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lwomen and islamic law 259X= FMas prescribed by the Book25830°ß0 < X ≤ 2X > 20 < F M < 2 A mathematical analysis of inheritance lawY= 1XY= 2XM = Number of male heirsF = Number of female heirsD2 = Share of male heirsD1 = Share of female heirsY= D2D1X= FM0 < F < 1M1< F < 2MFM > 245°αLimit Law III‘… if only one, her share isa half…’Limit Law II‘If there be more than two females, thenthey should receivetwo-thirds of what he (thedeceased) leaves…’ [Femalesare all mature women]Y= 2XY= 1XFemale sharesequal male sharesLimit Law I‘ to the male, a portion equal to that oftwo females’ The share of femaleheirs is half the share of maleheirs0.0 1.0 2.0 3.04.05.06.0Y= D2D14.03.02.01.00.50.0
260chapter fivePolygynyThe issue of polygyny 21 has perhaps been the most controversial topicsince reformers of the nineteenth century began to question the plausibilityof Islam’s traditional marriage law. It is certainly one of thekey issues that women in the Arab-Muslim world today face in theirstruggle for liberation and emancipation. If this issue is ever to beresolved once and for all, Muslim-Believers worldwide must cometo terms with the modern age and the problems that come with it.The reform we propose is to understand the verses of polygyny,contained in the umm al-kit§b, as Èudåd verses (pointing to upper andlower limits), which allows us to legislate in accordance with concretehistorical conditions in society and to appeal to the most noble anduniversal aspects of all human beings.The verse of polygyny, or should we say the verse about its abolition,can be found in Sårat al-Nis§", the fourth såra and hence rightat the beginning of the Book. It only consists of one verse, 4:3, andnowhere else in the entire text is polygyny mentioned again. Themistake of traditional exegetes has been to treat this verse consistentlydetached from its textual context ignoring the preceding verses whichdiscuss how to avoid injustice to orphans. As a result polygyny waslegislated for in isolation from the issue of marriages to widowedmothers of orphans and thus in isolation from its divine ratio legis.In order to rectify this mistake, we will give the reader the exactsequence of the first verses of Sårat al-Nis§". The såra begins withGod’s call to humankind to show reverence to the ‘Guardian-Lord’:O [humankind]! Reverence your Guardian-Lord, who created youfrom a single person, created, of like nature, His mate, and from themtwain scattered (like seeds) countless men and women. Reverence God,through whom you demand your mutual (rights), and (reverence) thewombs (that bore you); for God ever watches over you. ( Al-Nis§" 4:1)It continues in verse 2 with a call to humankind not to squander theproperty of orphans but to take good care of it:21The term polygyny is defined as the practice of having more than one femalepartner (either wife or sexual partner) at the same time. Since the Arabic termta#addud al-zaw§j has only been discussed as a concept that pertains to the marriage ofmore than one wife, the more general term polygamy (marriage of more than onemale or female partner) has not been used.
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The Qur"an, Morality and Critical R
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The Qur"an, Moralityand Critical Re
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table of contentsvTABLE OF CONTENTS
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foreword by dale f. eickelmanviiFOR
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foreword by dale f. eickelmanixdeve
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foreword by dale f. eickelmanxilike
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foreword by dale f. eickelmanxiiiAC
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abbreviationsxvUSED TRANSLATIONS AN
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muhammad shahrur’s life and workx
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introduction by muhammad shahrur 1I
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introduction by muhammad shahrur 3I
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introduction by muhammad shahrur 5d
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introduction by muhammad shahrur 7a
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introduction by muhammad shahrur 9a
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introduction by muhammad shahrur 11
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al-isl§m and al-Êm§n 21CHAPTER O
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al-isl§m and al-Êm§n 23Disprovin
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al-isl§m and al-Êm§n 256. To int
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al-isl§m and al-Êm§n 27(muslimå
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al-isl§m and al-Êm§n 29natural r
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al-isl§m and al-Êm§n 31‘the re
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al-isl§m and al-Êm§n 33indigent
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al-isl§m and al-Êm§n 35belief in
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al-isl§m and al-Êm§n 37From Mose
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al-isl§m and al-Êm§n 39and 46:15
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al-isl§m and al-Êm§n 41they shou
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4.al-isl§m and al-Êm§n 43Do not
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al-isl§m and al-Êm§n 45- This re
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al-isl§m and al-Êm§n 47despicabl
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al-isl§m and al-Êm§n 49The tradi
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al-isl§m and al-Êm§n 51Those who
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al-isl§m and al-Êm§n 53what is r
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al-isl§m and al-Êm§n 55between t
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al-isl§m and al-Êm§n 57let him w
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al-isl§m and al-Êm§n 59As for th
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al-isl§m and al-Êm§n 61fair and
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al-isl§m and al-Êm§n 63The same
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al-isl§m and al-Êm§n 65The two v
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al-isl§m and al-Êm§n 67Until now
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al-isl§m and al-Êm§n 693. An inc
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the sunna of the prophet 71CHAPTER
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the sunna of the prophet 73These tw
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the sunna of the prophet 75nessed t
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the sunna of the prophet 77the bene
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the sunna of the prophet 79not as a
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the sunna of the prophet 81The trut
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the sunna of the prophet 832. The s
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the sunna of the prophet 85Sunna ov
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the sunna of the prophet 87When we
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the sunna of the prophet 89“O my
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the sunna of the prophet 91This ver
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the sunna of the prophet 93vigilant
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the sunna of the prophet 95ancient
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the sunna of the prophet 97how our
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the sunna of the prophet 99greater
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the sunna of the prophet 101crimes?
