“O my
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the sunna of the prophet 91This ver
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the sunna of the prophet 93vigilant
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the sunna of the prophet 95ancient
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the sunna of the prophet 97how our
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the sunna of the prophet 99greater
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the sunna of the prophet 101crimes?
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the sunna of the prophet 103prove t
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the sunna of the prophet 105Wisdom
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the sunna of the prophet 107or need
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the sunna of the prophet 109of mira
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the sunna of the prophet 111ijtih§
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the sunna of the prophet 113A final
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evelation 115CHAPTER THREEREVELATIO
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evelation 117Are we right in saying
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evelation 119not two separate terms
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evelation 121two completely differe
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evelation 123And all things have We
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evelation 125III) Explanation of th
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evelation 127The Ambiguous VersesAg
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evelation 129In the above verse, th
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evelation 131There is, in their sto
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evelation 133tissues, and organs of
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evelation 135And We sent none befor
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evelation 137just the meaning of th
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evelation 139of why the qur"§n is
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evelation 141prerecorded before its
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evelation 143the general qur"§n. I
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The Approving and Controlling Natur
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evelation 147with the sum of scient
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evelation 149Based on this insight
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evelation 151that we do not accept
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evelation 153had been to deliver th
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evelation 155China), or that occur
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evelation 157In describing the reve
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Al-inz§l and al-tanzÊl of the umm
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evelation 161(God) most gracious is
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evelation 163- The umm al-kit§b an
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evelation 165“[But] you, soul [ a
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1. Allah as Sovereign ( rabb):revel
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evelation 169people. There is no di
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evelation 171“All things are from
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evelation 173al-kit§b, and somethi
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evelation 175Content:Keys to the un
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the theory of limits 177CHAPTER FOU
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the theory of limits 179The answer
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the theory of limits 181also connot
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the theory of limits 183fashion, an
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the theory of limits 185for this. T
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the theory of limits 187that someti
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the theory of limits 189filled by h
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the theory of limits 191much tolera
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the theory of limits 193from a heig
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the theory of limits 195but if it b
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the theory of limits 197Common wisd
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the theory of limits 199Said (Phara
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the theory of limits 201sider our c
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the theory of limits 203We notice a
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the theory of limits 205the verse m
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the theory of limits 207compassion
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the theory of limits 2096.Curvature
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the theory of limits 211transfer wi
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the theory of limits 213God’s way
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the theory of limits 215legal verse
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8.the theory of limits 217of hatred
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women and islamic law 219CHAPTER FI
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women and islamic law 221MuÈammad
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women and islamic law 223flow of hi
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women and islamic law 225boundaries
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women and islamic law 227jurisdicti
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women and islamic law 229shares, ho
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women and islamic law 231unfortunat
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women and islamic law 233The phrase
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women and islamic law 235or a siste
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women and islamic law 237had turned
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women and islamic law 239The Limits
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women and islamic law 241Case (A):
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women and islamic law 243Rule: 50 p
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women and islamic law 245ithnatain)
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women and islamic law 247b. For the
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We attain: 2 x X-1and, as a result:
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women and islamic law 2513. The dec
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women and islamic law 253Is it the
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women and islamic law 255If the man
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women and islamic law 257Bequest/Te
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lwomen and islamic law 259X= FMas p
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women and islamic law 261To orphans
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women and islamic law 263Hence, All
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women and islamic law 265Can men no
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women and islamic law 2672. Qualita
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women and islamic law 269MuÈammad
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women and islamic law 271in Syria n
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women and islamic law 273Permitted
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women and islamic law 275- ‘By [t
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women and islamic law 277always pro
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women and islamic law 279The Verse
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women and islamic law 281competence
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women and islamic law 283possess qa
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women and islamic law 285has lost h
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women and islamic law 287So far we
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women and islamic law 289[bu#ålatu
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women and islamic law 291and reques