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the sunna of the prophet 103prove t
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the sunna of the prophet 105Wisdom
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the sunna of the prophet 107or need
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the sunna of the prophet 109of mira
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the sunna of the prophet 111ijtih§
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the sunna of the prophet 113A final
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evelation 115CHAPTER THREEREVELATIO
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evelation 117Are we right in saying
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evelation 119not two separate terms
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evelation 121two completely differe
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evelation 123And all things have We
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evelation 125III) Explanation of th
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evelation 127The Ambiguous VersesAg
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evelation 129In the above verse, th
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evelation 131There is, in their sto
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evelation 133tissues, and organs of
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evelation 135And We sent none befor
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evelation 137just the meaning of th
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evelation 139of why the qur"§n is
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evelation 141prerecorded before its
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evelation 143the general qur"§n. I
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The Approving and Controlling Natur
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evelation 147with the sum of scient
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evelation 149Based on this insight
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evelation 151that we do not accept
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evelation 153had been to deliver th
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evelation 155China), or that occur
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evelation 157In describing the reve
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Al-inz§l and al-tanzÊl of the umm
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evelation 161(God) most gracious is
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evelation 163- The umm al-kit§b an
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evelation 165“[But] you, soul [ a
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1. Allah as Sovereign ( rabb):revel
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evelation 169people. There is no di
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evelation 171“All things are from
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evelation 173al-kit§b, and somethi
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evelation 175Content:Keys to the un
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the theory of limits 177CHAPTER FOU
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the theory of limits 179The answer
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the theory of limits 181also connot
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the theory of limits 183fashion, an
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the theory of limits 185for this. T
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the theory of limits 187that someti
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the theory of limits 189filled by h
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the theory of limits 191much tolera
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the theory of limits 193from a heig
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the theory of limits 195but if it b
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the theory of limits 197Common wisd
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the theory of limits 199Said (Phara
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the theory of limits 201sider our c
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the theory of limits 203We notice a
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the theory of limits 205the verse m
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the theory of limits 207compassion
Page 258 and 259: the theory of limits 2096.Curvature
Page 260 and 261: the theory of limits 211transfer wi
Page 262 and 263: the theory of limits 213God’s way
Page 264 and 265: the theory of limits 215legal verse
Page 266 and 267: 8.the theory of limits 217of hatred
Page 268 and 269: women and islamic law 219CHAPTER FI
Page 270 and 271: women and islamic law 221MuÈammad
Page 272 and 273: women and islamic law 223flow of hi
Page 274 and 275: women and islamic law 225boundaries
Page 276 and 277: women and islamic law 227jurisdicti
Page 278 and 279: women and islamic law 229shares, ho
Page 280 and 281: women and islamic law 231unfortunat
Page 282 and 283: women and islamic law 233The phrase
Page 284 and 285: women and islamic law 235or a siste
Page 286 and 287: women and islamic law 237had turned
Page 288 and 289: women and islamic law 239The Limits
Page 290 and 291: women and islamic law 241Case (A):
Page 292 and 293: women and islamic law 243Rule: 50 p
Page 294 and 295: women and islamic law 245ithnatain)
Page 296 and 297: women and islamic law 247b. For the
Page 298 and 299: We attain: 2 x X-1and, as a result:
Page 300 and 301: women and islamic law 2513. The dec
Page 302 and 303: women and islamic law 253Is it the
Page 304 and 305: women and islamic law 255If the man
Page 306 and 307: women and islamic law 257Bequest/Te
Page 310 and 311: women and islamic law 261To orphans
Page 312 and 313: women and islamic law 263Hence, All
Page 314 and 315: women and islamic law 265Can men no
Page 316 and 317: women and islamic law 2672. Qualita
Page 318 and 319: women and islamic law 269MuÈammad
Page 320 and 321: women and islamic law 271in Syria n
Page 322 and 323: women and islamic law 273Permitted
Page 324 and 325: women and islamic law 275- ‘By [t
Page 326 and 327: women and islamic law 277always pro
Page 328 and 329: women and islamic law 279The Verse
Page 330 and 331: women and islamic law 281competence
Page 332 and 333: women and islamic law 283possess qa
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Page 336 and 337: women and islamic law 287So far we
Page 338 and 339: women and islamic law 289[bu#ålatu
Page 340 and 341: women and islamic law 291and reques
Page 342 and 343: women and islamic law 293Arabic dic
Page 344 and 345: women and islamic law 295The Proble
Page 346 and 347: women and islamic law 297If we look
Page 348 and 349: women and islamic law 299body, as i
Page 350 and 351: women and islamic law 301of a consc
Page 352 and 353: women and islamic law 303According
Page 354 and 355: women and islamic law 305[upper] pr
Page 356 and 357: women and islamic law 307And those
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women and islamic law 309The last v
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women and islamic law 311We hear ab
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women and islamic law 313beauty (de
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women and islamic law 315List of ma
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women and islamic law 317who are me
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women and islamic law 319not given
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women and islamic law 321human. If
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women and islamic law 323because of
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women and islamic law 325(the dress
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women and islamic law 3273. Headsca
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political islam 329CHAPTER SIXPOLIT
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political islam 331al-qadar (object
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political islam 333An awareness of
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political islam 335messengers (ß):
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political islam 337and authority of
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political islam 339the very lenient
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political islam 341other god but Go
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political islam 343circulating a È
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political islam 345graded as (only)
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political islam 347‘By God, I wil
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political islam 349he will fight yo
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political islam 351As for al-Zaburq
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political islam 353Islamists have t
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political islam 355Let us return to
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political islam 357a society and be
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political islam 359hesitate to give
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political islam 361indeed occurred
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political islam 363stream views. Pe
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political islam 365government. We t
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political islam 367Hell, knowledge
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political islam 369Creator was an a
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political islam 371Book’s Èar§m
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political islam 373human beings wil
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political islam 375mission and his
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political islam 377means that the P
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political islam 379‘First/Old Tes
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political islam 381limits of Allah
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political islam 383- ma#rifa refers
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political islam 385such a person th
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political islam 387Let us now retur
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political islam 389“The Exalted s
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political islam 391As for the Èad
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political islam 393violence to impo
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political islam 395killing of the t
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political islam 397of their prime e
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political islam 399We did a foretim
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political islam 401reiterates the l
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political islam 403[shahÊd un ] to
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political islam 405If any of your w
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political islam 407He corrects them
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political islam 409if someone witne
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political islam 4112.3.within an ad
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political islam 413These verses ask
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political islam 415(#ara· al-Èay
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political islam 417the fight of the
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political islam 4195. Physical elim
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political islam 4212.3.all inhabita
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political islam 423Fight ( al-qit§
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political islam 425such as the duty
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political islam 427minority—and t
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political islam 429The Aims and Obj
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political islam 431In the context o
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political islam 433servitude, and t
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political islam 435ditional main an
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political islam 437once, but the ea
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political islam 439destruction of r
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Causes and Conditions of al-qit§lp
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political islam 443violate the prin
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political islam 4452:190-93 constit
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political islam 447stench of the au
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political islam 449assassination of
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political islam 451It follows from
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political islam 453Believers (‘O
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political islam 455the fighters’
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political islam 457c)that want (sel
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political islam 459Allah alone who
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political islam 461to edify, to adm
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political islam 463defies a (peacef
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political islam 465ars, the more po
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political islam 467people, or the G
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political islam 469does not totally
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political islam 471we (Muslim-Belie
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political islam 473relationship bet
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political islam 475tion of ‘kinsh
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political islam 477is experienced a
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political islam 479so strongly that
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political islam 481one with the oth
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conclusion 483CONCLUSIONIn the intr
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conclusion 485ground. And one does
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conclusion 4877. We have treated th
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12.conclusion 489ning nor at the en
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conclusion 491actually took place i
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conclusion 493society, the Messenge
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conclusion 495sunna the function of
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conclusion 497different perspective
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conclusion 499the fetters of a reli
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interview with muhammad shahrur 501
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glossary of terms and concepts 537G
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glossary of terms and concepts 539T
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ibliography 559Monographs by Muhamm
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ibliography 561———. Sab# qa·
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ibliography 563- Ußål al-fiqh all
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ibliography 565‘ayd§wÊ, Yåsuf
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ibliography 567Syamsuddin, Sahiron.
Page 618 and 619:
ibliography 569———. Modernist
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index 571INDEXal-abaw§n (caregiver
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index 573discrimination see equalit
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index 575Ibn JinnÊ, Ab å ’l-Fat
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index 577lic 204-206; human behavio
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index 579pilgrimage (al-Èajj) 22,
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index 581al-rij§l xliii-xliv, xlvi
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index 583(195) 412; (196) 485; (208
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index 585Så rat MuÈammad [47] 357
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Social, Economic and PoliticalStudi
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