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women and islamic law 293Arabic dic
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women and islamic law 295The Proble
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women and islamic law 297If we look
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women and islamic law 299body, as i
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women and islamic law 301of a consc
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women and islamic law 303According
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women and islamic law 305[upper] pr
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women and islamic law 307And those
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women and islamic law 309The last v
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women and islamic law 311We hear ab
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women and islamic law 313beauty (de
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women and islamic law 315List of ma
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women and islamic law 317who are me
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women and islamic law 319not given
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women and islamic law 321human. If
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women and islamic law 323because of
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women and islamic law 325(the dress
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women and islamic law 3273. Headsca
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political islam 329CHAPTER SIXPOLIT
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political islam 331al-qadar (object
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political islam 333An awareness of
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political islam 335messengers (ß):
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political islam 337and authority of
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political islam 339the very lenient
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political islam 341other god but Go
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political islam 343circulating a È
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political islam 345graded as (only)
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political islam 347‘By God, I wil
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political islam 349he will fight yo
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political islam 351As for al-Zaburq
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political islam 353Islamists have t
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political islam 355Let us return to
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political islam 357a society and be
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political islam 359hesitate to give
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political islam 361indeed occurred
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political islam 363stream views. Pe
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political islam 365government. We t
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political islam 367Hell, knowledge
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political islam 369Creator was an a
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political islam 371Book’s Èar§m
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political islam 373human beings wil
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political islam 375mission and his
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political islam 377means that the P
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political islam 379‘First/Old Tes
Page 430 and 431: political islam 381limits of Allah
Page 432 and 433: political islam 383- ma#rifa refers
Page 434 and 435: political islam 385such a person th
Page 436 and 437: political islam 387Let us now retur
Page 438 and 439: political islam 389“The Exalted s
Page 440 and 441: political islam 391As for the Èad
Page 442 and 443: political islam 393violence to impo
Page 444 and 445: political islam 395killing of the t
Page 446 and 447: political islam 397of their prime e
Page 448 and 449: political islam 399We did a foretim
Page 450 and 451: political islam 401reiterates the l
Page 452 and 453: political islam 403[shahÊd un ] to
Page 454 and 455: political islam 405If any of your w
Page 456 and 457: political islam 407He corrects them
Page 458 and 459: political islam 409if someone witne
Page 460 and 461: political islam 4112.3.within an ad
Page 462 and 463: political islam 413These verses ask
Page 464 and 465: political islam 415(#ara· al-Èay
Page 466 and 467: political islam 417the fight of the
Page 468 and 469: political islam 4195. Physical elim
Page 470 and 471: political islam 4212.3.all inhabita
Page 472 and 473: political islam 423Fight ( al-qit§
Page 474 and 475: political islam 425such as the duty
Page 476 and 477: political islam 427minority—and t
Page 478 and 479: political islam 429The Aims and Obj
Page 482 and 483: political islam 433servitude, and t
Page 484 and 485: political islam 435ditional main an
Page 486 and 487: political islam 437once, but the ea
Page 488 and 489: political islam 439destruction of r
Page 490 and 491: Causes and Conditions of al-qit§lp
Page 492 and 493: political islam 443violate the prin
Page 494 and 495: political islam 4452:190-93 constit
Page 496 and 497: political islam 447stench of the au
Page 498 and 499: political islam 449assassination of
Page 500 and 501: political islam 451It follows from
Page 502 and 503: political islam 453Believers (‘O
Page 504 and 505: political islam 455the fighters’
Page 506 and 507: political islam 457c)that want (sel
Page 508 and 509: political islam 459Allah alone who
Page 510 and 511: political islam 461to edify, to adm
Page 512 and 513: political islam 463defies a (peacef
Page 514 and 515: political islam 465ars, the more po
Page 516 and 517: political islam 467people, or the G
Page 518 and 519: political islam 469does not totally
Page 520 and 521: political islam 471we (Muslim-Belie
Page 522 and 523: political islam 473relationship bet
Page 524 and 525: political islam 475tion of ‘kinsh
Page 526 and 527: political islam 477is experienced a
Page 528 and 529: political islam 479so strongly that
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political islam 481one with the oth
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conclusion 483CONCLUSIONIn the intr
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conclusion 485ground. And one does
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conclusion 4877. We have treated th
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12.conclusion 489ning nor at the en
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conclusion 491actually took place i
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conclusion 493society, the Messenge
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conclusion 495sunna the function of
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conclusion 497different perspective
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conclusion 499the fetters of a reli
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interview with muhammad shahrur 501
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glossary of terms and concepts 537G
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glossary of terms and concepts 539T
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ibliography 559Monographs by Muhamm
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ibliography 561———. Sab# qa·
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ibliography 563- Ußål al-fiqh all
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ibliography 565‘ayd§wÊ, Yåsuf
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ibliography 567Syamsuddin, Sahiron.
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ibliography 569———. Modernist
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index 571INDEXal-abaw§n (caregiver
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index 573discrimination see equalit
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index 575Ibn JinnÊ, Ab å ’l-Fat
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index 577lic 204-206; human behavio
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index 579pilgrimage (al-Èajj) 22,
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index 581al-rij§l xliii-xliv, xlvi
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index 583(195) 412; (196) 485; (208
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index 585Så rat MuÈammad [47] 357
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Social, Economic and PoliticalStudi
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